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美国文学术语解释

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2021-01-14 20:48
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渡的组词-火车票能改签几次

2021年1月14日发(作者:姜君辰)
术语解释(美国文学简史)
1、American Puritanism
Back grounding:
American Puritanism appeared in the colonial period, from 1607 to 1775, in America.
Representatives:
There are many writers in this period, such as Captain John Smith, the author of the True Relation
of Virginia (1608) and Description of New England (1616),Anne Bradstreet, who wrote the
famous work called Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America (1650).
Main ideas:
They stress predestination, original sin, total depravity, and limited atonement from God’s grace.
They go to America to prove that they are God’s chosen people who will enjoy God’s blessings on
earth and in Heaven. Finally, they build a way of life that stresses hard work, thrift, piety, and
sobriety.
Influences:
American Literature is based on a myth ------ the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden. The
American Puritan’s metaphorical made of perception ---- symbolism. It has a great influence not
only on the Literary Scene in Colonial America, , but also on the literature in the 18th century,
especially on Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin.
American Romanticism
Back grounding:
It appeared in the end of the 18
th
century through the outbreak of the Civil War, from 1828 to 1865,
and it was strongly influenced by European culture.
Representative:
There are some representative new England poets and out-sanding writers such as, James
Fenimaore Cooper, the author of The Leather Stocking Tales, Washington Irving , whose famous
work is The Sketch Book (1819).
Main ideas:
Romanticism is a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. .For romantics, the feelings,
intuitions and emotions are more important than reason and common sense. They emphasize
individualism, placing the individual against the group, against authority.
Influence:
It produces a feeling of “Newness” which inspires the romantic imagination.
3、Transcendentalisms
Back grounding:
Transcendtalism flourished in the New England from about 1836 to 1860.
Ralph Waldo Emerson published ‘Nature’ in 1836 which represented a new way of intellectual
thinking in America.
Representatives:
There are two representative writers, namely Ralph Waldo Emerson (), whose famous work called
Nature, Henry David Thoreau (), the author of Walden..
Main ideas:
Believe people can learn things both from the outside world by means of the 5 senses and from the
inner world by intuition; It places spirit first and matter second; It takes nature as symbolic of
spirit or God. It emphasizes the significance of the individual; Religion is an emotional
communication between an individual soul and the universal ‘over soul’.
Influences:
It is a manifestation of Romantic Movement in literature and philosophy and an ethical guide to
life of America. However, it is never a systematic philosophy because of a lack of logical
connection.
4、Realism
Back grounding:
In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism
came into existence, from 1865 to 1918.
Representatives:
There are some famous writers in this period, such as William Dean Howells , the Dean of
American Realism, whose famous work is A Chance Acquaintance 《偶然相遇》; O. Henry, the
author of After Twenty Years; Henry James, the author of The Portrait of a Lady.
Main ideas:
Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporary life and everyday
scenes are represented in a straightforward or mother-of-fact manner. It often uses the open ending,
focuses on the lives of the common people, and emphasizes objectivity.
Influences:
It comes as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. It expresses the concern
for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human
nature and human experience.
5、Local Colorism
Back grounding:
Local colorism as a trend became dominant in American literature in the late 1860s and early
1870s;The frontier humorists who had been popular with their “tall tales” before the Civil War
paved the way for local color fiction.
Representatives:
There is a famous writers in this period, namely Mark Twain,(马克?吐温), whose masterpiece is
Huckleberry Finn.
Main ideas:
Local color fiction presents a locale which is distinguished from the outside world, and describes
the exotic and the picturesque. It describes things that are not common in other regions, attempting
to show things as they as they are.
Local color fiction glorifies the past and stresses the influence of setting on character.
Influences:
Mark Twain is the representative in this period, and his style is the vernacular language, local
color, and cracker-barrel philosopher.
6、Naturism
Back grounding:
Naturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the
second half of the 19th century. And, Charles Darwin stresses the struggle of existence, survival of
the fittest, natural selection.
Representatives:
There are some writers in this period, such as Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, and Jack London.
Crane’s Maggie: A Girl of the Streets is the first American naturalism work. Main ideas:
Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment.
The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.
Influences:
Although naturalist literature describes the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also
aims at bettering the world through social reform. This combination of grim reality and desire for
improvements is typical of America as it moves into the twentieth century.
7、Imagism
Back grounding:
Imagism is a literary movement launched by a number of British and American poets from 1909 to
1917, which is prevalent in the Western world and is a branch of the Symbolist literary movement.
Representatives:
There are some outstanding figures, such as Ezra Pound, the leader of the imagism; whose best
work is the Four Quartets; Wallace Stevens; Robert Frost.
Main ideas:
In a sense, imagism is equivalent to naturalism in fiction. It produces free verse without imposing
a rhythmical pattern. Imagism tries to record objective observations of an object or a situation
without interpretation or comment by the poet.
Influences:
It is one of the most essential techniques of writing poetry in modern period, with a spirit of revolt
against conventions; imagism is anti-romantic and anti –Victorian.
8、the Lost Generation
Back grounding:
The term “lost generation” is coined by Gertrude Stein, a lost generation writer herself, after
World War I. It is between the first and second World Wars.
Representatives:
There are some excellent writers, including Ernest Hemingway; whose famous work is The Old
Man and the Sea (1952); Scott Fitzgerald, the author of the Great Gatsby.
Main ideas:
The Lost Generation is a term used to describe a group of American writers who were rebelling
against what America had become by the 1900’s.
It aims to seek the bohemian lifestyle and reject the values of American materialism and means
this generation had lost the beautiful sense of the calm idyllic past.
Influences:
Being cut off from their past, disillusioned in reality, and without a meaningful future to fall on,
they are lost in disillusionment and existential voids.
9、the code hero(网上找的)
The Hemingway hero is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent, a
man of action, and one of few words. That is an individualist keeping emotions under control,
stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place. These people are usually spiritual strong, people of
certain skills, and most of them encounter death many times. The heroes in his book are all have
something in common which Hemingway values: they have seen the cold world and for one cause
or another, they boldly and courageously face the reality; whatever the result is, they are ready to
live with grace under pressure. The Hemingway code hero has an indestructible spirit for his
optimistic view of life; though he is pessimistic that is Hemingway.
10、Iceberg Theory(网上找的)
It is a term used to describe the writing style of American writer Ernest
Hemingway. The meaning of a piece is not immediately evident, because the crux of the story lies
below the surface, just as most of the mass of a real iceberg similarly lies beneath the surface.
11、the Jazz Age
The 20’s are also referred to as “The Jazz Age,” a term coined by F. Scott Fitzgerald
The Jazz Age began with the end of WWI, at a time when, for the first time, the . had emerged as a
world power and ended with the stock market crash of 1929.
The most representative literary work is American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald’s the great Gatsby.
This decade saw changes in lifestyle and technology that revolutionized American life in such a
way that it has never been the same since.
12、Free verse:

Free verse is poetry that has an irregular rhythm and line length, and that attempts avoid any
predetermined verse structure. While it alternates stressed and unstressed syllables as stricter verse
forms do, free verse does so in a looser way. Whiteman’s poetry is an example of free verse at its
most impressive, for example Song of Myself. It has since been used Ezra Pound, . Eliot and other
major American poets of the 20
th
century. Walt Whiteman’s Leaves of Grass is, perhaps , the most
notable example.

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特别的意思-童年的水墨画


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童年的好词好句-整句翻译


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