米老鼠开火车高中英语语法大全-精讲教程

2021年1月17日发(作者：喜欢寂寞)




高中英语语法大全-精
讲教程
-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1
高中英语语法系统全解
第一章 动词时态
在英语中，不同时间发生的动作或存在的 状态，要用不同的动词形式来表
示，这就叫做动词的时态。一、一般时
一般时包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时和一般过去将来时。
A.一般现在时
1． 一般现在时的构成
一般现在时主要用动词原形来表示。主语是第三人称单数时，动词后面要加-s
或-es。
They want good jobs.
他们想要好的工作。
The coat matches the dress.
外衣和裙子很相配。
This work does not satisfy me.
这项工作我不满意。
Do you understand
你懂了吗
2．一般现在时的用法
①一般现在时的基本用法 a. 表示现在习惯性的动作或存在状态
He always takes a walk after supper.
晚饭后他总是散散步。
Everyone is in high spirits now.
现在大家都情绪高涨。
b. 表示客观事实或普遍真理
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
太阳从东方升起在西方落下。
Sound travels faster through water than it does through air.
声音在水中的传播速度要比在空气中快。
Time and tide wait for no man.
时间不等人。
c. 表示主语的特征、能力和状态
This cloth feels soft.
这布摸上去很软。
I love classical music.
我喜欢古典音乐。
The President still seems able to find time to go fishing.
看来总统仍能有时间去钓鱼。
d. 表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作
The meeting begins at 7:00.
会议七点钟开始。
We leave here at 8:00 sharp.
我们八点整离开这里。
e. 在时间、条件、让步状语从句中表示将来动作
When you come next time, bring me some magazines.
你下次来时，给我带几本杂志。
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If time allows, we shall go there tomorrow.
如果时间允许的话，我们明天去那里。
Whether he agrees or not, I will stay at home.
不管他同意与否，我都会待在家里。
②一般现在时的特殊用法
a. 用于新闻标题或图片说明中
China Declares Manned Spaceflight Successful
中国宣布载人航天飞行圆满成功
Laura Bush Arrives in Moscow
劳拉·布什抵达莫斯科
b. 用于体育运动、表演等实况报道中
Francis slips past, passes the ball to Yao Ming, who jumps, catches and shoots
it into the basket.
弗朗西斯穿过去，把球传给姚明，姚明跳起来，接住球投进篮里。
Now, look, I press the button and turn on the machine.
现在，看，我按下按扭，打开了这台机器。
c. 表示告诫或劝说
You mind your own business.
你不要管闲事！
If he does that again, he goes to prison.
如果他再那样的话，他就会进监狱的。
d. 表示现在瞬间的动作
Here comes the bus.
汽车来了。
There goes the bell.
铃响了。
B．一般过去时
1． 一般过去时的构成
一般过去时是用动词的过去式来表示。
His words fetched a laugh from all present.
他的话使在场的人都笑了。
I did not sleep well last night.
我昨晚没睡好。
Did you direct the tourist to the hotel
你告诉这位游客去旅馆的路了吗
2．一般过去时的用法
①一般过去时的基本用法
a. 表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态
He suddenly fell ill yesterday.
昨天他突然生病了。
The engine stopped because the fuel was used up.
发动机因燃料用光而停机了。
注意：
在一般过去时的句子中，通常都要有表示过去的时间状语。
3
【误】I visited the Palace Museum.（在没有上下文的情况下，应避免这样
说）
【正】I visited the Palace Museum last year.
去年我参观过故宫博物院。
【正】I have visited the Palace Museum.
我参观过故宫博物院。
b. 表示过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态
I wrote home once a week at college.
我上大学时每周给家里写一封信。
He was already in the habit of reading widely in his boyhood.
他童年时就养成了广泛阅读的习惯。
提示：
表示过去的习惯性动作，除了用过去式外，还可以用used to或would来
表示。
She used to study late into the night when she was in Senior Three.
她上高三时经常学习到深夜。
He would sit for hours doing nothing.
过去他常常一坐几个钟头什么事也不做。
c. 表示过去连续发生的一系列动作
She entered the room, picked up a magazine and looked through it carefully.
她走进房间，拿起一本杂志，认真地翻阅了起来。
The students got up early in the morning, did morning exercises and then read
English aloud in the open air.
学生们很早起床，做早操，然后在室外朗读英语。
d. 在时间、条件状语从句中表示过去将要发生的动作
We would not leave until the teacher came back.
老师回来我们才会离开。
She told me she would not go if it rained the next day.
她告诉我如果第二天下雨的话，她就不去了。
②一般过去时的特殊用法
a. 在虚拟语气中表示现在或将来时间的动作或状态
It's time we went.
是我们该走的时候了。
I wish I were twenty years younger.
但愿我年轻20岁。
I would rather you didn't do anything for the time being.
我宁愿你暂时先不要采取什么措施。
b. 在口语中，一般过去时往往显示委婉客气。
I wondered if you could give me a hand.
我想请你帮个忙。
Might I come and see you tonight
我想今晚来看你，好吗
3．一般现在时和一般过去时的比较
一般现在时要和现在时间相联系，而一般过去时和说话的“现在”不相
联系。
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His father is a film director.
他父亲是电影导演。（他现在还是）
His father was a film director.
他父亲曾是电影导演。（他现在不是）
How do you like the novel
你觉得这部小说怎么样（还在看小说）
How did you like the novel
你觉得这部小说怎么样（已看完小说）
C．一般将来时
1． 一般将来时的构成
一般将来时是由“will / shall + 动词原形”构成的。shall只限于第一人
称，主要见于英国英语，现在的趋势 是第一、二、三人称的单复数形式均用
will表示。在口语中，shall和will常缩写成“'l l”，紧接在主语之后。其否定式
shall not 和will not 常简略为shan't 和won't。
I'll go and shut the door.
我去关门。
When will you know your exam results
你什么时候能知道考试结果
I can see you're busy, so I won't stay long.
我看得出你很忙，所以我不会呆太久的。
提示：在you and I或both of us等短语后，只用will，不用shall。
You and I will arrive there next Monday.
我和你下周一都要到达那里。
Both of us will graduate from middle school next year.
我们俩明年中学毕业。
2．一般将来时的用法
①表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态
I shall be free this afternoon.
我今天下午有空。
There'll be no chemistry classes tomorrow.
明天没有化学课。
They will probably go to Shanghai for their holiday.
他们可能去上海度假。
注意：
在口语中，常用will / shall + be doing结构来代替will / shall + 动词原形，
以表示生动。
I'll be seeing a friend off at the airport.
我要去机场给一个朋友送行。
He'll be going with us tomorrow.
他明天和我们一起去。
②表示将要反复发生的动作
My uncle will come to see me every Saturday.
我叔叔每个星期六都会来看我。
The students will have five English classes per week this term.
本学期学生们每周要上五节英语课。
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③表示同意或答应做某事
That bag looks heavy. I'll help you with it.
这个包看起来很重，我来帮你提。
I won't tell anyone what happened, I promise.
我保证不告诉别人所发生的事。
④表示一种倾向或推测
Flowers will die without water.
没有水花会枯死的。
Water will change into ice at 0℃.
水在零摄氏度就会结冰。
This will be your sister, I guess.
我猜想这是你姐姐。
3．一般将来时的常用结构
①用于“I expect, I'm sure, I think, I wonder + 宾语从句”中
Don't worry about the exam. I'm sure you'll pass.
不要担心这次考试，我确信你会通过的。
I wonder what will happen.
我不知道将会发生什么事。
I don't think the test will be very difficult.
我想这次测验不会太难。
②用于“祈使句 + and + 陈述句”中
Work hard and you will succeed.
如果你努力，就会成功的。
Go at once and you will see her.
马上去，你就会见到她了。
③与表示时间或条件的状语从句连用
I'll let you know as soon as he arrives.
他一到我就通知你。
If you ask him, he will help you.
如果你请他，他会帮助你的。
We shall go unless it rains.
除非下雨，否则我们是要去的。
4．将来时间的其他表达法
①be going to + 动词原形
“be going to+ 动词原形”这一结构常用于口语中。
a. 表示决定或打算要做某事
I'm going to buy a new coat this winter.
今年冬天我打算买一件新大衣。
Are you going to play basketball after class
下课后你去打篮球吗
He is going to be a doctor when he grows up.
他长大后要当医生。
What are you going to do today
今天你打算做什么
b. 表示有迹象即将要发生什么事
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Look at those black clouds. It is going to rain.
瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。
The car is going to turn over.
汽车要翻了！
There is going to be a snowstorm.
将有一场暴风雪。
比较：
“be going to + 动词原形”与“will / shall + 动词原形”的区别
1．be going to通常表示很快就要发生的事，而will/shall既可表示不久的
将来 ，也可表示长远的将来或不确定的将来。
She is going to get better.
她的病要好了。（有恢复健康的迹象）
She will get better.
她的病会好的。（认为最终会恢复健康的）
2．will表示将来，通常是指事先无计划的意图，是临时决定的； be going
to则表示事先有计划的意图，是经过考虑的。
— George phoned while you were out.
你外出的时候乔治打电话来的。
— Ok. I'll phone him back.
好的，我给他回电话。（临时决定）
— Matthew phoned while you were out.
你外出的时候马修打电话来了。
— Yes, I know. I'm going to phone him back.
是的，我知道了。我准备给他回电话。（早有安排）
但在正式文体中，要用will来表示事先安排的动作。
The meeting will begin at 10:00 ..
会议将在10点开始。
Coffee will be served from 9:30 from today onwards.
从今天起9:30开始供应咖啡。
3．表示有迹象显示将要发生某一动作时，要用be going to，不用will或
shall。
I feel terrible. I think I'm going to be sick.
我觉得不舒服，我想我要生病了。
4．be going to 可用于条件句，表示将来时间，will则不能。
If you are going to attend the meeting, you'd better leave now.
如果你要出席会议，你最好现在就动身。
②be + 动词的-ing形式
“be + 动词的-ing形式”表示根据现在的计划或安排 ，预期将会发生某
事，这种安排不容随意改变。在这一结构中，动词- ing形式通常是表示位置转
移的动词，如arrive, come, go, leave, move, start, stay, get 以及eat, meet, see off,
d ie等，并与表示将来的时间状语连用。如果没有时间状语，则所表示的动作有
即将发生之意。
He is leaving for Xinjiang in a few days.
他几天后要动身去新疆。
I am dining out tonight.
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今晚我将出去吃饭。
The plane is taking off soon.
飞机马上就要起飞了。
The old man is dying.
那位老人快要死了。
比较：
“be + 动词的- ing形式”和“be going to + 动词原形”的异同
1．表示按计划发生的动作时，两者可互换。
We are moving to a new flat tomorrow.
我们明天就要搬到新房子里去了。
We are going to move to a new flat tomorrow.
我们明天就要搬到新房子里去了。
2．表示由于客观因素而产生的将来动作或状态时，用be going to结构，
不用be + 动词的-ing形式。
You are going to fall if you climb that tree.
如果你爬树的话，你会摔下来的。（不可说 You are falling if ...）
Be careful. You are going to break that chair.
当心！你会把那张椅子弄坏的。（不可说 You are breaking that chair）
③ be + 动词不定式
这一结构中的be，只有现在式 (am, is, are) 和过去式 (was, were) 两种形
式。
a. 表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作
The highway is to be open to traffic in May.
这条公路将在五月份通车。
Am I to take over his work
我是不是要接管他的工作
b. 用于条件句中强调按计划或安排将要发生的动作
If we are to take the 5:00 train, we must leave now.
如果我们乘坐5点的火车的话，那我们现在就得出发。
c. 表示命令或吩咐等。否定形式常表示“禁止”或“不许”。
You are to be back before 10 ..
你必须在10点前回来。
You are not to go out alone at night.
晚上你不能单独出去。
比较：
“be + 动词不定式”与“be going to+ 动词原形”的区别
1．“be going to+ 动词原形”侧重说话人个人的意图和打算，“be + 动词
不定式”侧重受别人的指示或安排要做的事。
I'm going to try my best to write this article well.
我将尽力把这篇文章写好。
Am I to wait here till their arrival
我要在这儿一直等到他们抵达吗
2．表示由于客观因素或不受人控制的将要发生的动作时，只用“be going
to+ 动词原形”，不用“be + 动词不定式”。
It's going to rain.
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天要下雨了。（不说It's to rain.）
Rachel is going to faint.
雷切尔要晕倒了。
④ 一般现在时
一般现在时可以用来表示将来时间，主要用法有：
a. 表示由于日历或时刻表的规定而固定不变的或比较不易变更的将来时间
发生的动作。
Tomorrow is Friday.
明天是星期五。
What time does the next train leave for Paris
下一班开往巴黎的火车几点出发
b. 在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来时间的动作
或状态。
I'll give the book to you after I finish it.
我看完这本书就给你。
If he arrives, we must go and meet him at the railway station.
如果他到了，我们就得到火车站去接他。
c. 在hope, suppose等后面的宾语从句中常用一般现在时表示将来动作或
状态。
I hope all is well with him.
我希望他一切都好。
Suppse we go hiking tomorrow.
我们明天还是去远足吧。
D．一般过去将来时
1．一般过去将来时的构成
一般过去将来时是由“should/would + 动词原形”构成的。
He asked me yesterday when I should leave for Paris.
昨天他问我什么时候动身去巴黎。
They wanted to know how they would finish the homework earlier.
他们想知道怎样才能早一点儿完成家庭作业。
2．一般过去将来时的用法
一般过去将来时间的出发点是过去，即从过去某一时刻看以后要发生的动
作和状态。
a. 一般过去将来时常用于间接引语中
He said they would arrange a party.
他说他们将安排一个晚会。
I asked if he would come and fix my TV set.
我问他是否来帮我修电视机。
b. 一般过去将来时可用来表示非真实的动作或状态
If I had a chance to study abroad, I would study at Cambridge University.
如果我有机会出国学习的话，我就会去剑桥大学。
I wish he would go with me to the cinema tonight.
今晚他能和我一起去看电影就好了。
3．过去将来时间其他表达法
a. was/were going to +动词原形
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He said that he was going to live in the country when he retired.
他说他退休后要住在农村。
They thought it was going to rain.
他们认为天要下雨了。
b. was/were +动词的-ing形式
Nobody knew whether the guests were coming.
没人知道客人们是否要来。
I was told that the train was leaving in a few minutes.
我被告知火车几分钟后就要开了。
c. was/were +动词不定式
She said she was to clean the classroom after school.
她说她放学后要打扫教室。
It was reported that another bridge was to be built across the Yangtse River.
据报道长江上将要再建一座大桥。
提示：
“was/were going to +动词原形”或“was/were + 动词不定式完成式”可
表示未能实现的过去将来时间的动作。
Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall, but it rained.
上星期天我们本想去游览长城的，但却下雨了。（没有去成）
I was to have helped with the performance, but I got flu the day before.
我是打算帮忙演出的，但前天我感冒了。（没有帮上忙）
d. was/were about to do
“was/were about to do”表示说话的瞬间就会发生的动作。
I felt something terrible was about to happen.
我觉得有可怕的事要发生了。
e. was/were on the point of doing
I'm glad you have come. I was on the point of calling you, but you've saved me
the trouble now. 很高兴你来了。我正准备给你打电话，现在你省去我这个麻烦
了。
提示：
“be about to do”和“be on the point of doing”结构一般不与表示将来的
时间状语连用，但后面可以接when引导的分句。
I was about to start when it suddenly began to rain.
我正要动身天突然下雨了。
二、进行时
进行时表示动作正 在进行，这个动作是暂时的，也是未完成的。进行时包
括现在进行时、过去进行时和将来进行时。
A．现在进行时
1．现在进行时的构成
现在进行时是由“am, is, are +现在分词”构成的。
I'm reading the evening newspaper.
我正在看晚报。
Now it isn't snowing outside.
现在外面不在下雪。
Are they playing soccer in the playground
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他们正在操场上踢足球吗
2．现在进行时的用法
①现在进行时的基本用法
a.表示说话的此刻正在进行的动作
通常由表示“此刻”的时间状语（now, at this moment），或通过
Look/Listen!这两个提示语来表明此时此刻动作正在进行。
She is making a fire now.
她正在生火。
Listen! Mary is singing an English song in the classroom.
听！玛丽正在教室里唱英文歌。
b.表示现在时间段中正在进行的动作
They are planting trees on the hill these days.
这几天他们正在山上种树。
I don't really work here; I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.
我并不在这儿工作，我只是在新秘书来之前帮帮忙罢了。
c.表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作
能这样用的动词并不多，通常是arrive, begin, come, do, drive, fly, go, leave,
stay等表示位置转移的动词。这种用法比较生动，给人以一种期待感。
Jane and Betty are going on holiday in a few days.
几天后简和贝蒂将出去度假。
Where are you staying in Guangzhou
你到广州后准备住在哪里
②现在进行时的特殊用法
a.表示一种重复的动作，带有“厌恶”、“赞叹”等感情色彩
现在进行时往往与constantly, always, forever等状语连用，给现在的动作
披上一层感情色彩。
She's constantly complaining.
她不停地抱怨。
My brother is always leaving things about.
我弟弟总是乱丢东西。
He is forever thinking of doing more for the students.
他总是想着为学生多做些事情。
b.表示某一具体动作或心理状态的发展过程
The house is falling down.
房子正在倒下。
The weather is changing for the better.
天气慢慢转好了。
注意：
有时表示一个动作刚刚开始。
I'm forgetting my English.
我的英语开始忘了。
Food is costing more.
食品贵了起来。
c.强调动作的重复
The train is arriving late almost every day this summer.
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这个夏季火车几乎天天晚点。
Someone is knocking at the door.
有人不断地在敲门。
The boy is jumping with joy.
那男孩高兴地跳个不停。
d.表示两个动作是同一动作
He who helps others is helping himself.
帮人就是帮自己。
If you insist on doing it, you are doing a foolish thing.
如果你坚持做这件事，你就是在干傻事。
动词的进行时态
be动词一般不用于进行时态。但有时可用“am, is, are + being +形容词”
结构表示暂时或故意如此。
The boy is being naughty.这孩子有点儿淘气。
I don't think you are being fair.
我认为你不公平。
He is being modest.
他现在很谦虚。
比较：
You are not polite.
你不讲礼貌。（一贯如此）
You are not being polite.
你可有点儿不礼貌了。（暂时的现象）
3．不用进行时态的动词
①表示状态的动词
这类动词有seem, look, appear, have, belong to, own, hold等。
This backpack belongs to me.
这背包是我的。
He seems rather angry with you.
看起来他很生你的气。
②表示知道、信念、理解、推测、怀疑、希望等含义的动词
这类动词有know, remember, understand, see, think, believe, suppose, hope,
doubt等。
I don't think he will come tomorrow.
我想他明天不会来。
I still remember the days when we studied together.
我还记得我们一起学习的那些日子。
提示：
有时这些动词的进行时态可表示心理状态的缓慢发展过程。
She's understanding you better now.
她越来越了解你了。
③表示要求、心愿等意义的动词
这类动词有want, wish, need, desire等。
Your clothes need washing.
你的衣服需要洗了。
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How I wish I were a bird！
我多希望我是一只鸟啊！
④表示继续或持续含义的动词
这类动词有continue, keep, last, go on等。
She still continues in poor health.
她仍然身体很差。
Every day after finishing his homework, he goes on to do some reading.
他每天做完作业后，都会继续看会儿书。
⑤表示感觉的动词
这类动词有see, hear, smell, taste, feel等。
The apples taste good.
这些苹果尝起来不错。
This flower smells nice.
这花闻上去很香。
Your suggestion sounds reasonable.
你的建议听上去有道理。
注意：
如果这些动词表示一种有意识的行为，则可用进行时态。
She is tasting the apple.
她正在尝苹果。
The dog is smelling the footprints.
狗正在嗅脚印。
The bell is sounding for dinner.
晚饭铃响了。
4．现在进行时和一般现在时的比较
①暂时性动作和经常性动作
The computer is working perfectly.
计算机运转得很好。（暂时）
The computer works perfectly.
计算机运转很好。（一直如此）
②持续性动作和短暂性动作
The bus is stopping.
车停了下来。（渐渐地）
The bus stops.车停了。（迅速）
③暂时性动作和永久性动作
She is living in the country.
她现在住在农村。（暂时）
She lives in the country.
她住在农村。（永久）
④有感情色彩和没有感情色彩
He is doing well at school.
他在学校表现很好。（赞扬）
He does well at school.
他在学校表现很好。（一般事实）
B.过去进行时
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1.过去进行时的构成
过去进行时是由“was / were +现在分词”构成的。
I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.
昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。
Were you expecting him yesterday
你昨天一直在等他吗
They were not talking when I came in.
我进来的时候他们没在说话。
2.过去进行时的用法
①过去进行时的基本用法
a.表示在过去某一时刻正在发生的动作或该动作与过去的另一动作同时发
生
I was having supper at 7:00 yesterday evening.
昨天晚上7点我正在吃晚饭。
She was playing the piano while I was reading the newspaper.
她弹钢琴时我在看报。
提示：
当句子意思很清楚时，我们也可以把两个动词都换成一般过去时。
We listened closely while the teacher read the text.
老师读课文时，我们都仔细地听着。
b.表示过去一段时间内正在进行的动作
We were talking about you the whole morning.
我们整个上午都在说你。
He was watching TV at home from 3:00 to 5:00 yesterday afternoon.
昨天下午从3点到5点他一直在看电视。
c.表示按计划、安排过去将要发生的事
He told me that he was going soon.
他告诉我他很快就要走了。
She said she was leaving for New York the next month.
她说她下个月动身去纽约。
②过去进行时的特殊用法
a.表示故事发生的背景
It was snowing as the medical team made its way to the front.
那支医疗小组往前线行进时天正下着雪。
Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking.
汤姆乘没人注意时溜进了房间。
b.表示一个新的动作刚刚开始
过去进行时可用来引出一个新的动作，这种用法颇有点儿像镜头转换。
Five minutes later, he was standing at the door, smoking.
5分钟后，他已站在门口抽着烟。
The baby was crying hard, and suddenly the crying stopped.
这婴儿在大声啼哭，突然，哭声停止了。
c.用来陈述原因或用作借口
She went to the doctor yesterday. She was having a lot of trouble with her
heart.
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她昨天去看病了。她患了很严重的心脏病。
I haven't finished my homework because I was helping my mother at home all
day yesterday.
我作业没做完是因为我昨天一直帮妈妈在家干活。
d.与always, constantly等词连用，表示感情色彩
The girl was always changing her mind.
这女孩老是改变主意。
In the past he was constantly asking me for money.
过去他总是向我要钱。
3．过去进行时与一般过去时的区别
①一般过去时往往表示某一动作已经完成，而过去进行时却表示动作在持
续或未完成。
She wrote a letter to her friend last night.
她昨晚给朋友写了封信。（信写完了）
She was writing a letter to her friend last night.
她昨晚一直在给朋友写信。（信不一定写完）
②一般过去时表示只做一次动作，而过去进行时却表示动作反复地进行。
She waved to me.
她朝我挥了挥手。
She was waving to me.
她不断地朝我挥手。
The boy jumped up and down.
这男孩跳了一下。
The boy was jumping up and down.
这男孩不停地跳着。
C.将来进行时
1．将来进行时的构成
将来进行时是由“shall/will + be +现在分词”构成的。
Don't phone me between 8:00 and 10:00. We'll be having classes then.
8点到10点之间不要给我打电话，我们那时正在上课。
Will you be using your bicycle this evening
今晚你用自行车吗
She won't be having a meeting in her office at 8:00 tomorrow.
明天8点她不在开会。
2．将来进行时的用法
①将来进行时的基本用法
a.表示在将来某一时间正在进行的动作
I'll be taking my holiday soon.
我不久就去度假了。
They will be meeting us at the station.
他们会在车站接我们的。
b.在口语中代替will/shall do
I hope you will be coming on time.
我希望你按时来。
I'll be seeing Mr. Smith tomorrow.
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我明天将见到史密斯先生。
The minister will be giving a speech on international affairs.
部长将就国际事务发表演讲。
②将来进行时的特殊用法 a.表示原因、结果或猜测 Please come tomorrow
afternoon. Tomorrow morning I'll be having a meeting. 请你明天下午来吧。我明
天上午有个会。（表原因） Stop the child or he will be falling over. 抓住那个孩
子，要不他会掉下去的。（表结果） You will be making a mistake. 你会出错
的。（表推测） b.用在问句中，表示委婉礼貌 Will you be reading anything else
你还要看点儿什么吗 When shall we be meeting again 我们什么时候再见面 c.表
示稍后一点儿的安排 The students aer studying Unit 3 this week, and next week
we'll be studying Unit 4. 这星期我们学第三单元，下周我们将学第四单元。 My
duties will end in July and I will be returning to Shanghai. 我的任务在7月结束，之
后我会回上海。
三、完成时
完成时是用来表示动作的完成与未完成的情况。完成时包括现在完成时、过去
完成时和将来完成时。
A．现在完成时
1．现在完成时的构成
现在完成时的构成形式是“have / has +过去分词”。现在完成时常被称为“与
现在有联系的过去”，因此它不能与明确的过去时间状语连用。
Someone has broken the window.
有人把窗户打破了。
I haven't seen much of her lately.
我最近不常见到她。
How long have they been married
他们结婚多长时间了
2．现在完成时的用法
①表示结果的现在完成时
现在完成时着眼于过去的动作对现在产生的结果或影响。这是现在完成时 的
“已完成”用法，表示动作或过程发生在说话之前就已完成，并与现在有联系。
这种联系实际 上就是“过去的动作”对现在的影响或产生的结果。
I have bought a pen.
我买了一支笔。（结果：I have a pen now.）
The temperature has increased by 10℃.
温度上升了10摄氏度。（结果：It is quite hot now.）
Air pollution has taken the lives of many people.
空气污染已经夺去了很多人的生命。（结果：Air pollution is very serious
now.）
注意：
现在完成时的上下文所指的时态必须呼应。
【误】I have bought a pen but I have lost it now.（have bought表示你现在已经
有笔了，这和后面的have lost有矛盾）
【正】I bought a pen but I have lost it now.
我（过去）买了一支笔，但我已经把它丢了。
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【误】I have lost my pen but I have found it now.（have lost强调你现在已经没
有笔了，与后面have found的意思有冲突）
【正】I lost my pen but I have found it now.
我丢了一支笔，但现在已经找到了。
②表示经历的现在完成时
强调过去某一时刻到说话时这段时间中的经历。
Have you ever been to the Great Wall
你去过长城吗
I have visited Beijing at least ten times.
北京我至少访问过十次了。
She has never spent a holiday at the seaside.
她从未到海滨度过假。
③表示延续的现在完成时
这是现在完成时的“未完成”用法，表示一个动作或状态从过去某时开始，持
续到现在，可能要继续下去 。
He's loved fishing for a long time.
他爱好钓鱼为时已久。（他现在仍爱好钓鱼）
I have lived here for more than thirty years.
我已在这儿住了三十多年了。（也许还会继续住下去）
注意：
现在完成时的“未完 成”用法既可用于动态动词（主要是持续动词），也可用
于状态动词，但它一般不适用于表示短暂动作或 位置转移的动词，如：open,
break, go, come, arrive, leave等。如用这类动词表示“未完成”，通常只限于否
定结构。
I haven't seen a film for weeks.
我已经好几个星期没看电影了。
She hasn't written to me since September.
自从9月份以来她还没给我写过信呢。
3．现在完成时的时间状语
①与现在完成时“已完成”用法连用的时间状语
现在完 成时表示的动作或状态发生在现在时间以前的某个未明确指出的过去时
间内，和它连用的时间状语要与现 在时间有关，不能是明确地表示过去的时间
状语。
a.不确定的过去时间状语：already, yet, before, recently, lately等
I've seen the film before.
我以前看过这部电影。
Have you been there lately
近来你去过那里吗
b.频度时间状语：often, sometimes, ever, never, once, rarely等
We have never heard of that.
我们从未听说过这事。
He has sometimes played tennis.
他有时打网球。
Big Ben has rarely gone wrong.
大本钟很少出差错。
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c.包含现在时间在内的时间状语：now, just, today, this morning, this week, this
year等
I have just finished the letter now.
我现在刚写完信。
You have just missed the bus.
你刚好错过公共汽车。
Has he done much work today
他今天做了很多工作吗
比较：already和yet用法上的区别
already常用于肯定句，置于句中。yet常 用于否定句和疑问句，置于句末。但
already有时也可用在疑问句中暗示惊讶的心情。
She has already gone.
她早就走了。
Have you eaten your dinner already
你已经吃过饭了
He has not come yet.
他还没有来。
②与现在完成时“未完成”用法连用的时间状语
与“已完成”用法一样，表示具体的过去的时间状 语不能与“未完成”用法连
用。与其连用的往往是指一段时间的状语以具体表示某一动作或状态持续了多
久。
a. since +具体时间，表示动作或状态从何时开始
Since then, he has developed another bad habit.
自那以后他养成了另一个坏习惯。
He hasn't been home since he graduated.
他毕业后就没回过家。
b. for +一段时间，表示动作或状态持续了多久
We have worked here for ages.
我们在这里工作很久了。
There has been no rain here for nearly two months.
这里已经近两个月没有下雨了。
c. until now, up till now, so far, up to the moment
到目前为止
I have not seen him so far.
到目前为止我没见过他。
Up to the present, everything has been OK.
到目前为止一切正常。
d. in/during the past/last five years
在刚刚过去的5年里
He has been away from school during the last few weeks.
过去的几个星期里他没在学校。
In the past few years they have dealt with quite a few international corporations
successfully. 在过去的几年中他们已经和好几家跨国公司做成了生意。
e. all the while, all day一直，一整天
She has been busy all day.
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她忙了一整天。
4．现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
①两者都可表示过去发生过的动作，但前者表示的是过去的动作对现在的影
响，而后者则只是表示过去有 这一动作的事实。
He locked the door.
他锁过门。（但现在门是开是锁不清楚。）
He has locked the door.
他把门锁上了。（现在门是锁着的。）
Who turned on the light
谁开的灯（着眼开灯的动作，不管现在灯是开是关。）
Who has turned on the light
谁把灯打开了（着眼开灯的结果，即现在灯还亮着。）
②两者都可表示过去开始并延续了一段时间的动作，现在完成时表示该动作仍
在继续，而一 般过去时则说明该动作现已终止。
He has lived in Beijing for four years.
他在北京住了四年了。（现在仍住那儿）
He lived in Beijing for four years.
他曾在北京住了四年。（现在不住那儿了）
B．过去完成时
过去完成时的动作须在过去某一时间之前发生，即发生在“过去的过去”。
1．过去完成时的构成
过去完成时是由“had+过去分词”构成的。
Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake.
我很快就意识到我犯了一个严重的错误。
The man sitting beside me on the plane was very nervous. He had not flown before.
飞机上坐在我旁边的人很紧张，他以前从没乘过飞机。
Had he gone home when you arrived你到的时候他已经回家了吗？
2．过去完成时的用法
①“已完成”用法
表示某一动作或状态在过去某一时间之前 或过去某一动作之前已经完成。句中
常用by引导的时间状语或以before, until, when, than等词引导的内含一般过去
时的时间状语从句。
By 5:00 yesterday morning we had done that work.
到昨天早上5点钟时，我们已经做完了那件工作。
He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the
office.
老师从办公室回来时，他刚把教室打扫完。
They came earlier than we had expected.
他们到得比我们预料的要早。
I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.
我在进大学之前就已学了5000个单词。
It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.
旱了好几个月之后，昨天下雨了。
注意：
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在包含before和a fter的复合句中，因为从句动作和主句动作发生的先后顺序
已经非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过 去完成时。
The train (had) started before I reached the station.
在我到达车站之前，列车已经开了。
After he (had) arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.
马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。
②“未完成”用法
表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时刻之前就已开始，一直持续到这一过去时
间，还可能再持续下去。
Up to that time all had gone well.
直到那时一切都很顺利。
John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage.
约翰和简在结婚前就认识很长时间了。
She said she had made much progress since she came here.
她说自从她到这儿后已取得了很大的进步。
③“想象性”用法
过去完成时有时表示 一种未实现的愿望或想法，主要用在if引导的和过去事实
相反的条件句以及wish, as if引导的从句中。
If she had worked hard, she would have succeeded.
要是她努力的话，她就会成功了。（事实上她没努力，也没成功。）
I wish I had gone with you to the concert.
我要是和你一起去音乐会就好了。
The two strangers talked as if they had been good friends for many years.
那两个陌生人交谈起来就像是多年的老朋友。
④表示“刚刚……就……”
过去完成时常用在hardly/scarcely/barely ... when..., no sooner ... than ...等结构
中，表示“刚刚……就……”。
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.
他刚到就又走了。
提示：
intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时可以
用来表示一个本来打算做而未做的事。
I had meant to come, but something happened.
我原本打算来的，但有事发生了。
I had intended to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.
我本打算去看你的，但没能去成。
They had wanted to help but couldn't get here in time.
他们原想帮忙的，但没能及时赶到这里。
3．过去完成时与一般过去时的比较
一般过去 时表示过去时间的动作或状态。过去完成时表示的动作或状态发生在
一般过去时表示的动作或状态之前， 因此它表示的是“比过去更过去”。
I returned the book that I had borrowed.
我已归还了我借的书。
20
He didn't know a thing about the verb, for he had not studied his lessons.
他对动词一无所知，因为他没有好好学习功课。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
我在车站等了20分钟车才来。
C．将来完成时
1．将来完成时的构成
将来完成时的构成是由“shall/ will + have +过去分词”构成的。
Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter.
不久他就会全然忘记这件事的。
He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old classmates.
他现在是一个有身份的人了，他可能不会记得老同学了。
Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month到下个月你认识凯文该有10
年了吧？
2.将来完成时的用法
①表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。
We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.
到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.
你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。
Will you soon have finished laying the table
你会很快摆放好餐桌吗
注意：
在时间状语从句中，不用将来完成时，要用现在完成时来代替。
When I have finished that, I shall have done all I am supposed to do.
等我做完这件事时，我就做完我该做的所有的事了。
Please don't get off the bus until it has stopped.
请待车停稳了再下车。
②表示推测
You will have heard of this, I guess.
我想你已经听说过这件事了。
I am sure he will have got the information.
我相信他一定得到了这个信息。
四、完成进行时
完成进行时是完成时和进行时的结合，包括现在完成进行时和过去完成进行
时。
A.现在完成进行时
1．现在完成进行时的构成
现在完成进行时是由“have/has been +现在分词”构成的。
He is ill. He's been lying in bed for three weeks.
他病了，已经卧床3个星期了。
Your eyes are red. Have you been crying
你眼睛红了。你刚刚哭过了吗
What have you been doing all this time
这半天你干什么来着
2．现在完成进行时的用法
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①表示动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到现在
现在完成进行时常和all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning,
recently等状语以及since和for引导的状语连用。
I have been reading Hemingway's Farewell to Arms recently.
我最近一直在读海明威的《永别了，武器》。
She has been reciting the words all the morning.
她整个上午都在背单词。
This is what I have been expecting since my childhood.
这是我从小以来就一直期待着的事情。
②表示动作刚刚结束
My clothes are all wet. I've been working in the rain.
我的衣服全湿了，我刚才一直在雨中干活。
He is dead drunk. He's been drinking with his friends.
他烂醉如泥，他刚才一直在和朋友们喝酒。
③表示一个近期内时断时续、重复发生的动作
You've been saying that for five years.
这话你已经说了五年了。
He has been writing articles to the newspapers and magazines since he became a
teacher.
自从任教以来，他一直在为报刊杂志撰稿。
④表达较重的感情色彩
What have you been doing to my dictionary？
看你把我的字典弄成什么样子了！
Time has been flying so quickly!
时间过得可真快啊！
Too much has been happening today.
今天可真是个多事的日子。
3． 现在完成进行时和现在完成时的比较
①现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复，而现在完成时一般不表示重复性。
Have you been meeting him recently
你最近常和他见面吗
Have you met him recently
你最近见到过他吗
②现在完成进行时有时含有感情色彩，而现在完成时一般是平铺直叙。
I have been waiting for you for two hours.
我一直等了你两个小时。（可能表示不满）
I have waited for you for two hours.
我等了你两个小时。（说明一个事实）
③现在完成进行时强调动作，而现在完成时强调结果。
Who has been eating the oranges
谁一直在吃这些桔子呀（还剩余一些）
Who has eaten the oranges
谁把桔子吃光了（强调吃得一个不剩）
B.过去完成进行时
1.过去完成进行时的构成
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过去完成进行时是由“had been +现在分词”构成。
She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.
她在考试之前一直患重感冒。
Had they been expecting the news for some time
他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧
Rafael was scolded even though he hadn't been doing anything wrong.
尽管拉斐尔没做什么错事，但他还是挨骂了。
2.过去完成进行时的用法
①表示过去某一时间之前一直进行的动作
过去完成进行 时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到这一过去时
间。和过去完成时一样，过去完成进行时也 必须以一过去时间为前提。
I had been looking for it for days before I found it.
这东西我找了好多天才找着的。
They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came.
他们只等了一会儿车就来了。
②表示反复的动作
He had been mentioning your name to me.
他过去多次向我提到过你的名字。
You had been giving me everything.
你对我真是有求必应。
③过去完成进行时还常用于间接引语中（详见第12章）
The doctor asked what he had been eating.
医生问他吃了什么。
I asked where they had been staying all those days.
我问他们那些天是待在哪儿的。
④过去完成进行时之后也可接具有“突然”之意的when分句
I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in.
我刚看了几分钟他就进来了。
She'd only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister
interrupted her. 她温习功课才一会儿，她妹妹就打断她了。
3．过去完成进行时和过去完成时的比较
She had cleaned the office, so it was very tidy.
她已经打扫过办公室了，所以很整洁。（强调结果）
She had been cleaning the office, so we had to wait outside.
她一直在打扫办公室，所以我们不得不在外面等着。（强调动作一直在进行）










23












第二章 被动语态（一）
语态也是动词的一种形式，表示主语与谓语之间的关系。英语有两种语
态：主动语态(active voice) 和被动语态(passive voice)。主动语态表示主语是谓语
动作的执行者，而被动语态则表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。
一、被动语态的构成
被动语态是由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成，如果有必要 强调动
作的执行者，动作执行者可以由介词by引出的短语表示。助动词be随主语的
人称、数 、时态和语气的不同而变化。
A. 十种常见时态的被动语态
1. 一般现在时
主动语态：do
被动语态：amisare done
We clean the classroom every day. 我们每天打扫教室。
The classroom is cleaned by us every day. 教室每天都由我们打扫。
Such songs are usually sung by girls. 这些歌通常是女孩子们唱的。
Russian is not taught in our school. 我们学校不教俄语。
Are many goods shipped abroad every day 每天都有许多货物运往国外吗
2. 一般过去时
主动语态：did
被动语态：waswere done
We cleaned the classroom yesterday. 昨天我们打扫了教室。
The classroom was cleaned by us yesterday. 昨天教室被我们打扫了。
The window was broken by my son. 窗子是我儿子打破的。
Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday 昨天山上种了许多树吗
How much money was stolen in all 一共被偷了多少钱
3. 一般将来时
主动语态：willshall do
被动语态：willshall be done
We will clean the classroom soon. 我们很快要打扫教室。
The classroom will be cleaned soon. 教室很快要被打扫了。
The work will be done immediately. 这工作将马上做。
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Will the school sports meeting be held next week 校运动会将在下星期举行
吗
When shall we be given a lecture on the Internet 什么时候给我们作有关因
特网的讲座
4. 一般过去将来时
主动语态：would do
被动语态：would be done
We told him that we would clean the classroom soon. 我们告诉他我们马上就
打扫教室。
We told him that the classroom would be cleaned soon. 我们告诉他教室很快
就会被打扫的。
He said that a new trade center would be built in the centre of the city. 他说
一个新的贸易中心将在市中心建起来。
She asked whether their plan would be considered with great care. 她问他们
的计划会不会得到仔细的考虑。
I wasn't told that I should be invited to the party. 没人告诉我要被邀请出席
晚会。
5. 现在进行时
主动语态：amisare doing
被动语态：amisare being done
We are cleaning the classroom now. 我们现在正在打扫教室。
The classroom is being cleaned now. 教室现在正在被打扫。
A hospital is being built in the centre of the town. 镇中心正在兴建一家医
院。
Are the babies being taken care of by this nurse 这些婴儿正由这个护士照看
吗
How is the new teaching method being tried there 那里是怎样试行这种新教
学方法的
6. 过去进行时
主动语态：waswere doing
被动语态：waswere being done
We were cleaning the classroom this time yesterday. 昨天这个时候我们在打
扫教室。
The classroom was being cleaned this time yesterday. 昨天这个时候教室正在
被打扫
The teaching plan was being discussed at that time. 那时正在讨论教学计
划。
Was the TV set being fixed this time yesterday 昨天这个时候电视机正在被
修理吗
The house was being painted when we arrived at his home. 我们到他家时，
他家房子正在粉刷。
7. 现在完成时
主动语态：hashave done
被动语态：hashave been done
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The classroom looks tidy. We have cleaned it. 教室看起来很整洁。我们已经
打扫了。
The classroom looks tidy. It has been cleaned. 教室看起来很整洁。它已经被
打扫了
Many foreign films have been shown on TV since last month. 上个月以来，电
视中播放了许多外国影片。
The radio has not been turned on yet. 收音机还没开。
Has a new training centre been set up in our town 我们镇上新的培训中心建
好了吗
8. 过去完成时
主动语态：had done
被动语态：had been done
The classroom looked tidy. We had cleaned it. 教室看起来很整洁。我们已经
打扫过了。
The classroom looked tidy. It had been cleaned. 教室看起来很整洁。它已经
被打扫过了。
His newly written novel had been translated into English by the end of last
month.上个月末，他刚写的小说已被翻译成了英语。
She told me that she had been dismissed by her boss. 她告诉我，她的老板
已把她解雇了。
Her homework had not been finished when I got home. 我到家的时候，她的
作业还没有完成。
9. 将来完成时
主动语态：willshall have done
被动语态：willshall have been done
We will have cleaned the classroom by five o'clock. 我们将在五点之前打扫完
教室。
The classroom will have been cleaned by five o'clock. 教室将在五点以前打扫
完。
The new books will have been entered in the register before another parcel
arrives. 这些新书在下一批书到来前将登记完毕。
How many expressways will have been completed by the end of next year 到
明年年底将建成多少条高速公路
Before you return my work will have been done. 你回来前我的工作将会做
完。
10. 过去将来完成时
主动语态：would have done
被动语态：would have been done
I said we would have cleaned the classroom by 500. 我说我们将在五点之前
打扫完教室。
I said the classroom would have been cleaned by 500. 我说教室将在五点以前
打扫完。
The headmaster said the article would have been translated by the end of
next month. 校长说文章将在下月底翻译好。
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The day was drawing near when the dam would have been completed. 大坝
完工的日子不远了。
He told me that preparations would have been finished by 600. 他告诉我准备
工作将在六点前完成。
B. “get+过去分词”结构
被动语态除常用“be +过去分词”构成外，还可用“get+过去分词”结
构。这种结构多用在口语中，强调动作的结果。
The boy got hurt when he was riding to school. 那孩子骑车上学时受伤了。
Did your letter get answered 你收到回信了吗？
注意：
用“get+过去分词”结构时，其后的动作执行者（即by短语）一般不表
示出来。
Finally his bike got repaired. 最后他的自行车得到了修理。
As I passed by, my skirt got caught on a nail. 我经过的时候，我的裙子被钉子
挂住了。
C．“seem appear +过去分词”结构
有时“seem appear +过去分词”也可以构成被动语态。
She seemed annoyed by his words. 她似乎被他的话搞得很恼火。
The house appears deserted. 这房子好像没人居住。
提示：
并不是所有的“be+过去分词”结构中的be都能被get或seem, appear等
词代替。
【误】She got born in a small village.
【正】She was born in a small village. 她出生在一个小村庄。
【误】The old man got offered a large sum of money.
【正】The old man was offered a large sum of money. 这位老人获得了一大
笔钱。
【误】Colin got caught cheating in the exam.
【正】Colin were caught cheating in the exam. 科林考试作弊被抓住了。
D．被动语态中常用的介词
1．by表示动作的执行者或施加者
By whom is the book written 这本书是谁写的
The children were driven indoors by the rain. 孩子们被雨赶进了室内。
2．with表示用某种工具
The wolf was killed with a gun. 狼被枪打死了。
The field was spread with wild flowers. 田野里野花遍地。
3．from表示源于某种物质（看不出原材料）
Good wine is made from grain. 好酒是粮食制成的。
4．of表示用某种材料制成（看得出原材料）
The table is made of wood. 这张桌子是用木头做的。
5．其他介词
You are wanted on the phone. 有电话找你。
He is known to everybody. 大家都认识他。
She was caught in the rain. 她遭雨淋了。
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注意：
动作执行者可以由介词by引出的短语表示，但被动语态句子中的by短语
并不总是表示动作执行者。
A policeman is known by the clothes he wears. 警察可以通过他的服装辨认
出来。（by表示方式）
He was much flattered by her asking him to dinner. 她邀请他吃晚饭，他受宠
若惊了。（by表示原因）
The snow was piled high by the gate. 门口雪堆积得很高。（by表示地点）
二、被动语态的用法
英语中，大多数情况下用主动语态比较简练、有力。但是，被动语态 也有
其特殊的用途，它也是表达思想、描述事物的需要。人们通常在下列情况下使
用被动语态：
A. 不知道或不必说出动作的执行者
How is this word pronounced 这个单词怎么发音
Scientists say that work is done whenever a force moves. 科学家们说，力移
动时就做了功。
A greater number of magic English books will be published next year. 明年将
有更多的魔法英语书出版。
After war, everything had been destroyed. 战争结束后，一切都被毁坏了。
B. 强调动作的承受者
If you break the school rules, you will be punished. 如果你违反校规，你将受
到惩罚。（强调you）
A new Hope School will be opened in our village. 我们家乡将开办一所新的希
望学校。（强调a new Hope School）
She is liked by everybody. 大家都喜欢她。
Xiao Li was elected monitor of the class. 小李被选为班长。
C. 动作的执行者不是人而是无生命的事物
The bridge was washed away by the flood. 桥被洪水冲走了。
We were shocked by the news of his death. 我们听到他的死讯极为震惊。
Many accidents were caused by careless driving. 许多事故都是开车不小心造
成的。
D. 修辞的需要，为了使句子更加简练、匀称
He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. 他出现
在舞台上，受到了观众的热烈鼓掌。
The old professor gave a lecture on American history and was well received. 这
位老教授作了一个有关美国历史的讲座，受到大家的热烈欢迎。
I was shown round the school campus by Sean, who had entered the school
just a year before. 肖恩带我参观了校园，他去年刚进这所学校。
E. 为了表示委婉或礼貌，避免提及动作执行者或说话者自己
You've been told many times not to make the same mistake. 你已被多次告知
不要犯同样的错误。
Everybody is expected to obey the following rules. 希望大家遵守以下规定。
The control room may not be entered without permission. 非经许可，勿入控
制室。
28
F. 科技文献中为了客观地描述事情及其过程
The film is coated with light-sensitive chemicals, which are changed by the
different shades and colours of light. 胶卷上涂了一层感光的化学物质，这些物质
因光的不同色度与颜色而改变。
G. 新闻报道中为了体现新闻的客观性
The west-east gas pipeline project was kicked off on July 4, a big event in the
nation's west development campaign. 西气东输工程7月4日全线开工，这是国
家西部大开发战略的一件大事。
H．有些动词习惯上常用被动语态
He was born in this city. 他出生在这个城市。
The school is situated in the suburbs. 这所学校位于郊外。
注意：
被动语态中的by短语通常可以省 去。但如果by短语是句子的重点所在，
或者没有by短语全句的意思不完整时，则要保留by短语。
The vegetables didn't taste very good. They had been cooked too long. 蔬菜的
味道不好，烧的时间太长了。（不需要动作的执行者）
He arrived at the airport, where he was met by his friend. 他到达了机场并受
到朋友的迎接。（没有by his friend，句子的意思不完整）
Everybody was cast down by such news as that. 大家都被那种消息搞得很沮
丧。（需要by短语）
三、主动语态变被动语态
中国人的思维的着眼点在动作的施动者，英美人思维的着眼点在动作的承
受者。
中国人常这样说：I expect you to be there on time. 我希望你准时到那里。
英美人常这样说：You are expected to be there on time. 希望你准时到那
里。
这就是英语中被动语态的使用比汉 语中多的原因。由于英语句子的主动语
态结构不同，因而变成被动语态的方式也各不相同。
A. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语
“主语 + 谓语 + 宾语”结构中只有一个宾语，变为被动语态时，将宾语变
为主语：
They will discuss the plan at the meeting. 他们将在会议上讨论这个问题。
-- The plan will be discussed at the meeting. 这个问题将在会议上讨论。
In the past the king possessed great wealth. 过去国王拥有巨大的财富。
n In the past great wealth was possessed by the king. 过去，巨大的财富为
国王所拥有。
B. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
在这个句型中，谓语动词跟有两个宾语。变成被动语态时，一般将通常指
人的间接宾语转化 成主语，但有时也可将指物的间接宾语转化成主语：
We gave the student some books. 我们给了这个学生几本书。
-- The student was given some books. 这个学生被给了几本书。
-- Some books were given to the student. 几本书被给了这个学生。
His father bought him a computer last week. 上周他父亲给他买了一台电
脑。
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-- He was bought a computer by his father last week. 上周他父亲给他买了一
台电脑。
-- A computer was bought for him by his father last week. 上周他父亲给他买
了一台电脑。
注意：用直接宾语作被动语态的主语时，通常要在间接宾语前加上适当的
介词(如to, for, of等)，以加强间接宾语的语气。
They awarded him the Nobel Prize. 他们授予他诺贝尔奖。
-- The Nobel Prize was awarded（to）him. 诺贝尔奖被授予给他。
The host had caught us some fish. 主人给我们捉了一些鱼。
Some fish had been caught for us by the host. 主人给我们捉了一些鱼。
（for不可省）
C. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
在这个句型中，谓语动词后有一个宾语和一个宾语补足语，变成被动语态
时，宾语转化成主 语，宾语补足语也随之变为主语补足语：
All the villagers painted the houses white. 所有村民都把房子涂成了白色。
-- The houses were painted white by all the villagers. 房子都被所有的村民都
涂成了白色。
They kept us waiting for a long time. 他们让我们等了很长时间。
-- We were kept waiting for a long time. 我们等了很长时间。
We regarded him as the best doctor in town. 我们认为他是城里最好的医
生。
-- He was regarded as the best doctor in town. 他被认为是城里最好的医生。
注意：
有些使役动词和感官动词,如make, see, hear, watch, notice, observe, listen
to等，在主动结构中跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，在变 为被动结构
时，不定式应加上to。
We heard him say good- bye to his friends. 我们听见他向朋友们道别。
He was heard to say good-bye to his friends. 他被听到向朋友们道别。
D. 含有情态动词的主动句变被动句
含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态时，用“情态动词+ be done”构成。
情态动词
cancould
maymight
must
havehad to
willwould
shallshould
ought to
主动形式
cancould do
maymight do
must do
havehad to do
willwould do
shallshould do
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ought to do
被动形式
cancould be done
maymight be done
must be done
havehad to be done
willwould be done
shallshould be done
ought to be done
The machine must be operated with care. 这机器必须小心操作。
Such a sentence ought not to be used here. 这个句子不应该用在这里。
What's done cannot be undone. 覆水难收。
People had to be reminded of the danger that night. 那天晚上必须提醒人们
当心危险。
E. 含有“be going to do”和“be to do”等结构的主动句变被动句
含有“be going to do和 be to do 等结构的谓语动词，变成被动语态时，分
别用“be going to + be done”和“be to + be done”。在这两种结构中，be只有
一般现在时和一般过去时两种形式。
The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting. 这个问题将在会上讨
论。
This new film is to be shown on TV next week. 这部新片下周将在电视上放
映。
F．含有宾语从句的主动句变被动句
带有宾语从句的句子变成被动语态时，通常用it来作为被动句的形式主
语，宾语从句保留不变。
They said that he had gone abroad to study English. 他们说他出国学英语去
了。
-- It was said that he had gone abroad to study English. 据说他出国学英语去
了。
We haven't decided when we should go camping. 我们还未决定什么时候去
野营。
-- It hasn't been decided when we should go camping. 什么时候去野营尚未决
定。
提示：
带有宾语从句的句子变成被动语态时， 为了简练，还可把从句的主语变为
被动句的主语，从句的谓语部分还可以变为不定式短语。
We believed that he would succeed. 我们相信他会成功。
-- He was believed to succeed. 人们相信他会成功。
Father expected that I should become an engineer. 父亲希望我成为工程师。
-- I was expected (by my father) to become an engineer. （父亲）希望我成为
工程师。
G．祈使句的被动语态
肯定的祈使句的被动语态结构是：Let + 宾语 + be + 过去分词；否定的祈使
句的被动语态结构是：Don't + let + 宾语 + be + 过去分词（或Let + 宾语 + not +
be + 过去分词）。
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Move the desks into the corridor.
-- Let the desks be moved into the corridor. 把课桌搬到走廊去。
Don't trust her.
-- Don't let her be trusted.
-- Let her not be trusted. 不要相信她。
H. 动词短语构成的被动语态
一般情况下，只有及物动词才能跟宾语，而不及物动 词不能跟宾语，所以
只有及物动词才有被动语态，不及物动词则没有被动语态。但有些不及物动词
后面跟上介词或副词后，变成一个动词短语，相当于一个及物动词，因此就可
以有被动语态。
The nurses in this hospital look after the patients very well.
-- The patients are well looked after by the nurses in this hospital. 病人在这所
医院里被护士们照料得很周到。
They have put off the meeting till next Saturday.
-- The meeting has been put off till next Saturday. 会议已推迟到下周六了。
注意：
在使用被动语态时，千万不要遗漏句末的介词或副词。
Such a bad habit should be got rid of. 这样的坏习惯应该改掉。
All the important matters have now been attended to. 所有重要的事情都得
到了处理。
I. 双重被动结构
双重被动结构指的是 句中谓语动词和其后的不定式均为被动结构，句子的
主语既是谓语动词的承受者，同时又是不定式动作的 承受者。
They asked us to discuss the problem at once.
-- We were asked to discuss the problem at once.
-- The problem was asked to be discussed at once. 这个问题被要求立刻讨
论。（双重被动）
She offered to buy a recorder for me.
-- A recorder was offered to be bought for me. 有人提出要帮我买一台录音
机。（双重被动）
The teacher ordered that we should take the desk away.
-- The desk was ordered to be taken away. 课桌被要求搬走。（双重被动）
J．下列句子变成被动语态时，要用with，不用by
Smoke filled the meeting room. 烟充满了会议室。
The meeting room was filled with smoke. 会议室里充满了烟。
A cloth covered the table. 一块布把桌子罩了起来。
The table was covered with a cloth. 桌子上铺着一块布。
K．不能变为被动语态的结构
1．受动词的限制
①表示状态的及物动词，只能用于主动语态。
某些表示状态的及物动词，如have, own, cost, lack, want (缺乏), become
(适合), fit, resemble, fail, last, flee, benefit, hold等作谓语时，不能变为被动句。
She resembles her mother. 她像她妈妈。
He lacks self-confidence. 他缺乏自信。
This hall can hold 2,000 people. 这个大厅能容纳两千人。
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②当及物动词have表示“吃饭”、“患病”、“明白”、“知道”等意
思时，没有被动语态形式。
Would you have a cup of tea 你要喝杯茶吗？
She had a bad cold yesterday, and now she is feeling much better. 昨天她得了
重感冒，现在好多了。
③当动 词get，take表示“懂得”、“知道”，owe表示“欠”，cost表
示“使失去(生命、健康 等)”的意思时，动词没有相应的被动语态。
Do you get me 你明白我的意思吗
How do you take this passage 这段话你怎么理解
I owe 50 pounds to you. 我欠你五十英镑。
His careless driving cost his life. 他粗心的驾驶使他丧了命。
2．受宾语的限制
①当宾语是相互代词、反身代词或具有类似相互代词的关系时，动词不能
用于被动语态形式。
They simply cannot contain themselves for joy. 他们简直无法抑制内心的喜
悦。
He absented himself from a meeting yesterday. 他昨天缺席会议了。
For years the two sisters looked after one another. 多年来两姐妹互相照顾。
②当宾语前带有主语的形容词性物主代词时，谓语动词通常不能转换为被
动语态。
I could not believe my eyes when I saw him still alive. 看到他还活着，我简直
不相信自己的眼睛。
The doctor shook his head and then went out without any words. 医生摇了摇
头，一句话也没说就出去了。
注意：
动词的宾语是身体的一部分，一般不可变为被动语态，但也有例外。
He fixed his eyes on the oil painting. 他注视着这幅油画。
-- His eyes were fixed on the oil painting. 他的两眼注视着这幅油画。
③当宾语起状语作用，表示数量、重量、大小或程度时，不能用被动语
态。
This kind of dictionary costs ten dollars. 这种字典价值十美元。
The case weighs twenty kilos. 这箱子重二十公斤。
④当宾语是同源宾语时，通常不能转换成被动语态。
He laughed a hearty laugh. 他由衷地笑了笑。
She dreamt a sweet dream. 她做了一个美梦。
⑤如果宾语是动词不定式或动词的- ing形式时，谓语动词一般不能变换成
被动语态。
He admitted having done wrong. 他承认做错了。
He has decided to go and study abroad. 他已决定出国留学。
⑥如果enter, leave, reach的宾语是地点、国家机关等，不能改为被动语态
He left the army in 1998. 他1998年退伍。
She entered the hall at once. 她立刻就进入了大厅。
⑦另外，不可拆开的短语动词，如take place, lose heart, belong to, consist
of, change colour等，也不能改为被动语态。
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The book belongs to me. 这本书是我的。
She caught a very bad cold. 她患了重感冒。
必背：一些常见的不能变为被动语态的动宾词组
catch a cold 感冒
eat one's words 食言
lose heart 丧失信心
lose patience 失去耐心
make a face 做鬼脸
make up one's mind 决心
make bed 铺床
make room for 为……腾出地方
keep watch 守望
keep silence 保持安静
speak one's mind 表明见解
take place 发生
take one's time 从容不迫，别着急
take office 就职
take one's leave 请假
take notes 作笔记
take up arms 拿起武器
take one's place 就位
⑧含有would rather或情态动词dare的句子，不能改为被动语态。
I would rather do it now. 我宁可现在就干这件事。
He dare not do it. 他不敢干那件事。
四、被动语态与系表结构
所谓系表结构，在此指“连系动词+用作表语的动词- ed形式”结构。它与
被动语态的形式完全一样，所以在应用时应注意它们的区别。
A. 被动语态中的过去分词是动词，多强调动作；系表结构中的过去分词相
当于形容词，多强调状态。前者通 常可用by+人或by+抽象名词表动作的执行
者，而后者则一般不用。
The gate to the garden was locked by the girl. 花园门被那个女孩锁上了。
（被动结构）
The gate to the garden was locked. 花园门锁了。（系表结构）
The tree was blown down by the high winds. 那棵树被大风吹倒了。（被动
结构）
The tree was blown down when we saw it. 我们看到那棵树时，它已经被吹
倒了。（系表结构）
注意：
少数“连系动词be + 用作表语的动词-ed形式”也带by短语。
The old man was surrounded by small children. 老人被孩子们团团围住。
（被动语态）
Guilin is surrounded by hills and mountains. 桂林周围都是山。（系表结构）
We were held up by fog. 我们因雾受阻。（被动语态）
The tree is known by its fruit. 看到果子就知道是什么树。（系表结构）
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B. 系表结构一般只用于一般现在时、一般过去时等少数几种时态；而被动
语态可用多种时态。
The composition is well written. 这篇作文写得很好。（系表结构）
The composition is being written. 这篇作文正在写。（被动语态）
C. 系表结构中的过去分词可被very, too, so修饰，被动语态中的过去分词
须用much修饰。
The boy was too frightened to move. 这孩子吓得动也不敢动。（系表结
构）
He was very excited.他很激动。（系表结构）
He was much excited by the news. 他听到消息后很激动。（被动结构）
D. be + 不及物动词的过去分词通常是系表结构。
Her money is all gone. 她的钱都花光了。
The honoured guests are arrived. 贵宾们到了。
The moon is risen. 月亮升起来了。
She is grown up. 她长大了。
The leaves are fallen. 树叶落了。
We are prepared for the worst. 我们已准备好应付最坏的情况。
E. 表示“充满”意思的“be + 过去分词 + with”结构多为系表结构。
The mountain is covered with snow all the year round. 这座山终年被积雪覆
盖。
The classroom was crowded with pupils. 教室里挤满了学生。
The lake is dotted with fishing boats. 湖里渔帆点点。
The floor was piled with old books. 地板上堆满了旧书。
F. remain, feel, lie, stand 以及 become, grow 等词 + 过去分词结构多为系表
结构。
The matter remained unsettled. 这件事悬而未决。
She felt disappointed. 她感到失望。
The road became crowded. 道路拥挤了。
G. 句中有时间状语和地点状语时，一般为被动语态，反之为系表结构。
The bank is closed. 银行现在关门了。（系表结构）
The bank is usually closed at six. 银行通常六点关门。（被动语态）
He is married. 他结婚了。（系表结构）
五、主动形式表示被动意义
英语中有些结构形式上是主动的，而表达的意义却是被动的。
A．某些不及物动词的被动意义
英语中一般只有及物动词才用于被动语态，不及物动词不用于这种结构。
但有些时候，某些 不及物动词，其主动形式含有被动的意义。
When did the accident occur 事故是什么时候发生的
Ice-cream always goes well in hot weather. 冰淇淋在暑天销路好。
Does life exist on the moon 月球上存在着生命吗
B．一些表示“开始”、“结束”意思的动词
Class begins at eight. 八点钟开始上课。
The meeting ended up with warm applause. 会议在热烈的掌声中结束了。
C．一些表示“运转”意义的动词
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The machine runs well. 机器运转良好。
His voice records well. 他的音录下来很好。
D．当read, write, translate等动词与表示行为方式的状语连用时
动词read, write, translate, act, add, wash, wear, cook, lock, sell, tear, cut,
keep, feel, burn, strike, last等常和表示行为方式的状语连用，表示被动意义。这
些动词既是及物动词又是 不及物动词。当主语是人时，是及物动词；当主语是
物时，是不及物动词，即用主动形式表示被动意义。
The book sells well. 这书的销路很好。
My pen writes smoothly. 我的笔很好写。
The play reads more easily than acts. 这剧本易读不易演。
提示：
这些动词常和情态动词（多半是否定式）连用，表示被动。
His car can't move. 他的车不能开了。
E．表示状态特征的连系动词的被动意义
有些表示状态特征的连系动词，如look, smell, taste, sound, prove, appear,
turn out等主动形式表示被动意义。
Good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。
What he said proved to be correct. 他的话证明是正确的。
The flowers smell sweet. 这些花闻起来很香。
Your sentence doesn't sound right. 你这话听起来不大对头。
F．一些动词的进行时态可以表示一个被动的动作
The meat is cooking. 肉正在烧。
The book is printing. 这本书正在印刷之中。
G．有些作表语的不定式，在结构上是主动的，但在意义上却是被动的
She is to blame. 她应该受到责备。
The house is to let. 此房出租。
六、被动形式表示主动意义
英语的被动形式表示主动的意义，主要见于状态被动语态句中。一般说来
有以下几种情况。
A．反身动词的被动形式表示主动意义
反身动词（及物动词+反身代词）作谓语时，其宾语反身代 词，表示动作
返回到执行者本身，主语既是动作的执行者，又是动作的承受者。由于反身动
词具 有这一特点，在被动结构中动作的承受者，也就是动作的执行者，在句中
表现出主动的意义。
He seats himself at the back of the classroom. 他坐在教室的后面。
-- He is seated at the back of the classroom. 他坐在教室的后面。
He lost himself in the forest.
-- He was lost in the forest. 他在森林中迷了路。
He dressed himself in a dark blue suit.
-- He was dressed in a dark blue suit. 他穿着一套深蓝色的衣服。
注意：
有些介词短语作定语或表语时，也有被动的含义。
The tall building under repair is an office building.
正在修建的那座高楼是一座办公楼。
The result is nnow under consideration.
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结果现在正在考虑中。
个别介词短语用冠词时表示被动的意义，不用冠词表示主动意义。
The children are in the charge of this nurse.
孩子们由这位护士照管。
This nurse is in charge og the children.
这位护士负责照看孩子们。
B．“引起……感情”等动词的被动形式表主动意义 The teacher is
satisfied with what he said. 老师对他所说的感到满意。 We are opposed to unjust
wars. 我们反对非正义的战争。 We are prepared to accept his proposal. 我们准
备采纳他的建议。 He was tired with playing all day. 玩了一整天他感到很疲倦
了。 C．某些表示定位、移位的动词 The earth is tilted a little. 地球有点儿倾
斜。 Hundreds of soldiers were stationed around the prison. 数百个士兵驻扎在监
狱周围。 The village is located at the foot of a hill. 这个村庄坐落在山脚下。
D．不及物动词的- ed形式与be连用表示主动意义 Spring is come. 春天来了。
The moon was set and it was very dark. 月亮落了，天很黑。 He is advanced in
years. 他年纪很大了。 E．表示终止动词的-ed形式 He is done with it. 他做完
了这件事。 My fever is gone, but I still have a cough. 我的烧已经退了，但还有点
儿咳嗽。 F．一些习惯用法 He was graduated from Beijing University. 他毕业于
北大。 You are mistaken. 你弄错了。 He is retired. 他退休了。 G．被动的祈使
句 Do be seated. 请坐！ Be prepared, please. 请准备好。 Get washed. 洗吧。 Be
concerned more about the well-being of the masses. 多关心群众的生活。
He was married in Beijing. 他是在北京结婚的。（被动语态）






















37





第三章虚拟语气
虚拟语气（the subjunctive mood），又称假设 语气，是谓语动词的一种形式，
表示说话人叙述的内容与事实相反，在现实中并不存在，或实现的可能性 很
小。
一、动词的语气
语气用来区别讲话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度 。英语中的语气(mood)有
三种，分别是陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。
1.陈述语气
陈述语气一般用来叙述事实或就事实提出询问，主要用于陈述句、疑问句和某
些感叹句。
Where there is a will, there's a way.有志者事竟成。
Can you help me carry the box upstairs你能帮我把箱子搬到楼上吗
How I missed the life in the countryside!我多么想念乡村的生活啊！
2.祈使语气
祈使语气表示说话人向对方提出请求或下达命令。
Come this way, please!请这边走。
Don't make any noise, will you别吵，行吗
Do be careful when crossing the street.过马路时一定要小心。
3.虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设
或推测等。
If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。
I wish it were spring all the year round.但愿四季如春。
May good luck be yours!祝你好运！
二、条件句中的虚拟语气
英语中条件从句有两类，一类是真实 条件句，另一类是非真实条件句。如果假
设的情况可能发生，是真实条件句；如果假设的情况是不存在的 或不大可能发
生的，则是虚拟条件句。
A．真实条件句
真实条件句表示的假设是可能发生或实现的，主句和从句的谓语动词都要用陈
述语气。
If he doesn't come at 8, we won't wait for him.如果他八点不来，我们就不等他
了。
If a flood happened in the past, there was usually a great loss of life and property.
过去发生洪水的话，常有很大的生命和财产损失。
We shall go there unless it rains tomorrow.如果明天不下雨，我们将去那里。
I'll let you use my bike on condition that you keep it clean.如果你能保持车子干
净，我就让你用我的自行车。
B．非真实条件句
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在含有非真实条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语动词都要用虚拟语气，其
构成有三种形式：
与现在事实相反 if条件句的谓语：were did
主句的谓：would (couldshouldmight) + do
与过去事实相反 if条件句的谓语：had done
主句的谓：would(couldshouldmight) + have done
与将来事实相反 if条件句的谓语：didwere
主句的谓：should do would (couldshouldmight) + do were to do
1．表示与现在事实相反的条件
条件从句用动词 的过去式（be动词用were），主句用should（第一人称）或
would（全部人称）+动词 原形。可用情态动词could, might代替should, would
表示情态。
If it were Sunday tomorrow, I would go and see my friends.明天要是星期天的话，
我就去看望我的朋友。
If I were you, I should go and try.我要是你，我就去试试。
If wishes were horses, beggars might ride.
如果幻想能成为马匹，叫花子都有了坐骑
would go if they treated me like a slave.要是他们把我当奴隶对待，我就走。
2．表示与过去事实相反的条件
条件从句用动词的过去完成时，主句用should（第一人称）或would（全部人
称）+have done，也可用could, might代替should, would。
If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I would have telephoned you.如
果昨天我知道你的电话号码，我就给你打电话了。
If it had not rained this morning, I should have gone shopping.今天早上要是没下
雨，我就去买东西了。
The flood might have caused great damages to the people if we had not built so
many reservoirs.倘若我们没有修建这么多的水库，洪水就会使人民遭受巨大的
损失。
3．表示在将来不太可能实现的条件
表示在将来不太可能实现的条件从句有三种形式：
①weredid
条件从句用动词的过去式（be动词用were），主句用should（第一 人称）或
would（全部人称）+动词原形。也可用could, might代替should, would。
If he were here tomorrow, I would speak to him.明天如果他在这里的话，我就和
他谈谈。
If you dropped the glass, it would break.你要是把杯子掉下来，会打碎的。
If she had time, she could help me.她要是有时间，就会帮我了。
②should do
条件从句中不管什么人称都用should do，可表示有偶然实现的可能性。
If it should rain, the crops could be saved.假如下雨，庄稼可能就有救了。
We would trust him if he should be honest.如果他真是诚实的，那我们就相信
他。
③were to do
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条件从句用were + to do。这种形式比较正式，常出现在书面语中，其假设成
份很大，实现的可能性很小。
If I were to do the work, I should do it in a different way.要是我做这项工作，我就
会以不同的方式去做。
If the headmaster were to come, what would we say to him假如校长来了，我们
对他说什么呢
对比：
将来不太可能实现的三种非真实条件句中的虚拟语气对比
If it snowed tomorrow, I would stay at home.如果明天下雪的话，我就留在家
里。
（常用形式）
If it should snow tomorrow, I would stay at home.如果明天下雪的话，我就留在
家里。
（可能性较小）
If it were to snow tomorrow, I would stay at home.如果明天要下雪的话，我就留
在家里。（可能性最小）
C．省略if的条件句
在书面语中，非真实条件句中有were, had, should时，可以省略if，而把were,
had, should放在主语前，用倒装结构。
Were it necessary, I might go without delay.如果需要的话，我可以立即去。（= If
it were necessary......）
Had you taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam.你要是听了我的建
议，就不会考试不及格了。（= If you had taken my advice......）
Should I have time, I would call on her.要是有时间，我就去看她。（= If I should
have time......）
D．错综条件句
虚拟条件句中的主句和从句涉及的动作发生的 时间不一致，这时主句和从句的
谓语形式应按照各自动作发生的实际时间来表达。
If you hadn't watched TV yesterday, you wouldn't be so sleepy now.如果你昨天不
看电视，你现在也就不会这么困了。（从句yesterd ay说明过去，主句now说
明现在）
If they had left home early this morning, they would arrive in half an h our.如果他们
今天一早就离开家的话，再过半小时他们就该到了。（从句说明过去，主句说
明将来。）
If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in the future.如果你此刻犹豫不
决，你将来会吃苦头的。（从句说明现在，主句说明将来）
注意：
在很多情况下，我们也可以用was来代替当主语是第一人称或第三人称单数时
的were。
If were here tomorrow...
也可以说成：If he was here tomorrow...
I wish I were a bird.
也可以说成：I sish I was a bird.
但倒装句型中的were不可被was来替换。
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Were I in your position,I would not do it.如果我处在你的位置，我是不会干这件
事的。
E．含蓄条件句
非真实 条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子
叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有 三种情况：
1．条件暗含在短语中
He would not get such a result without your help.没有你的帮助，他就不会有今天
的成果。(条件暗含在介词短语without your help中)
But for you, I could not be recovered so soon.要不是有你，我就不会恢复得这么
快。(条件暗含在But for you中)
This same thing, happening in the past, would lead to a disaster. 同样的事，如发
生在过去，就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in the past中)
He must have been there, or he never could know the place so well. 他一定是去
过那儿，否则他绝不会对那个地方如此熟悉。(暗含条件是连词or)
2．条件可根据上下文推理出
It would do you no good.这可能会对你没好处。(条件可能是if you should give up
the job如果你放弃这项工作的话)
They could have won. 他们本来是会赢的。(条件可能是if they had been patient
如果他们有耐心的话)
Such mistakes could have been avoided.这种错误完全能避免。（条件可能是if
you had been more careful如果你更加小心一点的话）
Why didn't you tell me about it I should have helped you.为什么你不告诉我我会
帮助你的。（条件可能是if you had told me about it如果你当时告诉我的话）
--- Did you go to see him yesterday你昨天去看他了吗
--- I would have, but someone dropped over to my house for a visit.原想去的，但
有人到我家来玩了。（条件是if no one had dropped over to my house for a visit
如果没人到我家来玩的话）
3．条件用其他形式来表示
She was ill, otherwise she would have been present at the meeting.她病了，否则
的 话就会出席会议了。（条件通过连词otherwiseor表示出来If she had not been
ill...）
I told him to go there himself, but perhaps I should have gone together with him.我
让他自己去那里，但也许我应该和他一道去。（连词but暗示条件）
Suppose you were in my shoes, what would you do假若你 站在我的立场上，你会
怎么办（用supposesupposingproviding等词表示if ）
To talk with her, you would know she could not hear well.如果你同她交谈，你就
会知道她的听力不好。（动词不定式带有假设的意思，相当于If you should talk
with her...）
Left to himself, he could not have finished the work.要是放任他的话，他是不可
能完成工作的。（动词的-ed形式表示条件If he had been left to himself...）
提示：
在很多情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。
You wouldn't know. 你不会知道。
I would like to go with you. 我愿意和你一起去。
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三、虚拟语气在各种从句中的用法
虚拟语气除主要用 于非真实条件句外，还可用在部分主语从句、宾语从句、表
语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句之 中。
A．名词性从句中的虚拟语气
主句中的动词、名词、形容词如表示要求、建议、命 令或愿望等含义，与其相
关的名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）中的谓语动< br>词要用虚拟语气。
1．主语从句中的虚拟语气
主语从句通常用于“It is +形容词名词动词的-ed形式+ that ...”结构。主语从句
中是否用虚拟语气取决于所用的形容词或动词的- ed形式，其谓语动词常用
“should +动词原形”（美国英语常省略should，只用动词原形）。
①表示建议或命令
It is important that we (should) work out a study plan.重要的是我们要制订出一个
学习计划。
It will be better that we (should) meet some other time.最好我们在另一个时间见
面。
It is suggested that each student (should) sing a song in English.有人建议每个学生
都要唱一首英文歌曲。
It is demanded that he should leave at once.要求他立刻离开。
②表示惊讶
It is strange that he should have failed to see his own shortcomings.真奇怪他竟看
不到自己的缺点。
It is a pityshame that I should be at school instead of lying here in hospital.真可
惜，我应当在学校而不是躺在医院里。
It is natural that you should forget it first.你起先记不住是很自然的。
必背：
常见的要接含有虚拟语气主语从句的词
形容词：important, necessary, urgent, essential, vital, natural, strange, proper等
动词的-ed形式：arranged, suggested, ordered, required, desired, demanded,
proposed等
It is necessary that the program (should) be loaded into the computer.有必要把程
序输入电脑。
It is strange that he should have learned so much in such a short time.很奇怪他竟
然在如此短的时间内学了那么多的东西。
It is desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight.希望一切在今晚前准
备就绪。
2．宾语从句
虚拟语气常用在表示要求、建议、命令或愿望的动词后的宾语从句中。
常见的宾语从句中需用“should+动词原形”的动词有：
一个坚持：insist
两个命令：order,command
三个建议：suggest,advise,propose
四个要求：demand,require,ask,desire
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①在suggest（建议）, order(命令), propose(建议), insist（坚持要做）,
command (命令)，request（要求），advise（ 建议）等动词后的宾语从句中，谓
语动词用should +动词原形（美国英语常省略should）。
The examination instructor asked that the students (should) not use a calculator.考
官要求学生不要使用计算器。
The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised by 10 percent.工人们要
求增加百分之十的工资。
They requested that he (should) sing a song.他们要求他唱一首歌。
比较：
动词suggest和insist后面的宾语从句，应根据不同情况选用陈述语气或虚拟
语气。
suggest作“建议”解时，用虚拟语气，作“使想起、暗示”解时，用陈述语
气。
His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.他的沉默暗示他赞同我的决
定。（暗示）
He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.他建议我坚持自己的决定。（建
议）
insist作“坚决要求”解时，用虚拟语气，作“坚持认为”解时，用陈述语
气。
He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people's health.他坚持认为做
早操对健康有益。（强调）
He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day.他坚持每天都要做早
操。（要求）
②在动词wish后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气，表示不可能实现的愿望。
一般过去时weredid 表示目前不可能实现的愿望
I wish I were a bird.但愿我是一只小鸟。
I wish I knew the answer.我要是知道答案就好了。
过去完成时 had done 表示过去不可能实现的愿望
I wish she had taken my advice.那时她要是接受我的建议就好了。
I wish that I had seen her yesterday.真希望我昨天见过她。
过去将来时wouldcould do表示将来没有把握或不可能实现的愿望
I wish you would stay an hour longer.我希望你再呆一个小时。
I wish it could stop raining.但愿雨能停。
提示：
由于wish和hope的汉语意思差不多，在使用上往往容易出错。wish一般表示
“希望”、“但 愿”，表示不可能实现的愿望，后接从句时要用虚拟语气；hope
表示“希望”，指可以实现的希望， 后接从句时用陈述语气。
The students hope that their football team will win the game.学生们希望他们的足
球队获胜。（可能实现）
I wish I could see him now.我希望现在就能看到他。（不可能实现）
3．表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动
词要用“should +动词原形”结构。
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My advice is that you (should) practise speaking English as often as possible.我的建
议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。
The demand is that the composition (should) be written on one side only.按照要求
作文必须单面誊写。
It is my desire that all the members of the family (should) gather once a year.我的
愿望是所有家庭成员一年团圆一次。
The suggestion that education (should) be reformed is reasonable.教育要改革的建
议是合理的。
必背：
表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词常见的有
advice 建议
demand 要求
desire 愿望
decision决定
idea 意见
motion 提议
order命令
proposal提议
requirement 要求
request 请求
regulation规章
suggestion 建议
B．状语从句中的虚拟语气
①方式状语从句
由as if或as th ough引导的状语从句可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实的
情况，也可以用虚拟语气表示与事实不符或 与事实相反的情况。
a.表示与现在事实不相符，用一般过去时
The teacher treats the pupil as if he were her own child.这位老师对待这位学
生就像自己的亲生孩子一样。（这位学生并不是她的亲生孩子）
b.表示与过去事实不相符，用过去完成时
I felt as though we had known each other for years.我感觉我们好像认识多年
了。（其实并没有认识多年）
c.表示与将来事实不相符，用wouldmightcould
It looks as if it might rain.天看上去好像要下雨。（不大可能下雨）
对比：
He looks as if he is young.看样子他好像很年轻。（他就是年轻）
He looks as if he were young.看样子他好像很年轻。（实际上他不年轻）
②目的状语从句
a.由in case, lest, for fear that引导的目的状语从句，动词用“should +动词
原形”结构，表示忧虑或目的。
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Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I (should) forget.请你明天再提
醒我这件事，以免我忘记。
She emphasized it again and again, lest he (should) forget.她一再强调这一点
免得他忘记。
We had a meeting and talked the matter over face to face for fear that there
should be any misunderstanding.
我们开了一个会，面对面谈了这件事，以免发生任何误会.
b.在in order that和so that引导的目的状语从句中，往往用can(could)或
may(might)。
I shall write down your telephone number so that I may not forget.我要把你
的电话号码记下来，以免忘记。
They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead
of time.为了能提前完成工作，他们比往常更加努力。
We will tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself.我把真实情况告
诉你，使你能自己作出判断。
③让步状语从句
让步状语从句指事实时，从句谓语动词用陈述语气。若从句内容表示现在
和将来的假设情况，从句谓语动 词用虚拟语气。
Though he (should) fail, there would still be hope.即使他失败了，仍有一线
希望。
I should say the same thing even if he were here.即使他在这里，我还是要这
么说。
Whether he (should) succeed or fail, we shall have to do our part.不管他成功
还是失败，我们还是要做好自己的事。
However hard it might rain rains, we shall go there together.不管雨下得多么
大，今晚我们还是要去那里。
No matter what his social position (might) be, a man is equal in the eye of the
law.一个人不论其社会地位如何，在法律面前都是平等的。
C．定语从句中的虚拟语气
在It is (high) time (that) ...结构中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式，表示
“到某人该做某事的时间了”。
It is time that the children went to bed.到孩子们睡觉的时间了。
It is high time that we began the meeting.正是我们开会的时间了。
四、其他句型中的虚拟语气
A．If only......
If only位于句首引起的感叹句用虚拟语气，动词用一般过去时表示 目前的
愿望，用过去完成时表示过去的愿望，用would或could表示将来。
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If only he knew the answer.他要是知道答案就好了。（用过去时表示现
在）
If only I could speak several foreign languages！我要是能讲几种外语就好
了！（用wouldcould表示将来）
If only you had told me the truth before. 要是你以前告诉我真相就好了。
（用过去完成时表示过去）
注意：if only和wish的用法相同，表示的意愿也基本相同。
If only it would rain.但愿天能下点儿雨！= How I wish it would rain.
If only I had known her earlier!要是我早点儿认识她就好了！= I wish I had
known her earlier.
B．would rather
would rather, would prefer, would sooner等后接从 句，表示“宁愿”，动
词用过去时表示当时和将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况。 I would
rather you left today.我宁可你今天走。 I would prefer he didn't stay here too long.
我倒希望他不要在这儿呆得太久。 I would rather I hadn't seen that film
yesterday.我宁愿昨天没有看那场电影。 提示： would rather主要有两种用
法。 1．后接不带to的不定式 I'd rather play tennis than swim.我宁愿打网球，
也不愿游泳。 I'd rather not go to the movies.我宁愿不去看电影。 Which would
you rather have, tea or coffee你喜欢喝茶，还是咖啡 2．后接不用连词的that从
句 I'd rather you went home now.我希望你现在就回家。 I would rather my
daughter attended a public school.我希望我的女儿能上公立学校。
C．表示愿望的感叹句
在表示祝愿的感叹句中，用动词原形，表示愿望。
Long live the People's Republic of China!中华人民共和国万岁！
May you be happy!祝您快乐！
God bless you!上帝保佑你！
Success attend you!祝你成功！
The Lord save us!愿主救我们！
D．情态动词用于虚拟语气
部分情态动词的过去形式（could, might, should, would），可以用于非真
实条件句以及其他结构中表示虚拟语气。
1．表示想像或猜测
If I could speak French, I would teach you.如果我会说法语，我就能教你。
（我不会，所以不能教你）
If you phoned him right now, you might get the matter settled.如果你现在给
他打电话，你就可以把问题解决了。
There could be something wrong with the tape recorder.这台录音机可能出毛
病了。
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He might have said so.他可能这样说过。
Could he have done such a foolish thing他会做这样的傻事吗
2．表示委婉或客气
虚拟语气（could, would, might +动词原形）可使说话者的口气变得委婉客
气。
You could answer this email for me.你可以替我回这个电子邮件。
Could you leave me your telephone number and address你能将电话号码和
地址留给我吗
Would you mind opening the window劳驾把窗子打开，好吗
You might as well put off the discussion till next week.你们不妨把讨论推迟到
下个星期。

比较：
would lide to do
愿意，想要
would lide to have done
本来想
I would like (to have) a word with you.我想和你谈一谈。(现在想)
I would like to have talked with you.我原本想和你谈一谈的。（没有谈成）
3．表示惋惜或责备
Given more time, we could have done better.如果给我们更多时间，我们能
够干得更好些。（我们并没有得到更多的时间）
You could have got up a little earlier！你完全可以早点儿起来！（实际上没
有早起）
It was cold yesterday. I should have worn a heavy coat.昨天很冷，我该穿件
厚外套的。（但我没穿）
This wall shouldn't have been pained blue.这墙不应该漆成蓝色。（但已漆
了）
提示：
当代英语一个显着的变化就是虚拟语气的使用越来越少，许多该用虚拟语
气的地方都用陈述语气代替。
He suggested that I went to the hospital at once.他建议我们立刻去医院。
（原应用should go）
We shall write down the address lest we forget.我们要把地址记下来，以免
忘记。（原应用should forget）
Imagine you are an astronaut.设想你是个宇航员。（原应用were）
47


























第四章 情态动词（一）
情态动词表示说话人对动作或状态的各种观点和态度，如需要、猜测、意愿或怀疑等。情态动词有词义，但不完全，是所谓的“辅助性”动词，在句中
不能单独充当谓语。
一、 情态动词的特征和形式

A.情态动词的各种形式见下表：
情态动词
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maymightcancould must have toought to will would shal should need dare
used to
否定式 may not might not cannotcan notcould not must not do not have to
oughtnot to will notwould not shall not should not need nodare not used not todid
not use to简略否定式 mayn't（老式英语，现在不常见） mightn't can't couldn't
mustn't don't have to oughtn't to（否定句中to可省略） won't wouldn'shan't
（只用于英国英语）shouldn't needn't daren'tusedn't todidn't use toB．情态动词
除ought to, used to等外，后面只接不带to的不定式。1．情态动词+do You
shouldn't be so careless.你不该这样粗心大意。 Jessica told him yesterday she
might not go on the trip. 杰西卡昨天告诉他，她可能不去旅行了。 Difficulties
can and must be overcome. 困难能够而且必须克服。 2．情态动词+be doing She
must be listening to pop music. 她肯定在听流行音乐。 You should be reviewing
your lessons. 你应该在复习功课。
My mother maymight be cooking now. 我妈妈可能正在做饭。 3．情态动词
+have done They might have visited the Great Wall. 他们可能参观过长城了。 He
must have got up very early to catch the train. 他一定起得很早去赶火车了。 You
ought to have come earlier. 你本该早一点儿来。 4．情态动词+be done This
word can also be used as a verb. 这个词也可以用作动词。 Something must be
done to stop pollution. 必须采取措施来制止污染。 The work ought to have been
finished long ago. 这工作早就该完成了。 C.情态动词第三人称单数一般现在时
没有词形变化。 You ought to wear a raincoat. 你应该穿件雨衣。 She ought to
wear a raincoat. 她应该穿件雨衣。 Plants must have oxygen in order to live. 为了
存活植物必须有氧气。 A plant must have oxygen in order to live. 为了存活植物
必须有氧气。D.情 态动词的时态并不是区分时间的主要标志。在一些场合中，
情态动词的现在式和过去式都可以表示现在时 间、过去时间或将来时间。 I'm
afraid it might rain tonight. 我看今晚可能要下雨。 Could I borrow your thermos
我可以借用你的暖水瓶吗？ It's a nice day today. We could go for a walk. 今天天
气不错，我们可以出去散散步。 E.情态动词是互相排斥的，一般不允许两个意
义相近的情态动词连用。
【误】Soldiers must have to obey orders.
【正】Soldiers have to obey orders.
军人必须服从命令。
【正】Soldiers must obey orders.
军人必须服从命令。
【误】Can I be able to borrow two books at a time
【正】Can I borrow two books at a time
我能一次借两本书吗？
【正】Will I be able to borrow two books at a time
我能一次借两本书吗
一、 情态动词的意义和用法
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二、 A. may和might
三、 1．表示请求、许可，常译为“可以”。
四、 在口语中可用can, cou ld代替may，但在正式场合用may。表示允许
时，也可用might代替，might不表示过去 时，而是表示口气比较婉转。
五、 You may take this seat if you like.
六、 如果你喜欢可以坐这个位置。
七、 MayCan Could Might I have a talk with you
八、 我可以和你谈谈吗
九、 --- MayMight I come into the room to see my mother
十、 我可以进房间看我母亲吗
十一、 --- No, you mustn't. She needs to have a good rest.
十二、 不，你不能进。她需要好好休息。
十三、 提示：
十四、 May I ...问句常见的肯定回答和否定回答。
十五、 肯定回答
十六、 Yes, of ahead, please.
十七、 否定回答
十八、 No, you can't.（最常见）No, you mustn't.（具有强烈禁止的意思）
十九、 Please don't. You'd better don't think you 'm sorry it's not allowed.
二十、
二十一、 2．表示推测，可译为“可能，也许”。
二十二、 Your math teacher maymight be in his office. 你们的数学老师可
能在办公室里。（一般情况下，might表示的可能性很小）
二十三、 The light isn't on. It maymight be broken.
二十四、 那盏灯没有亮，它可能坏了。
二十五、 There may might be some ink left in the bottle.
二十六、 瓶子里也许还剩点儿墨水。
二十七、 注意：
二十八、 用may表示推测一般不用于疑问句，在疑问句中通常用can来
代替。
二十九、 Can he be at home
三十、 他可能在家吗
三十一、 --- Can it be true
三十二、 这可能是真的吗
三十三、 --- It may be, or may not be.
三十四、 可能是，也可能不是。
三十五、 3．用在目的状语从句中，构成谓语。
三十六、 He wants to take a taxi so that he may get there in time.
三十七、 他想坐出租车，这样他就能及时到达那里。
三十八、 I arrived at the airport earlier in order that I might meet him.
三十九、 我早早地就到了机场为了能接到他。
四十、 4．有时可以用于祈使句表示祝愿。
四十一、 May you succeed.
四十二、 祝你成功
四十三、 May you be happy.
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