拳道如何写英文文章

2021年1月18日发(作者：大合唱歌曲大全)
我刚刚博士毕业1年多，发表论文10多篇，主要是英文，也因为如此，大部分文章被SCI
收 录。一些同学问我如何才能发表英文文章，如何才能够尽快发表，下面是我自己的一点看
法，与大家共同 探讨。
（1）多看专业核心外文期刊的相关文章，向别人学习相关的写作，包括单词、语句，甚至是段落和文章结构。比如老外写的前言部分，往往都进行了综合归纳，如果我们看到这样的
文章，一 定要多多拜读。
（2）注意文章的逻辑性，打算投往高级别的国际期刊更是如此。一些国外编辑和审稿 人对
中国人写的文章存在一种怀疑的态度，因此我们自身的文章必须具有足够的事实证据，推理
严密，只有这样才能够“打动”编辑和审稿人的心。
（3）注意严格遵守国际学术道德规范，引用别人 的东西一定要有相应的参考文献，对别人
的研究结果的评论要客观，并且尽可能多引用国际期刊发表的文 章，少引用国内期刊文章。
（4）写文章一定要有自己的新观点或者新的idea，不能是大量实验数 据的堆砌。老外一般
喜欢对数据进行深入分析。记住文章是交流学术思想的，不是交流实验工作量的。
（5）注意英语语言。这不可能在一夜之间有质的飞越，但是平时多积累是绝对有益处的，
当然 如果请国外的朋友或者在国外留学多年的朋友帮着修改语言，那是最好不过的了。
（6）其他需要注意的小地方：
A:严格遵循“作者须知”的规定，尊重拟投稿期刊所惯用的 论文结构，特别注意图表的位置
（一些期刊要求图表在文中，一些则要求图表放在文字部分之后），投稿 的份数要足够，重
视稿件给编辑和审稿人的“第一印象”。
B:核对通讯作者详细的通信地址、E-mail地址、电话号码、传真号码等。
C:务必遵 照期刊的要求将稿件投寄给指定的收稿人或收稿单位（期刊的编辑部、编委会、主
编、执行编委或助理编 辑）。
D:与编辑部联系的所有信件（包括磁盘、打印稿或复印件等），都应标注联系作者的姓名。< br>如果需要递交软盘（光盘），需要在磁盘上标明电子文档使用的是哪种软件、哪种版本，并
以打印 件的形式附带一份磁盘中的文件名清单，并列出各文件的具体内容。

六）英文文章写作
1.阅读10 篇文献，总结100 个常用句型和常用短语。经常复习。注意，文献作者必须是以英文为母语者，文献内容要与你的专业有关。这属于平时看文献的副产品。
2.找3-5 篇技术 路线和统计方法与你的课题接近的文章，精读。写出论文的草稿。要按照
标题、作者、摘要、背景、目的 、材料、方法、结果、讨论、致。谢、参考文献、图例、图、
表、照片和说明的统一格式来写。这样做的 好处是从它可以方。便地改成任何杂志的格式。
3.针对论文的每一部分，尤其是某种具体方法、要讨论的某一具体方面，各找5-8 篇文献。
阅读，充实完善。这里讨论的只涉及英文表达，也只推荐给缺乏英文写作经验的人。
4.找到你想投的杂志的稿约，再找2-3 篇该杂志的article，按它的格式改写。注意，每次
改写都要先另存为不同的文件名，以免出了问题不能恢复。
5.找英文高手改。找不到合适的人，就去找提供英语论文编辑服务(English correction。
and improvement，not translation)的公司 ，在此向有钱没时间的人强烈推荐。
本人近日侥幸在某SCI索引的外刊发表一篇论文，想在这里浅谈一下发外文的体会，供学弟
、学妹们参考。我觉得发外文时主要注意以下几点：
1. 论文中必须至少有一个创新点。创新点或是开创性的工作，或是对原有工作的改进，或
是提出一种新方法。老外对公式不是很看重，主要看你是否有创新。
2. 在外刊上发过文章的同学都知道，Introduction部分是最难写的，我认为在这部分中不
但要提及题目的意义，别人的研究成果，更重要的是要指出你这篇论文的贡献，以吸引审
稿人的眼球。
3. 标题也很重要，即要新颖又要体现你的论文的主要工作及采用的方法
4. 实验素材要丰富，以数据说话，让人感觉你作了许多工作。
5. 要直接用英文写，学会用英语语言思考问题，不要先写成汉语再翻成英语，这样写出来
的东西总有点中国英语的味道，让审稿人看起来不舒服。
6. 平时多看一些牛刊的论文，摘抄一个常用的语句及段落，如开场白、题目的意义、章节
安排、语气转折等，活学活用。这样写出来的文章看起来就很漂亮了。
7. 对审稿人提出的修改意见或建议一定要认真对待，尽量满足他们的要求，如你认为某些
意见或建议不妥，要在回信中加以阐述。
8. 认真研究所发期刊的参考文献的引用格式。我的一位师兄就是因为这点直接被拒了。

Beginning
l In this paper, we focus on the need for
l This paper proceeds as follow.
l The structure of the paper is as follows.
l In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related c
oncepts
l To begin with we will provide a brief background on the
Introduction
l This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the proble
m and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are def
ined.
l Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.
l In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various sit
uations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely p
ossibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stoc
hastic arrivals and non‑fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy ser
vice rule are considered.
Review
l This review is followed by an introduction.
l A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is prese
nted in Section 2.
l In the next section a brief view of the .... is given.
l In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard
to ...
l Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.
l Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action,
while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and out
lines the need for development of possibility methods.
Body
l Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importanc
e.
l Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision‑making
logic.
l Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx
l Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural langua
ge understanding.
l Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in t
erms of fuzzy time‑window
l Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the
...
l Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ..
and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.
l Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.
l Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analys
is of xx.
l Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.
l Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision
rules
l The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 descr
ibes the xx strategies.
l Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed mod
el.
l Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set‑based approach to cost va
riance investigation.
l Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.
l Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory proc
ess.
l Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Sec
tion 2 and 3.
l Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrat
e its use on experimental data.
l Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model .
.
l Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.
l Section 6 illustrate the model with an example.
l Various ways of fuzzification and the reasons for their choice are discu
ssed very briefly in Section 2.
l In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model
of human DM system
l In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ...
scheme must satisfy.
l In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness the
orems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discours
e is order‑dense.
l In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study
currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct members
hip functions.
l In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of
inference experiments...
This Section
l In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is
designed are described.
l We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which
are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.
Next Section
l The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer i
mplementation of such fuzzy logic statements.
l However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications
the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.
l The three components will be described in the next two section, and an e
xample of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate th
eir use.
l We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following
sections.
l The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for argu
ments based on xx
Summary
l This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration
in section 5.
l Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.
l Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.
l Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the
paper.
l Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized
l The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are d
rawn.
l Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.
Chapter 0. Abstract
l A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx r
ate for the measurement of experimental variables.
l This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics
which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.
l This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.
l The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.
l The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.
l The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algor
ithms.
l The usefulness of xx is also considered.
l A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.
l The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.
l A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.
l Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and
justified.
l The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.
l Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure ar
e given to illustrate the proposed technique.
l This paper analyses problems in
l This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...
l This paper includes an illustration of the ...
l This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching
l Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which
the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.
l The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx
l Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.
l The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of
: xx,xx
l The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise rep
resented by linguistic variables.
l A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure

Chapter 1. Introduction
Time
l Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive
l Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world
l The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the
l The development of ... is explored
l During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a vari
ety of directions,
l The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years
l There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the
advent of ...
l A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...
l A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.
l At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx
l Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, t
he efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.
l The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].
l To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from
ready to be used in commercial systems.
Objective / Goal / Purpose
l The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:
l The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non‑experts to
utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to
provide intelligent, computer‑aided instruction for xxx.
l The paper concerns the development of a xx
l The scope of this research lies in
l The main theme of the paper is the application of rule‑based decis
ion making.
l These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as
to permit ...
l The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:
l The primary purpose/consideration/objective of
l The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide
l The main objective of such a ... system is to
l The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probabilit
y distribution.
l In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requi
rements:
l In order to take advantage of their similarity
l more research is still required before final goal of ... can be complete
d
l In this trial, the objective is to generate...
l for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues
l A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently d
eveloped procedure for the xx.
l For an illustrative purpose, four well‑known OR problems are studi
ed in presence of fuzzy data: xx.
l A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for
structuring ..methods
l This illustration points out the need to specify

l The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.
l Chapter 2. Literature Review
l A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for
example, regarding xx
l A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decad
e
l A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties assoc
iated with xx.
l There is considerable amount of literature on planning
l However, these studies do not provide much attention to undertainty in x
x.
l Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still un
der investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete application
s.
l Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.
l Problem of xx draw recently more and more attention of system analysis.
l Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of
l Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design proced
ure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.
l Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabili
stic in nature.
l The central issue in all these studies is to
l The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, thes
e studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.
l Applied ... techniques to
l Characterized the ... system as
l Developed an algorithm to
l Developed a system called ... which
l Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce
l Emphasized the need to
l Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology
l A comprehensive study of the .. has been undertaken
l Much work has been reported recently in these filed
l Proposed
l Presented
l State that
l Point out that the problem of
l Described
l Illustrated
l Indicated
l Has shown / showed
l Address
l Highlights
l A study on ...was done / developed by []
l Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with
l The approach taken by [] is
l The system developed by [] consists
l A paper relevant to this research was published by []
l []'s model requires consideration of ..
l []' model draws attention to evolution in human development
l []'s model focuses on...
l Little research has been conducted in applying ... to
l The published information that is relevant to this research...
l This study further shows that
l Their work is based on the principle of
l More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].
l Studies have been completed to established
l The ...studies indicated that
l Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent y
ears, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.
Problem / Issue / Question
l Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing pla
nning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span bro
ad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.
l Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems
l ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved
l Two major problems have yet to be addressed
l An unanswered question
l This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.
l An additional research issue to be tackled is ....
l Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed
l The three prime issues can be summarized:
l The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...
l There have been many attempts to
l It is expected to be serious barrier to
l It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex problem.
l There are several ways to get around this problem.
l As difficult as it seems to be, xx is by no means new.
l The problem is to recognize xx from a design representation.
l A xx problem can trace its roots to xx.
l xx [1987] used a heuristic approach to simplify the complexity of the pr
oblem.
l Several problems are associated with them.
l Although some progress has been made in this area, at least two major ob
stacles must be overcome before a fully automated system can be realized.
l Most problems in practice are complicated
l More problem surface here.
l Hamper effort toward a xx system
l In order to overcome the limitations due to incomplete and imprecise xx
knowledge, a xx program has been developed, which bases its knowledge upon the
statistical analysis of a sample population of xx
l The above difficulties are real challenges faced by researchers attempting
to develop
l This type of mapping raises no controversy to the issue of membership fu
nction determination.
l However, attempts to quantify the xx have met both theoretical and empir
ical problems.
l It has become apparent that in order to apply this new methodological fr
amework to real‑world problems and data, we have to pay attention to the
problems of xx and xx.
Chapter 3. Proposed methodology
Assumption
l In the case when the assumption of a xx seems to be too restrictive or i
nadequate, the formulation with Fuzzy termination time, i.e. given by a fuzzy
set in the space of control stages, may be applied.
l We assume here the fuzzy constraints to be state‑dependent, and th
e fuzzy goal to be the same for all the control states, xx, which stems from t
he problem's nature.
l An approach to the solution of this problem is presented under the assum
ption that the sampling rate Decision can be made prior to the execution of th
e experiment, as opposed to being made while the experiment is in progress.
l Another assumption made above is that there are precise odds at which th
e expert is indifferent.
l Main simplifying assumptions are:
l This, in our view, is a questionable assumption.
Outline / Structure / Module
l An outline of the research
l Information is incorporated within the scheme
l Is built into ... structure
l A nice modular structure.
l The principles of ... are applied as modularized criteria
Classification
l A xx system comprises three main components:
l Must decompose the original .. into a set of ..
l Consists of the following steps:
l This is summarized in the following steps:
l Can be broadly classified into the following areas:
l Can be characterized by its function of effectively processing the
l Can allow further breadth of application of ...into more
l The following steps should be followed
l xx can be classified by a different ways.
l Based on the xx, one may classify xx into the following:
l This catalog may change due to wear, breakage, and purchasing.
System
l Unlike many conventional program, expert systems do not usually deal wit
h problem for which there is clearly a right or wrong answer.
l The system consists of both ... and ...
l The system has a hierarchical modular architecture organized on three le
vels.
l expert system domains are area of expertise
l To develop a xx system for xx, the following factors must be considered:
l The system has been developed / designed to determine
l The system has proven to be able to
l The domain in which an expert system operates is a particular domain
l The system comprises a ... with
l The system is [feature-oriented ] / based on the ... technique
l The system environment must be relatively stable
l The system is utilized to generate, load, store, update and retrieve ...
l The development of a xx system has two stages: xx stage and xx stage.
l The most essential part of .. system is the ...
l The successful developments in ESs have made them an important tool in t
he development of
l An automated system was developed for
l In this case, the system can be considered to be generative.
l An interactive automatic ... system
l A .. is commonly thought of as a truly integrated .. system
l Should be capable of being generated from a ... system
l xx is an important part of the integrated system.
l The model consists of four rule bases, each of which addresses a separat
e problem in the hierarchy of scheduling decision.
l The rule bases are linked to each other in a chin‑like manner in t
he sense that the consequent of one rule base constitutes a part of the antece
dent of the next rule base.
l The rule base consists of all possible combinations of the linguistic te
rms associated with the linguistic variable of the antecedent of a rule.
Computer System
l The system has been implemented using Prolog language in an MS‑DOS
environment. Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible e
nvironment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented.
l The current version of the xx program when compiled with WATFOR77 result
s in an executable code of about 270K bytes. Typical run time, when run on a
XX computer (an IBM compatible machine) operating at 4.77 Mhz with 640K RAM, r
anges from 10 min to 2h, depending on the size (or complexity) of the problem.
l Time consuming procedures have been implemented in C‑language and
directly linked to the Prolog environment.
l The xx process, once the xx's data has been entered, requires approximat
ely 180 seconds.
l It should be noted that the computation was done with a 20 Hhz, 80386
209;based microcomputer equipped with a 80387 math co‑processor.
l The computer programs used for the analyses, one based on the xx method
and the other based on the new method, were written in FORTRAN with a compiler
that supports the math co‑processor.
l Lisp, Prolog give maximum flexibility but also maximizes development tim
e.
l Internal representation is the way a model is represented in the compute
r.
l An interactive menu-driven procedure is used in this study
l Shell can be develop very fast at the cost of time fairly severe limitat
ions.
l While there is no measurable saving of time for the case involving five
criteria, the saving is dramatic for the case involving 10 criteria -- the com
putation time reduces from 10 hr 40 min to about 1 min.
l This combination is being implemented in an objected‑oriented prog
ramming environment (Smalltalk‑80 system) to solve problems encountered
in construction xxx.
Method / Approach / Study / Process Model / Equation /Algorithm / Rule / Formu
la / Technique
l A discussion is presented of a problem-solving system
l To improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach may be a
pplied.
l In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of the
l Although large collections of rules and equations have been complied, no
ne are generally accepted
l This approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the body of
the report.
l This can be accomplished by
l This algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by step as
follows:
l The above preliminary analysis has provided important information
l Various methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum...
l These concepts have been applied to
l On the basis of the concept mentioned above,
l This can be achieved by
l This fact suggests that a new concept
l This was accomplished by taking ...
l The preparatory stage is very time consuming process.
l Test are performed for validity, completeness, and compatibility
l There is little hope of achieving successful ...
l There has been an increasing awareness of the potential of using most ..so
far made have not taken this approach, with the exception of
l Only a few studies can be found.
l It is a very tedious process to go through
l It is only when .. has been completed that .. may be effected
l The entire interpretation process is conducted in one's head.
l These approaches are sometimes very tedious.
l Several techniques can be used
l A polynomial parametric model can be written as [the following]/[follows
]:
l A xx model is constructed/formulated using xx.
l A xx model represents an xx by its xx.
l A process decision model captures the logic essential to
l From the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx times the ..
.
l The validity of a xx model can be checked using Euler's formula.
l Given a model, one can mathematically determine whether ... or ...
l Equations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the system.
l A number of heuristic rules have been developed for
l Optimum .. techniques can be made more reliable by ... so that
l An algorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determine
l Euler's formula states the following:
l The completed model should agree with the formula.
l For manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise model of the object i
s necessary
l Engineering design models are very well defined; therefore,
l To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide enough to
be useful.
Point of View
l from an implementation standpoint,
l From the point of view of this application,
l From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rule named xxx (CR
I for short).
l Information is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of some aggr
egation of data in order to allow one to make decisions.
l From a practical point of view, the computational aspects of an FLC requ
ire a simplification of the fuzzy control algorithm.
l The use of a hammer to insert screws, although partly effective, tends t
o distort, destroy, and generally defeat the purpose of using a screw [Kusiak
AI Implications for CIM p.129]
Justification
l We choose the so called xx in our experiment because it has received wid
e acceptance and can
l Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environmen
t in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented.
l The rationale behind this is that it can be much easier for an estimator
to rate a cost as high than to attempt to place a dollar value on the estimat
e.
l This strategy has been widely used in fuzzy control applications since i
t is natural and easy to implement.
l A function definition expresses the membership function of a fuzzy set i
n a functional form, typically a bell‑shaped function, etc. Such functi
ons are used in FLC because they lead themselves to manipulation through the u
se of fuzzy arithmetic.
l It should be noted that in our daily life most of the information on which
our decisions are based is linguistic rather than numerical in nature. See
n in this perspective, fuzzy control rules provide a natural framework for the
characterization of human behavior and decisions analysis.
l Many experts have found that fuzzy control rules provide a convenient wa
y to express their domain knowledge. This explains why most FLCs are based on
the knowledge and experience which are expressed in the language of fuzzy
‑the
Chapter 4. Examples
Example/ Data
l The data used in the following example was taken from an experiment in w
hich xx was measured between x and x using a xx technique.
l The data consists of over xx measurements.
l An example of xx is discussed and the control rules of xx are compared w
ith a xx
l Examples of complex processes to which this technique may be applied are
xx, xx, etc.
l The following example is constructed only for the purpose of illustratin
g the computational procedure discussed.
l This example clearly demonstrates that the profile of an individual xx,
or a very small group of xx, with no enough data to be studied statistically,
can be meaningfully analyzed by fuzzy possibilistic methods.
l There is no space here to go into detail on all these methods, but deser
ve a mention and the bibliography will point to detailed references for those
wishing this level of detail.
l Note that the golf ball spotting example is used throughout the paper.

Comparisons
l As well, the pros and cons of these representations from a process plann