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心理教育江西省研究生下学期英语原文

作者:高考题库网
来源:https://www.bjmy2z.cn/gaokao
2021-01-18 12:15
tags:江西省, 研究生, 英语学习

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2021年1月18日发(作者:雨景)
Unit 1
Land of the Spree
do you say 'Victoria's Secret' in Icelandic? With the dollar having hit new lows against currencies
around the globe, America is becoming the world's discount store.
ers are reporting a surprise hit this holiday season: luggage.
shopping- mad tourists from overseas take advantage of the weak dollar, many are having to buy
extra suitcases to cart all their purchases home. The Tumi store at New York's Time Warner Center says sales
are up by 30% over the same period last year, thanks largely to foreign travelers staying at nearby hotels. At
FAO Schwarz, customers are buying duffel bags sold right by the cash registers.
recent years, the U.S. has been beset by a steady stream of foreign tourists seeking bargains. Now,
with the dollar at new lows -- and the holiday retail season in full swing -- the stream has turned into a flood.
influx has some retailers rolling out the red carpet for anyone with a foreign passport. To prepare
for Chinese shoppers, the South Coast Plaza in Costa Mesa, Calif., is in the midst of printing a store directory
in Mandarin. Earlier this month, Taubman Centers, which owns four shopping centers in the Detroit area,
started sending limousines stocked with eggnog and store coupons to chauffeur shoppers from Canada for a

say overseas shoppers aren't just buying a lot -- they're also showing some distinct spending
habits, often different from Americans'. Saks Fifth Avenue says Europeans are snapping up UGG boots (hip
with Americans circa 2004), for example. Many Asian shoppers tend to go for the highest-end luxury brands
like Louis Vuitton and Gucci, but also wellness-related items like massagers and vitamins.
na and Carolina Hallstr?m flew to New York for a few days of shopping on Icelandair from
Stockholm. The pair, ages 21 and 25, were on the lookout for a Victoria's Secret store.
and perfumes,said Carolina, as she lugged a shopping bag with eight pairs of shoes in it (she'd already
pitched the boxes). The underwear retailer's annual fashion show airs in Sweden, even though there aren't any
stores there, she says. Plus,
November the U.S. dollar hit a record low against the euro, with one euro buying more than $$1.48 (as
of late Friday in New York, one euro fetched $$1.44). For Brits, a pound now buys slightly more than $$2. And
with cheap flights, Europeans say they can nearly break even on their travel expenses with the money they
save on clothes and gifts.
ans are also driving south to find bargains. In September, the greenback hit parity with the loonie
for the first time since 1976, reversing a long-held American conceit that things were cheaper north of the
border. (Back in January 2002, the U.S. dollar bought 1.6143 Canadian dollars.) As of Friday afternoon the
U.S. dollar bought 1.01 Canadian dollars.
Johnson, president of Customer Growth Partners, a retail consultant, says the overseas shopping
jaunt, once the territory of the upper crust and corporate jet-setters, has

who come over because of the savings.
Dolphin Mall in Miami says the increase in shoppers from abroad has forced it to add two more
daily shuttles on some days to Miami International Airport. The mall's tourism manager, Lucia Plazas, says
Germans, Italians and others have been buying so much she's had to call cabs to drive behind the buses
carrying tourists who can't fit on the shuttles once they're packed with purchases. amount of bags has
been a challenge for the drivers,
December at the Holiday Inn near the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minn., more than a
quarter of the 171 rooms are sometimes filled with shoppers who have come over on direct flights on Iceland
Air from Reykjavik. Each spends around $$2,500 at the mall's stores, says Evie Walter, the hotel's director of
sales. ictoria's Secret?'
speak English,
always works.
in Fargo, N.D., which is a three-hour drive from the nearest major Canadian city, there's been a
relative windfall of foreign shoppers this year. Staffers at West Acres Shopping Center, which houses a Lady
Foot Locker, an American Eagle Outfitters and Gymboree, recently started counting license plates in the
parking lot and walking through the mall armed with clipboards, to tally the number of Canadians.
Papachek, the mall's general manager, says the day after Thanksgiving one in 12 customers was
from across the border. (Last year they didn't count because they hardly noticed any non-locals, he says.)
Canadians are also driving up sales at the Bass Pro Shop in Auburn Hills, Mich., buying ice-fishing and
moose-hunting gear, says Doug Phillips, the store's promotions manager. He says in the past couple of months
about one in 10 shoppers has been Canadian, compared with just a handful a couple years ago.
New York, Lord & Taylor's sales are up by 25% so far this December versus the same December
period last year, due in part to growth in shoppers from overseas, says president and chief executive Jane
Elfers. About two weeks ago the company began advertising the store's holiday windows as a tourist
destination on 3,600 taxi TV screens.
Saks Fifth Avenue's flagship store in New York, the alterations team has noticed a rise in requests
for quick- turnaround jobs from overseas tourists who want their clothing ready before they leave town.
Suzanne Johnson, the general manager, says she's also changed the signage in the store to keep things simpler
for foreigners.
Johnson.
overseas shoppers avoid buying gift cards because they usually can't be used back home, they're
shelling out for electronics that aren't always compatible in Asia or Europe. At the gadget-stocked Brookstone
store in Tyson's Corner Mall near Washington, store manager Michael Jones says he's added 10 new items with
built-in electricity converters for European and Asian customers. He estimates that one in every 20 shoppers at
his store is from the United Kingdom this year, up from about one in 100 last year. Japanese shoppers, he says,
are snatching up massaging chairs, which start around $$2,000, and shipping them back home:
understand it better.
n Crampton, the director of marketing at the Forum Shops at Caesars in Las Vegas, says British
customers there tend to gravitate towards brands they have back home like Ted Baker and Thomas Pink.
British men have been buying the 140-thread- count Egyptian cotton line of dress shirts. Rock &
Republic, a company that makes designer jeans and accessories, has noticed shoppers from the U.K., France
and Germany traveling to the U.S. to buy their clothes -- even though they're also available in Europe.
obviously doesn't make our international retailers very happy but it gives people an excuse to come to the
states because you get so much bang for your buck,says Andrea Bernholtz, the company's president. The
most popular denim style this year is the boot-cut jean, she says. European customers, however,
embellished look,including jeans decorated with crystals, flocking or studs.
laid back, and maybe we're not going to wear crystal jeans everyday.
a break from shopping outside the crowded Macy's flagship store on 34th Street in Manhattan,
sisters Maura and Maired Collins, from Galway, Ireland, sipped orange juice and recounted their finds for the
day. So far, they'd bought scarves at Betsey Johnson and perfume from Christian Dior and only
two days left, they hadn't yet had time to check out sights they'd been hoping to see, like Ellis Island.
do some tourist things,
the next day.
most retailers say the biggest growth this year has been in shoppers from Europe, some are
bracing for business from other markets that are beginning to see the U.S. as an inexpensive and varied
shopping destination. They says that Korean shoppers tend to go for luxury brands -- and vitamin and health
supplements. They will walk into a GNC and clean that place out. Asian customers tend to spend about five
times what typical American shoppers spend, and some of the big sellers include fish oil (which is supposed to
help the cardiovascular system) and coenzyme Q10, a dietary supplement.
an unscientific tally, the toy store's Fifth Avenue flagship's cashiers have been noting what foreign
shoppers are buying. Swedish shoppers are buying crafty items like knitting kits and finger paints, he says.
And this year, Lithuanians, says Mr. Schmults,



Unit 3
It's All about the Face-to-Face
road warriors fly commercial. Others take the corporate jet. Some pack their own bags. Others
keep complete wardrobes in major cities. Some work through the entire plane ride. Others sleep. But if there is
one thing these globetrotters agree on, it's that there is no substitute for face time—with the Abu Dhabi
moneyman who holds the key to the future; with the underling who is AWOL on e-mail; with the spouse and
kids, who have been a little sullen and exasperated of late.
zing, humoring, hammering the table—all must be done in person.
whirling dervish,
have to get in front of your employees, spend time with your clients, and show commitment when it comes to
joint ventures, mergers, and alliances. The key is thoughtful travel—traveling when necessary.
, many predicted the end of face time. But, paradoxically, the great work diaspora unleashed by
technology is making physical connection all the more important. As companies open more outposts in more
emerging markets, the need to gather intensifies. That's why executives increasingly feel the inhuman pull of
having to be in two, three, four places at one time. The road warrior's art is all about finessing the strategic
calculation of where to be when; of what bets to make with one's time. How do road warriors do this? By
knowing cultures, organizations, and who has the power. Their jobs may be global, but their understanding
must be local. It's not just companies' operations that have gotten bigger. So have these jobs.
so long ago it seemed as though technology might make business travel, if not obsolete, then a
whole lot rarer. We're not talking about teleporting—just simple things like smartphones, corporate wikis, and
videoconferencing. Coca- Cola's (KO) president and CEO-designate, Muhtar Kent, has been flying around the
globe for Coke since the late 1970s.
came out that it's really going to take the place of travel,
spends about 150 days a year in the corporate jet.
considers travel key to meeting new people who might one day prove useful. Several years ago, he
was eager to open a bottling plant in Albania but frustrated that Coke couldn't get the approvals it needed from
the rudderless young government. A friend urged Kent to visit a doctor who was well-versed in local politics.
He found the man's patients sitting on tangerine boxes because there were no chairs in the waiting room.
interested in investing in your country,
Albania's first elected President, and 24 months after that Coke opened its first bottling plant in the country.
The doctor-turned-President, Sali Berisha, cut the ribbon.
has never forgotten the lesson. More recently, Coke was hoping to win the rights to the
Vitaminwater brand from Glacéau, the U.S. beverage maker known for its so-called enhanced waters. Kent
knew one of the company's minority owners was Ratan Tata of Tata Group. He'd never met Tata. So during a
business trip to India, Kent requested a dinner with him—no agenda, just to get to know each other, he said.
Oh, and by the way, was it O.K. to bring along a Glacéau executive? It was.
deal.
g the right people is all very well, but road warriors who haven't done their homework on the
local potentate can run into big problems. Few understand this better than Bill Roedy, the chief of MTV
Networks International. His job requires getting often risqué programming into as many countries as he can
without offending local sensibilities. A history enthusiast, Roedy is pretty good at figuring out the local scene.
Yet he found himself with a rare case of butterflies in mid-September as his flight from London was set to
touch down in the Saudi Arabian city of Jiddah. Roedy was in town to persuade the mayor of Mecca to give
his blessing to MTV Arabia, the network's biggest global launch, which had the potential to reach 200 million
Arabs across the region. , so we have to help them overcome
stereotypical views they have,says Roedy. was more important than the mayor of Mecca, the
religious center of Islam. We had to get it right.
e a hectic schedule that included trips to Budapest (to launch MTV Hungary), Prague (to attend a
sales meeting), and New York (to discuss 2008 budgets), Roedy carved out as much time in Saudi Arabia as he
could. While there he attended recording sessions with the Arab rappers Jeddah Legends, where he learned that
their lyrics tended to be about family and religion—themes that he would draw on during his meeting with the
mayor of Mecca.
y the day arrived, and Roedy found himself providing assurances to a barrage of questions: Will
there be opportunities to educate young people? (Yes.) Will there be a regular call to prayer? (Yes.) And, of
course, there will be no skin, right, Mr. Roedy? (Correct.) To help seal the deal, Roedy attended an elaborate
dinner in tents by the Red Sea. Ten days later, back at his London base, Roedy learned MTV Arabia could
launch as scheduled in November.
Sullivan, CEO of WhittmanHart Consulting, which advises clients about information
management, flies up to 300,000 miles a year and knows well the strain constant travel can put on a family.
profession is riddled with failed marriages, broken families, and people who get swept up with the
lifestyle,
ago the firm's popular founder died. Sullivan, then president, knew voice messages, e-mail blasts, and memos
wouldn't do. So he and two board members hopped on a plane and in two weeks traveled to nine offices
around the U.S. to console bereft employees.
says Sullivan.
ering to clients, of course, is always urgent. Few know that better than Valerie E. Germain, a
managing partner at global headhunting shop Heidrick & Struggles (HSII). Her job is recruiting executives for
some of the world's biggest financial behemoths. Her clients often don't care if the person she is searching for
hails from Hong Kong, Zürich, or London. The Thursday before Christmas, a client called to say he needed to
meet with her for a few hours. In person.
Saturday at 6:00?' And the answer is Yes.' You travel round-trip for 31 hours to spend three hours with a client.
If one wants to be global, you have to be willing to do that.
ly, Germain was in London, only to find the candidate she wanted was in Zürich and wouldn't
be back all week. Thinking he'd be perfect, she told him she'd meet him for dinner in five hours, rearranging
seven scheduled interviews. a risk-reward bet,says Germain. ou've got to figure out, do you risk
pissing off seven other people for someone you think is the right candidate?
the job.
Masters of the Universe have little choice when called. In late November, Credit Suisse's Calello
was in S?o Paulo, Brazil, attending a party celebrating an investment in a local wealth management company.
As his fellow revelers partied on into the night, the investment banking chief was on a red- eye to
Manhattan—his third 12-hour plane ride in as many days. Calello had to be in New York because he and his
executives had a meet-and- greet breakfast with a guy named Barack Obama.



Unit 4
A Rcipe for Inflation
Pakistan, the prohibitive price of tea became an election issue; the Chinese Communist Party’s
politburo frets about how long it may be before its poor can afford to eat pork again; Mexican housewives
have rioted to protest the shortage of affordable tortilla玉米粉圆饼; Swaziland [斯威士兰(非洲)] is facing
famine, even as it exports cassava木薯to feed the rich world’s hunger for biofuel.
agricultural inflation, or ―agflation‖, is a global phenomenon that touches everyone, and almost
every day it seems to intensify. This week, the price of prime spring wheat rose by 25 per cent on the American
exchanges, while Russia and Kazakhstan announced fresh curbs on exports to protect domestic supplies. On
the Chicago Board of Trade, the price of wheat has hit record highs of more than $$12 a bushel. Since 2004
world food prices have doubled, and over the past year alone agricultural prices are up by about 50 per cent.
those in the developing world who spend their money on food and little else, this is a matter of life
and death. The United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organisation says the rising price of cereals such as
wheat and maize are a ―major global concern‖.
the West, the damage caused by increases in the price of food is damped by the costs of transporting
and refining it into finished products, and by the general prosperity of consumers. Hard-pressed British farmers
even regard current trends as a bonus. The large supermarket chains and food processors are also doing their
best to resist the great food inflation. But agflation is making the lives of policy makers more difficult and is
hitting household budgets.
day’s ―producer price‖ figures in the United States confirmed the clear inflationary problem faced
in factories and food processing plants – a leading indicator of what will soon be seen in the shops. Over the
past 12 months, producer prices rose 7.4 percent, the fastest pace since October 1981. Food prices climbed 1.7
per cent, the most since October 2004. Crude food prices – that is, the input costs faced by US suppliers –
increased 2.7 per cent. The equivalent figures in the UK reported recently were even more alarming: food
prices up 8.5 per cent and input food costs up by between 14.9 per cent (imports) and 36 per cent (home grown)
on the year.
ity price increases tend to feed on themselves, if that’s an appropriate expression. Oil-price
hikes raise the cost of hauling crops from continent to continent, especially some of the higher-end ―cash
crops‖ the West has developed a taste for; mange-tout嫩豌豆flown in from east Africa is bound to become
more pricey as the cost of aviation fuel climbs, even if the underlying production conditions don’t change.
Higher grain prices tend to push the cost of rearing livestock up. And higher oil prices incentivise farmers to
switch to biofuel crops, often at the behest of nervous governments worried about the security of their energy
supplies.
y escalating bills at the supermarket checkout fall into the category economists call ―high
visibility inflation‖. The increases themselves may not be so large in relation to the earnings of those affected,
but they make people feel poorer and make them sceptical about official claims about subdued inflation. Thus
they tend to increase inflationary expectations, and pay demands.
ly the West’s central banks would nudge interest rates higher to deal with such pressures, but the
fragile state of the world’s leading economies makes such action tricky. Some – such as the US Fed – have
implicitly favoured a little more inflation over recession. Hence higher inflation co-exists with slowing or
stagnant economies. Rising food prices are putting the ―agflation‖ into ―stagflation‖. How has it come about?
ully, some of it is down to temporary factors: freakishly bad weather in east Asia, like the floods
endured in the North of England and West Country last year, will have a relatively temporary effect, though the
spikes in some prices look severe.
has been badly affected by cold and rain, pushing inflation to an 11-year high of 7.1 per cent.
Tomato prices are up by 138 per cent and pork is 67 per cent more expensive. Reports yesterday that China’s
food producing regions to the north were suffering from drought drove world soya prices up again. India said
yesterday that it may import two million tonnes of grain after dry weather cut the harvest. Floods in
Mozambique, Zambia and Malawi have had a devastating impact.
these situations should improve. The world should also be able to count on an end to the tensions
in Kenya that have crippled her output of tea and cash crops. In the case of Zimbabwe, a historically important
source of food has long been stymied by President Robert Mugabe’s eccentric polices. These, too, may pass.
immediate outlook – for the next year or so – is likely to stay gloomy, though, because of the low
level of world food stocks. The UN’s Food and Agriculture Organisation said that these are at record lows, and
any attempt to rebuild them will tend to keep food prices elevated. World wheat stocks stand at about 157
million tonnes, against more than 200 million tonnes in 2003. US wheat stocks are projected to fall to their
lowest levels in 60 years by May. Speculators have noticed these movements and have, unhelpfully, moved in
on ―soft commodities‖ as other high yielding investment opportunities have dried up.
even if crops and reserves recover, there are more worrying, long- term influences at work that
herald an era of permanently dearer food. Most politically controversial is the diversion of crops to biofuel
production. The White House has been the most aggressive in its promotion of bio crops, but others, such as
the European Union, have also set ambitious targets for the new technology. US production of ethanol from
corn has gone from 1.6 billion gallons in 2000 to 5 billion in 2006. President George Bush has set an interim
target of 35 billion gallons for 2017 on the way to the administration’s ultimate goal of 60 billion by 2030.
Brazil and Indonesia are accused by their critics of sacrificing food and biodiversity to bio-ethanol and
bio- diesel. Should we grow our biofuel crops in verifiable East Anglia or more efficient South America?
, third and fourth-generation biofuels have a much greener impact, but, despite sharply
diverging claims, there is little doubt that current biofuel policy is affecting food prices to some extent. Climate
change is another unknowable quantity that could transform everything for the worse. But the most significant
fact over the next few years will be the economic growth of two of the world’s most populous nations – China
and India. A combination of growing and more prosperous populations demanding a more varied – often more
meaty and less efficiently produced – diet will likely price those in even poorer nations in Asia and Africa out
of food altogether. Teeming Bangladesh will perhaps be the most notable loser, an impact exacerbated by
rising sea levels. A few nations – Argentina, Bolivia, South Africa – will benefit from higher food prices
because of the way their economies are structured.
obvious move the world’s governments could make to alleviate the pain of higher prices seems as
distant as ever. The World Trade Organisation’s stalled Doha round of trade negotiations could radically
improve the workings of the world’s food markets, but there is still little sign of them reaching a
consummation before November’s US elections, at which point a new administration will stall them for many
more months.
cally modified crops are another politically loaded option to boost agricultural productivity
massively; population control another way of meeting the challenge. Demographics, biotechnology and the
climate will all profoundly affect the number of people in the world with enough food in their bellies and the
cost of our weekly shop. But politics, one way or another, could do an awful lot to alleviate the economic and
human costs of agflation.


Unit 5
Why Genes Aren’t Destiny
remote, snow-swept expanses of northern Sweden are an unlikely place to begin a story about
cutting-edge genetic science. The kingdom's northernmost county, Norrbotten, is nearly free of human life; an
average of just six people live in each square mile. And yet this tiny population can reveal a lot about how
genes work in our everyday lives.
tten is so isolated that in the 19th century, if the harvest was bad, people starved. The starving
years were all the crueler for their unpredictability. For instance, 1800, 1812, 1821, 1836 and 1856 were years
of total crop failure and extreme suffering. But in 1801, 1822, 1828, 1844 and 1863, the land spilled forth such
abundance that the same people who had gone hungry in previous winters were able to gorge themselves for
months.
the 1980s, Dr. Lars Olov Bygren, a preventive-health specialist who is now at the prestigious
Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, began to wonder what long- term effects the feast and famine years might
have had on children growing up in Norrbotten in the 19th century — and not just on them but on their kids
and grandkids as well. So he drew a random sample of 99 individuals born in the Overkalix parish of
Norrbotten in 1905 and used historical records to trace their parents and grandparents back to birth. By
analyzing meticulous agricultural records, Bygren and two colleagues determined how much food had been
available to the parents and grandparents when they were young.
the time he started collecting the data, Bygren had become fascinated with research showing
that conditions in the womb could affect your health not only when you were a fetus but well into adulthood.
In 1986, for example, the Lancet published the first of two groundbreaking papers showing that if a pregnant
woman ate poorly, her child would be at significantly higher than average risk for cardiovascular disease as an
adult. Bygren wondered whether that effect could start even before pregnancy: Could parents' experiences
early in their lives somehow change the traits they passed to their offspring
was a heretical idea. After all, we have had a long- standing deal with biology: whatever choices we
make during our lives might ruin our short- term memory or make us fat or hasten death, but they won't change
our genes — our actual DNA. Which meant that when we had kids of our own, the genetic slate would be
wiped clean.
's more, any such effects of nurture (environment) on a species' nature (genes) were not supposed
to happen so quickly. Charles Darwin, whose On the Origin of Species celebrated its 150th anniversary in
November, taught us that evolutionary changes take place over many generations and through millions of years
of natural selection. But Bygren and other scientists have now amassed historical evidence suggesting that
powerful environmental conditions (near death from starvation, for instance) can somehow leave an imprint on
the genetic material in eggs and sperm. These genetic imprints can short-circuit evolution and pass along new
traits in a single generation.
instance, Bygren's research showed that in Overkalix, boys who enjoyed those rare overabundant
winters — kids who went from normal eating to gluttony in a single season — produced sons and grandsons
who lived shorter lives. Far shorter: in the first paper Bygren wrote about Norrbotten, which was published in
2001 in the Dutch journal Acta Biotheoretica, he showed that the grandsons of Overkalix boys who had
overeaten died an average of six years earlier than the grandsons of those who had endured a poor harvest.
Once Bygren and his team controlled for certain socioeconomic variations, the difference in longevity jumped
to an astonishing 32 years. Later papers using different Norrbotten cohorts also found significant drops in life
span and discovered that they applied along the female line as well, meaning that the daughters and
granddaughters of girls who had gone from normal to gluttonous diets also lived shorter lives. To put it simply,
the data suggested that a single winter of overeating as a youngster could initiate a biological chain of events

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