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户外拓展自学英语语法从入门到精通60讲系列

作者:高考题库网
来源:https://www.bjmy2z.cn/gaokao
2021-01-18 18:22
tags:英语学习, 外语学习

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2021年1月18日发(作者:雷锋战友)
语法从入门到精通
60


语法就是一栋大厦的地基,没有语法,不 理解,也记不住,
学习英语就是裸奔的感觉,所以要打基础。掌握好语法才能在阅读和
听力中进 行正确的断句、进行正确的成分剖析,然后才能做出正确的
理解。
本轮课程旨在帮助大家清晰 准确的掌握语法知识,辨析语法概念,梳
理语法系统的脉络,进而夯实英语学习的地基,后边还有重点、 难点
语法知识,慢慢实现从入门到精通的过程。
第一部分是初级语法课程(lesson 1 to lesson 30),第二部分是中高级语法课程(lesson31 to
lesson 60)

Lesson1
课前练习:
(1) As we have finished the first
chapter, now we will read_____.
A) second B)second chapter C) the second chapter
(2) _____honesty is the best policy.
A) 不一填
B) The
C) A
定冠词&不定冠词&零冠词

概念剖析:
不定冠词:a/an,可视为one (―个)的弱化形式,表述数量,或者泛指任何一个。
a book
an apple
A fox cannot hide its tail.
概念剖析:
零冠词:当某一名词是复数、专有名词或没有固定形状(抽 象名词、物质名词),前面不适
合加a/an,应把该位置空下来,形成“零冠词”。
Books are my best friends.
Luxun is a great Chinese writer.
Honesty is the best policy.
Water is precious.
概念剖析:
定冠词:the,可视为that或those的弱 化形式;that/those有明确的指示功能; the也同样
1
如此。如果对于某个名词有明指 或暗示的情况,前面要加the。
This is the book that I want.
Open the door please.
用法解析:(1)定冠词vs不定冠词
I need a book to read on my trip.
I have finished the book that you lent me.
Do you mind if I open the window?
Do you mind if I open a window?
用法解析:(2)定冠词VS零冠词
History is my favorite subject.
The history of China is my favorite subject.
China is a great country.
This is not the China 50 years ago.
用法解析:(3)零冠词VS不定冠词
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. (beauty在此意为“美丽”,是抽象名词)
She is a beauty. (beauty在此意为“美人”,是具体名词)
Experience is the best teacher.
an unusual experience
I have finished the book you lent me.

Lesson2 五种简单句
翻译:
1. 帝国衰落了。
2. 我昨天看了一部电影。
3. 鲱鱼罐头很难吃。
4. 老人家正给孩子们讲故事。
5. 他把房子刷了成红色。
1. The empire fell.
2. I watched a movie yesterday.
3. Sour herring tastes terrible.
4. The old man is telling the kids a story.
5. He painted the house red.
Match the sentences that share the same structures.
1. I saw a white-haired man.
2. I replied.
3. He gave me a smile.
4. I breathed deeply.
5. I looked at them in panic.
6. I was embarrassed.
7. His words made me a lot more relaxed!
A. He was friendly
B. The exam made me quite nervous.
C. I passed him a book.
D. She agreed.
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E. He wrote a long letter.
F. He talked loudly.
G. She looked after her sister patiently.
语法解读:
1.主语+谓语
She arrived.
主语:表示句子主要说明的人或事物(动 作的发出者),通常由名词、代词、不定式、动名
词充当。
Walking is a good form of exercise.
(动名词--抽象概念)
To teach the three kids is my job this afternoon.
(不定式--具体动作)
谓语:描述主语发出的动作,可以有不同的时态;“主谓结构”当中 ,谓语通常是不及物动
词。(不带宾语,单独构成完整含义。)
The empire fell.
I apologize.
A problem arises.
语法解读:
2.主语+谓语+宾语
She likes English.
宾语:表示动作行为的对象,跟在及物动 词之后,通常由名词、代词、不定式、动名词充
当。
I watched a movie yesterday.(名词)
They helped me.(代词)
It began to rain.(不定式)
I enjoy playing games.(动名词)
语法解读:
3.主语+系动词+表语
She is happy.
表语:它位于系动词(比如 be)之后,说明主语身份,特征,属性或状态。可以由形容词、名
词、不定式、分词、介词短语充当。
He is a teacher.(名词)
He became angry.(形容词)
His job is to clean the window.(不定式)
His job is cleaning the window.(动名词)
He is at work.(介词短语)
系动词:不是一个具体的动作,而是连接主体和其状态的特殊动词。
You look beautiful.
The music sounds good.
语法解读:
4.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
She lent me a book.
直接/间接宾语:如果一个谓语动词后面跟了两个宾语,该动词的直接对象是直接宾语;间
接对象是间接宾语。
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My father bought a bicycle.
语法解读:
5.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
We must keep it a secret.
宾语补足语:跟在宾语后面描述宾语用的, 表示其“性质和状态”;可以由不定式、名词、
形容词、分词、介词短语等来充当。
He painted the house green.(形容词) He got things done.(过去分词)
I saw a squirrel climbing up a tree.(现在分词)
We asked her to sing a song.(不定式) They elected Trump president.(名词)
I found Tom in the garden.(介词短语)
难点精析:
1) 及物动词和不及物动词
People die.
People fear death.
I am studying.
I am studying English.
2) 区分实义动词和系动词的原则:先定位表语,再反推系动词,是否说明主语的性质、特
征或状态。
The leaves turn red.
I turned a page.
He died young.
3) 表语和宾补的共性,表语也可以被称为主语补足语。
I am happy.
He makes me happy.
课后作业:
判断下面句子的类型和成分
She is sleeping.
She hates cheating.
She seems anxious.
She made me happy.
She gave me a cake.

Lesson 3 名词和名词词组
导入--课前练习:
1 .He dropped the___and broke it.
A. cup of coffee
B. coffee’s cup
C. cup for coffee
D. coffee cup
名词作定语
2.——What do you want?
一一I want____that is on the table.
A. the piece of bread B. a piece of bread C. a bread D. some of bread
定语从句确定前面这个词是特指的,some of us, some of the students
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语法解读:
1.名词的分类 普通名词 可数名词
a.个体名词(表示个别人或事物的名称)
例词:table lawyer cat sister
b.集体名词(表示一群人或许多东西的总称)
例词:people class army family
不可数名词:
a.物质名词(表示物质或材料的总称) 例词:water sunshine snow hair
b.抽象名词(表示动作、状态、品质、情 感等抽象名词)
例词:hope health love weather
专有名词
用来专门指代某人、物、地点、机构、组织,首字母一般要大写
the Changjiang River
the Great Wall
Maria
WHO (World Health Organization)
语法解读:
2.名词的数(单数和复数)
一船情况
构成方法:加-s
读音:清辅音后/s/; 浊辅音和元音后读/z/
例词:map-maps, bag-bags, car-cars
以s. ss. x. ch. sh等结尾
构成方法:加-es 读音:-es读/iz/
例词:bus—buses,class—classes, box—boxes, watch- watches, brush-brushes
以-f或-fe结尾
构成方法:多数将- f或-fe变v加-es 读音:-ves读/vz/
例词:leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, life-lives, knife-knives
以元音字母+y结尾或以y结尾的专有名词
构成方法:直接加-s 读音:-s读/z/
例词:Mary—Marys, monkey—monkeys, holiday- holidays
以辅音字母+y结尾的非专有名词
构成方法:变y为i加-es 读音:-s读/z/
例词:baby-babies, story-stories
以辅音字母+o结尾的名词
构成方法:一般加-es 读音:-es读/z/
例词:hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato- tomatoes, negro -- negroes
以元音字母+o结尾的名词
构成方法:加-s 读声:-s读/z/
例词:bamboo-bamboos, radio-radios, zoo-zoos
语法解读:
3.名词的所有格
1) 定义:“所有格”表示一种“所有关系”, 修饰另一个名词,做定语。
2) 两种形式:
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a.名词+’s (—般有生命)
A snail’s shell
A person’s dignity
b.介词of+名词(一般无生命)
the window of the room
the bottom of the sea
3)不以s结尾的名词:名词直接+’s,表 示“…的”
the boy’s mother the student’s book his father’s company
4)以s结尾的单词(包括复数),后面加“撇”即可 Dickens’ novels the boss’ order the hostess’
pictures two hours’ walk (复数)
5)不规则复数后面直接加’s
men’s room women’s clothes children’s palace(少年宫)
6)有时为避免重复,可以单独使用“名词 +’s”来表示名词
My views are quite different from my father’s.
My camera is the same as Jeff’s.
语法解读:
4. 名词词组(名词结构)名词为核心,拓展成一个词组
结构:限定词+前置定语+名词+后置定语
a question
a difficult question
a very difficult question
a very difficult English question
a very difficult English question asked by him
前置定语:形容词
后置定语:副词、介词短语、从句、分词
难点精析:
1)某些无生命体的所有格也是直接+’s
Today’s newspaper an hour’s walk
China’s economy the ship’s deck the plane’s engine the government’s
policy The company’s brand the sun’s rays the
moon’s surface a mile’s distance a million dollars’ deal
有连字符的已经转化为形容词的度量衡, 不加’s
a two-week training a 10-dollar breakfast

难点精析:
2) —些不可数名词为什么可以加s
a.表示不同种类的
food -- foods on the shelf fish -- fishes in the sea
freedom -- 3 freedoms
b.加s变成另外的意思 work -works water -waters wood -woods glass -glasses
难点精析:
3)抽象名词的具体化
beauty - a beauty honor - an honor pleasure - a pleasure success - a success failure
- a failure
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4)再来看名词词组的结构
The boy is my brother.
The cute boy is my brother.
The cute boy in blue jeans is my brother.
The cute boy wearing blue jeans is my brother.
The cute boy who is wearing blue jeans is my brother.
课后作业:
1. He is very tired. He needs_.
A. a night rest
B. a rest night
C. a night’s rest
D. a rest of night
2. 找到下面名词结构中的核心名词,以及判定其前置定语和后置定语的形式
the southern part of Malaysia
the old map on the wall
a historical building on my way to airport

Lesson 4 动词的类别
课前练习:
1. My book, The House of Hades, is missing. Who__have taken it.
A. need B. must C. should D. could
2. He looks young.和 He looks into the sky.两个look有何区别?
语法解读:
1.实义动词、行为动词
有实在意义并能独立作为句中谓语的动词
I love you.
1)及物(须带宾语)
Raise your hand if you have any questions.
wash clothes drink water
2)不及物(不带宾语)
Look!
Please listen.
She arrived.
如果后面要加宾语,必须用介词
Look at me.
Listen to me.
She arrived at the airport.
语法解读:
2.连系动词
系动词-- 加上表语才构成完整的意思
I am a teacher.
He looks young.
Her face turned red.
The soup tastes great.
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系动词的分类:
be动词:
感官动词:
表示变化:
表示保持:
appear/seem
语法解读:
3.助动词
本身无词义,但可以构成时态、加强语气、 否定句、疑问句等
I am reading a book.(表进行时态)
I will do it.(表将来时态)
I do forget.(表语气,确实)
I didn’t do that.(表否定)
Do you love me?(疑问)
语法解读:
4.情态动词
与动词原形连用,构成复合谓语,本身有 词义,表“推测、可能、判断、意愿”等
can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should
He may lose his way.(推测)
Anyone can make mistake.(可能性)
可能性程度排序: must>can>could>may>might
She must be at home now.(判断)
I will/would never do that again.(意愿)
Will you marry me?(表意愿,情态动词 也可以构成疑问句)
难点精析:
1. 既是及物又是不及物(不同场合,不同用法)
I read every day.
I read a book every day.
I walk there.
I walk a dog every day.
2. 延续动词和瞬间动词
延续动词:可以持续的行为 瞬间动词:瞬间完成的行为
My father owns a company.(延续)
My father runs a company.(延续)
My father registered a company yesterday.(瞬间)
They have been married for three years.(延续)
They got married three years ago.(瞬间)
难点精析:
3.系动词的再识别
系动词就像月老,给主语和表语牵线。
She is a good swimmer.
That book looks interesting.
I feel so sorry.
Medicine tastes bitter but it cures diseases.
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She became angry.
Man will grow old.
She proves very honest.
On hearing the news, she went pale.
课后作业:
1. My brother called to say he was all right, but___say where he was.
A. mustn’t
B. shouldn’t
C. wouldn’t
D. mightn’t
2. 同义句型转换
Jack joined the club three years ago.
1) Jack______the club _ three years ago.
2) Jack_____the club — three years.
3) __three years _ Jack joined the club.

作业讲解:
1. My brother called to say he was all right, but___say where he was.
A. mustn’t
B. shouldn’t
C. wouldn’t
D. mightn’t

2. 同义句型转换
Jack joined the club three years ago.
1) Jack______the club _ three years ago.
2) Jack_____the club — three years.
3) __three years _ Jack joined the club.

1) has been in; since
2) has been in; for
3) It’s been; since

Lesson 5非谓语动词之不定式

课前练习:
—Where did he go?
—He went to another store ________.
A. to buy pencils
B. for buying pencils
C. buy pencils
D. buying pencils
语法解读:
动词不定式的定义
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“to do”在句中不能单独作为谓语(非谓语),但保 留动词的特点(可以有自己的宾语、状
语,从而构成不定式短语)
to read a book
to read loudly
语法解读:
不定式的语法功能 < br>不定式的性质可以是“名词、形容词、副词”;在成分上做:主语、表语、宾语、状语、定
语、宾 语补足语、主语补足语
a.做主语
To help poor people is our duty.
= lt is our duty to help poor people.
语法解读:
b.做表语
Our duty is to help poor people.
My wish is to travel around the world.
The intention of this book is to introduce popular science.
What surprises me is to see my idol.
c.做宾语
I aim to change the world.
She promised to come at 9:00.
Jack wants to be a scientist.
语法解读:
d.做宾语补足语
不定式作宾语补足语,事实上宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语。
He forced me to do bad things.
Miss Gao tells her students to ask questions.
I believe his plan to be the best one.
It’s hard to persuade the man to quit smoking.
e.主语补足语(见难点精析)
f.做状语
To succeed, you must believe in yourself. (目的状语)
To be honest, he is a good man. (评注性状语)
I feel so sorry to leave early. (原因状语)
She is too young to go alone. (结果状语)
He ran back to the classroom, only to find the door was locked. (出乎人意料的结果状语)
g.做定语
Mary is a pleasant person to work with.
I have a lot of homework to do.
Jazz is beautiful music to listen to.
难点精析:
1. 不定式做宾语且后面有宾补时,时常用it做形式宾语,把真正宾语(不定 式)放在后面。
补语说明宾语的性质、特征。
常用句型:
consider/think/believe/feel/make/find + it +adj.+to do sth.
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I find it difficult to speak English fluently.
原序:I find to speak English fluently difficult.
We thought it better to start early.
原序:We thought to start early better.
难点精析:
2.不带to的不定式做宾补
记住口诀:
—感(feel); 二听(hear; listen to); 三 使(have, let, make); 五看(see, watch, notice,observe,
look at); 求帮助(help) 这些词后面的宾语补足语,不带to。
We felt the house shake.
I heard someone sing.
He makes me rewrite the essay.
I saw him enter the room.
I helped my mom cook.
被动语态,to仍然要出现(主语补足语)
He was seen (by me) to enter the room. I was made (by him) to rewrite the essay.
3.疑问词加不定式的情况 what, when, whom, where, how
We are talking about how to overcome the present difficulties.(宾语)
What to eat is a big headache for many office workers.(主语)
课后作业:
I consider it a great honor_____(visit) your company.
A. visit
B. to visit
C. visiting
D. being visited
作业讲解:
I consider it a great honor______(visit)
your company.
A. visit
B. to visit
C. visiting
D. being visited
正常语序:
I consider (谓语)to visit your company (宾语)a great honor (宾补)?
-->头重脚轻

Lesson 6 非谓语动词之动名词
课前练习:
I consider it a great honor_______ (visit) your company.
A. visit
B. to visit
C. visiting
D. being visited
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思考:为什么C不对?
语法解读:
动名词的定义
动名词有名词和动词的属性特征,可以带宾语或状语;动名词和其宾语或状语构成动名词短

Children enjoy watching cartoons.(带宾语)
Talking like this is no use.(带状语)
语法解读:
动名词的形式
常规:动词+ing 被动语态:being done 否定式:not+doing
I like skating.(常规)
I have no reason for not going.(否定)
I stole into the room without being noticed.(被动语态)
语法解读:
动名词在句子中的成分
1) 作主语
Working in such condition is not a pleasure but a suffering.(谓语用“三单”)
It is no use crying over spilt milk.(形式主语)
It is a waste of time arguing with him. (同上)
2) 作宾语
The law doesn’t allow camping in this forest.(动词+宾语)
I have finished doing my homework. (动词+宾语)
I am responsible for organizing this conference.(介词+宾语)
We are looking forward to receiving your letter.(介词+宾语)
This book is worth reading.(形容词+宾语)
3) 做表语
Your job is cleaning the window.
In the ant’s city, the queen’s duty is laying eggs.
4) 作定语
a waiting room a reading room a swimming pool a racing car a hiding place

难点精析:
1.动名词和不定式的区别
含义
动名词:一般的、抽象的概念(一个已经做过的动作)
不定式:具体的某一动作(一个将来要做的动作)
My job is cleaning the window.(What is your job?)
My job is to clean the window. (What’s your job this afternoon?)
难点精析:
2.跟在一些特定的动词后面,动名词和不定式意义不同
不同动词,有不同的含义(具体问题具体分析)
I stop to read.
I stop reading.
I forget to turn off the lights.
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I forget turning off the lights.
I continue reading.
I continue to read.
其他类似的动词:remember, mean, regret, try, go on,
难点精析:
3.动名词的复合结构
名词所有格+动名词
Would you mind my using your telescope?(无法将my去掉,否则表意不清)
The father insists on his son’s going to college.
Her showing up encouraged everyone.
The doctor advised his quitting smoking.
课后作业:
I like_______, but I don’t like________ today.
A. read; to read
B. to read; read
C. reading; to read
D. to read; reading
课前练习:
I consider it a great honor_______(visit) your company.
A. Visit visit C. visiting D. being visited
思考:为什么C不对?

Lesson 7 非谓语动词之分词
课前练习:
填入正确的形式
__(work) for two days, Steve finally finished his report on time.
答案:Having worked
语法解读:
1. 分类:
现在分词 过去分词
动词+ing 动词+ed
watching watched
seeing seen
2. 定义:现在分词表示正在进行的、或者主动的动作;过去分词表示已经完成的、或被动
的动作。
The man standing by the door is my uncle.(正在进行的动作)
Seeing from the top of the hill, we can get a full view of the city.(主动的动作)
Seen from the top of the hill, people look like ants.(被动的动作)
Having worked for two days, Steve finally finished his report on time.(完成的动作)
3.属性:分词具备动词的属性,故可以带宾语或状语,构成分词短语,分词和分词短语在句
中 作形容词或副词的功能,可做 定语、状语、表语、补足语。
1) 作定语:
单个分词作定语通常前置,分词短语作定 语通常后置
Do you know the man sitting there?
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Are there any living things on the moon?
Those are some painted chairs.
2) 作表语
表示主语的某种性质或状态,此时的分词已具备形容词的性质
This activity is really challenging.
His speech is inspiring.
The shop has been closed for a week.
3)作补足语
通常作宾语补足语,说明宾语的性质和状态
I found him lying on the grass. (him 为 lying的逻辑主语,主动关系)
I considered this problem settled, (problem是settled的逻辑主语,被动关系)
如果将上面的句子改成被动句,宾语变主语,那么原来的宾补就相应变为主语补足语
He was found lying on the grass.
This problem was considered settled.
4)作状语
a. 时间
Arriving at the cinema, they found the movie had been over.(同时发生)
Having finished his homework, Tom went home.(分词动作在谓语动作之前)
b. 原因
Seriously injured, she was sent to hospital at once. (因为)
c. 结果
The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable.
d. 条件
Working hard, you will succeed. (如果)
e. 让步
Taking more care, I still made a few mistakes (尽管)
f. 伴随
The teacher came in, followed by some students.
g. 评注性状语
Generally speaking, boys are better at math and logic than girls.
状语从句与状语之间的转换原则:

难点精析:
1)现在分词和过去分词的区别
现在分词:正在进行的动作 过去分词:已完成的动作
falling leaves ( ) fallen leaves ( )
现在分词:主动的意义 过去分词:被动的意义
I heard someone closing the door.
I heard the door closed.
形容词性的分词
现在分词:令人有某种感觉 (主语给外界造成的感受)
过去分词:人被引起某种感觉 (主语本身的感受)
The movie is exciting.(这部电影令人兴奋)修饰物
I am excited.(我被引起兴奋的感觉)修饰人
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例外:
This story is inspiring.
He is inspired.
He is an inspiring person.
难点精析:
2)动名词和现在分词的区别(都是“动词 +ing”)
动名词是名 词属性,在句中充当名词性质的成分,如主语、宾语;现在分词是形容词或副词
的属性,在句中充当定语 、状语等成分
The man reading over there is my classmate.(现在分词作定语)
Reading a lot of books, he is knowledgeable.(现在分词作状语)
I enjoy reading.(动名词作宾语)
I got a high score after studying hard. (介词后面都是名词或动名词)
课后作业:
请填入正确的动词形式:
__(found) in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring children’s love of art.
Wang Baoqiang announced his divorce on Weibo,_(make) a hot topic in society.
作业解答:
请填入正确的动词形式:
__(found) in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring children’s love of art
答案:Having been founded
Wang Baoqiang announced his divorce on Weibo,___(make) a hot topic in society.
答案:making

Lesson 8 形容词
课前练习:
用正确的顺序填入形容词: white, wooden, little
The____house smells as it hasn’t been cleaned for years.
little white wooden
语法解读:
1.定义:形容词是修饰名词,表示人或物 的性质、状态、特征的词。
a black umbrella
an impressive advertisement
a hard-working student
an exciting game
语法解读:
2.形容词的构成
1) 本身即为形容词 red / glad / nice
2) 加后缀形成的形容词
+y: wind-windy; fun- funny
+al :nation-national; education- educational
+able: comfort-- comfortable; admire-admirable
+en: wood-wooden; gold- golden +ish: fool-foolish; self-selfish
+ive: impress-impressive; expense-expensive
+ful: beauty-beautiful; power-powerful
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+ous: fame-famous; danger-dangerous
+ly: friend-friendly; love-lovely; like-likely; time- timely; year-yearly; week-weekly
3) 复合形容词
副词词干+现在分词/过去分词: hard-working; well-educated
名词词干+现在分词/过去分词: time-consuming; man-made
名词词干+形容词: world-famous; duty-free(免税的)
形容词词干+名词+ed: kind-hearted; cold-blooded; absent-minded
形容词词干+现在分词:easy-going
4) 分词转化而成的形容词 现在分词:令人...的
过去分词:感到...的
annoying:令人生气的(Mosquitoes are annoying.)
annoyed:感到生气的(I am annoyed.)
exciting:令人兴奋的(an exciting game)
excited:感到兴奋的 (I feel excited.)
主体本身的感受;主体给外界造成的感受
语法解读:
3.形容词的功能
1) 作定语
Professor White gave us an interesting lecture.
2) 作表语
What he said is true.
3) 作补足语
The matter made us tired.
I found the book very interesting.
4) 作状语
Hungry and tired. I had to stop and take a rest.(原因)
She was lying in bed, awake.(伴随)
难点精析:
1. 形容词的位置
口诀:限定描绘大长高,形状年龄和新老,颜色国籍加材料,作用类别往后靠。
1)置于名词前,叫“前置定语” a black swan a nice car
如果碰到多重形容词,根据“限定、外形、年龄、新旧、颜色、国籍、材质”这样的顺序 the
little white wooden house the first beautiful white Chinese stone bridge
置于名词后,叫后置定语”
一些表语形容词,只能作表语或者后置定语 alive, alike, afraid, awake, alone, asleep, worth等
The baby asleep might be awake very soon.
You alone cannot succeed.
2)形容词置于不定代词之后 something interesting someone strong
3)形容词后面如果带有介词短语,一定要后置
This is a place worthy of a visit.
I don’t like this teacher strict with his students.
难点精析:
2. the+形容词,变成名词
the old
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the rich
the unknown
the young
the wrong and the right
The unknown has to be explored.
课后作业:
请指出句子中的形容词,且判定它在句中所作的成分。
We arrived home very late, safe and sound.
作业讲解:
请指出句子中的形容词,且判定它在句中所作的成分。
We arrived home very late, safe and sound.
解答:safe and sound,在句中作伴随状语 (late不是形容词

Lesson 9 形容词之比较级和最高级
课前练习:
判断下面句子的对错
She looks more younger than I.
(more不可以修饰比较级,但可以用much来加强比较级)
Beijing’s weather is colder than Shanghai.
(比较对象错误,Shanghai’s)
语法解读:
一、形容词三种存在形式:
原级、比较级、最高级
1.规则变化
1) 直接变化词尾,加-er,-est: strong-stronger-strongest
2) 字母e结尾,把e去掉,再加后缀: late-later-latest
3) 以一个原因加一个辅音字母结尾,双写该辅音字母: hot-hotter-hottest
4) “辅音+y”结尾,把y变成i: ugly- uglier-ugliest
5) “元音+y”结尾,y不变: gray-grayer- grayest
6) 双/多音节,前面加more或most: enthusiastic- more enthusiastic-most enthusiastic
规则变化的特殊情况
1) 少数双音节形容词既可加后缀、也可以加more, most:
cleverer/more clever- cleverest/most clever simpler/more simple- simplest/most simple
2) “劣等比较”形容词原型前加less, least: important-less important-least important
3) 有些形容词没有比较级(自身就表达了—种“极致”的情况):right, wrong, final,
impossible, perfect, favorite,
4) 复合形容词:well-known, better-known, best-known
2.不规则变化
1) good-better-best
2) bad- worse-worst
3) much/many-more-most
4) far- farther-farthest far-further-furthest
二、比较级的句型用法
1.原级比较:as...as...
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Today is as warm as yesterday.
Today is not as/so warm as yesterday.
He gave me as valuable advice as you did. (as后面跟“形容词+名词”)
Miss Green is not as/so strict a teacher as Mr. White.
2. 比较级
当一方超过或少于另一方时,用“比较级 +than”;否定式“less than”
He made fewer mistakes than I (did).
John gets better grades than Bob (does).
We should help those who are less fortunate than us.
3. 最高级
表示三者或三者以上程度最高
句式:the +形容词最高级(+名词)+表示范围的短语或从句
The theater is the oldest in London.
This is the oldest theater in London.
难点精析:
1. 比较级句型常见问题
(比较对象出问题)
中国的人口比日本的人口多。
China’s population is more than Japan. ×
China’s population is more than Japan’s. √
(比较的范围出问题)
中国比亚洲其他国家都大。
China is larger than any country in Asia. ×
China is larger than any other country in Asia. √
China is larger than any country in Africa. √
2. 比较结构中的省略比较对象的现象
-what do you think of this film?
-I have never seen a better one. (后面省略than this film)
Are you feeling better today? (暗含跟yesterday比)
Be more careful next time. (暗含跟this time比)
She hoped to get a better job. (暗含跟the present job比)
3. 特殊的比较结构
1) 比较级+and+比较级:越来越
My English is getting better and better.
2) the+比较级,the+比较级:越…,越…
The older you get, the wiser you will become.
3) no+比较级+than:前后一样(同级比较)
His English is no better than mine.
4) more...than...:与其说...不如说...
He is more an artist than a philosopher.
4. 比较级最高级
1) 比较级+than any other...
Rose is taller than any other girl in her class.
2) 否定词+比较级=最高级
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I have never heard a funnier joke than this one.
课后作业:
It is just_________among countries to host the Olympics as to win an Olympic medal.
A. so fierce a competition B. as fierce a competition
C. such a fierce competition D. too fierce a competition
作业讲解:
It is just_______among countries to host the Olympics as to win an Olympic medal.
A. so fierce a competition
B. as fierce a competition
C. such a fierce competition
D. too fierce a competition

Lesson 10 副词
课前练习:
Henry was away from home for quite a bit and____saw his family.
A. frequently B. seldom C. always D. usually
语法解读:
1.定义
副词是句子中表行为或状态的词,修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、介词短语、乃至全句。
副词通常表达时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。
It is raining heavily.
The place is very beautiful.
We should study very hard.
His IQ is far [above the average level].
Luckily, he won the game.
语法解读:
2.副词的构成方式
1) 与形容词形式相同(意思不一定相同)
fast (快的;快地)
enough (足够的;足够地)
early (早的;早早地)
long (长的;长时间地)
straight (直的;直接地)
hard (硬的;努力地)
2) 形容词+ly quick- quickly (直接加)
simple-simply (去掉结尾 e)
easy-easily (把 y 变 i)
full-fully (ll结尾直接加y)
basic-basically (ic结尾,加ally)
语法解读:
3. 副词的语法功能(通常作状语)
They welcomed us warmly.(修饰动词)
Many people still live a very poor life. (修饰形容词)
They will be here pretty soon.(修饰副词)
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My seat is exactly [in the middle of the classroom.(修饰介词短语)
Hopefully, we’ll meet again on Thursday. (修饰整个句子)
4. 副词表达的情况
时间:recently, ago, today, soon, lately, then
地点:here, there, downstairs, outdoors
方式:happily, directly, clearly, nicely
程度:much, enough, almost, very, so, quite
频度:often, always, sometimes, usually, seldom
疑问:when, where, how, why
评论性:luckily, honestly,ironically, generally
5. 副词在句中的位置
1) 时间、地点副词通常在句尾。如果同时 出现,先地点后时间。时间副词也可以在句首。
We had a meeting here yesterday.
Yesterday we had a meeting here.
2) 频度副词放在实义动词前,情态动词、 助动词、系动词之后。
I will always love you. He doesn’t often study.
3) 修饰全句的副词,若放句中要用逗号隔开,放句首不一定加逗号。
Nothing, indeed, is more important than health.
Fortunately, he escaped from the disaster.
4) 评论性副词放句首,后用逗号。 画外音
Honestly, he is unfit for the job.
Frankly, I don’t have much confidence this time.
难点精析:
1. 有些副词可以修饰名词/代词,加强语气
We held quite a party last weekend.
Even a child won’t believe those words.
Nearly everyone supports him.
2. 副词的比较级和最高级 well-better-best much-more-most little-less-least 用法跟形容词
一致
The kind of language appeared as early as the Stone Age.
I can run faster than he.
The more we know each other, the better we understand each other.
3. never,seldom, rarely, little等否定副词置于句首的倒装
Never have I seen such a beautiful woman.
课后作业:
Next to biology, I like physics _______.挨着;仅次于
A. better
B. best
C. the better
D. very well
作业讲解:
Next to biology, I like physics
A. better
B. best
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C. the better
D. very well

Lesson 11 代词
课前练习:
--Who is at the door?
--___is the deliverer.
A. It B. He C. That D. The man
语法解读:
1.定义
代词是指代人或事的词,主要替代名词以 及起名词作用的短语、不定式、动名词、从句或
句子,以避免重复。
Learning English is hard,but it can become easy if you adopt a right method.
2.代词的分类
人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代 词、不定代词、疑问代词
1)人称代词
a. 类别
单数:I,you,he, she, it 宾格:me, you, him, her, it 复数:we, you, they 宾格:us, you, them
b. 语法功能
He would drown his sadness in wine. (主语,主格)
I bought a gift for Mm.(宾语,宾格)
We, us three, will finish the task together.(同位语,宾格)
2)物主代词
表示所有关系的代词,是人称代词的所有格形式。
I - my we - our you - your he - his she - her they - their it - its
This is my seat.(形容词性物主代词)
This is not my dictionary. Mine has been lent to Lucy.(名词性物主代词)
3)反身代词
用于动作的发出者把动作施加到动作的发出者本人时。
I - myself you - yourself it – itself they - themselves
The little boy can dress himself now. (作宾语)
The girl in the picture is myself.(作表语)
I myself made the mistake.(作同位语)
语法解读:
4) 指示代词
用来指代或标记人或事物的代词。
this (这个)
that (那个)
these (这些)
those (那些)
That was too hard for me. (作主语)
This house is for rent.(作定语)
What I want to stress is this.(作表语)
I start to doubt that. (作宾语)
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5) 不定代词
不明确指代某个人、某个事物、某些人的代词:something,one, some, other等
One cannot live without money.
I need something to cheer me up.
Some say love is vulnerable while others say love is strong.
6)疑问代词
表达疑问或构成疑问句的代词,主要有: who (主格),whom (宾格),whose (所有 格),which,
what等。
Who did this?(主格)
Whom/who do you like better, Mike or Jack? (口语中who可替代whom)
With whom did you discuss the question? (With后面一定要用宾格)
Whose side are you on?(谁的,作形容词性所有格)
Helen has taken her bag. Whose is this? (作名词性所有格)
难点精析:
it的用法
it是第三人称单数主格或宾格,可充当主语、宾语或表语。it指代内容丰富,具体如下:
1) 指上文提到的事物、群体、想法等
-Where is my dictionary?
-I left it right on the desk.(指事物 dictionary)
-I’ve broken a plate.
-It doesn’t matter.(指前面提过的事)
2) 确定身份
-Who is that?(电话:你是谁)
-It’s me. Thomas.(是我,汤姆斯)
-Who is at the door?
-It’s the milkman.
3) 指时间、>天气、距离等
It is nine o’clock now.
It is raining heavily.
It is a long way to go.
4) 形式主语
It is not easy to learn English well.
5) 形式宾语
I have made it clear that nobody is allowed to smoke here.
6) 强调句型
It was he that leaked the news.
(在强调句型中was后面不用宾格,还是用主格。)
7) 带it的习语
Take it easy.
I can’t help it.
Get it.
课后作业:
An unsatisfying score doesn’t matter. __ is important that you have done your best.
A. One
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B. What
C. It
D. All
作业讲解:
An unsatisfying score doesn’t matter. __ is important that you have done your best.
A. One
B. What
C. It
D. All

Lesson 12介词和介词短语
课前练习:
--When will the game begin?
--It will begin_15 minutes.
A. in B. on C. by D. after
语法解读:
1.定义
介词是用来表示名词(代词及其他名词性质的结 构)和句中其他词关系的词;介词是虚词,不
能单独作句中成分,须要和后面的词共同作成分;介词后面 的名词或动 名词构成“介宾短
语”。
at home
for everyone
above the average level
2.介词的分类-按形式分类
1) 简单介词(一个词)
at:在... about:关于 after:在...之后 between:在...之间 against:针对于
2) 合成介词(两个介词合在一起)
throughout:遍及、贯穿 inside:在…里面 into:到...里面 without:没有
3) 短语介词(和其他词类的组合)
in front of:在...前面 on behalf of:代表…
I thank you on behalf of the government.
4) 分词介词(部分动词的分词形式)
including:包括
given: 考虑到Given your age, you have done a great job.
regarding:关于I have nothing to say regarding this matter.
2.介词的分类- 按意义分类
1) 表方位
at:在(某个点)上 on:在…上 under:在...下方 inside:在…里面 through:穿过、通过
2) 表时间
at:在...时间点
in:在…时间之后in three days within:在一段时间内 within three days since:自从
3) 表方式
by,via, through:通过 with, in:用
4) 表方向
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to:去到... from:来自… out of:从...出来 off:从...离开
5)表数量
above/over(超过)
6)表“除.外”
except
but
apart from
7)表“关于”
on, about, of
8)表“原因”
because of, due to, owing to, for, as a result of
9)表“代替”
instead of
10)表“支持”或“反对”
for, against
3.介词短语(介宾短语)
1) 介词+名词/代词
a map of ancient China go without you
2) 介词+doing
by using better methods be fond of dancing
3) 介词+wh-从句
depend on what you like according to what I heard last night
4) 介词+形容词
in particular for free in general
5) 介词+不定式/疑问词+不定式
I had no choice but to wait, about how to carry out the plan
4.介词短语(介宾短语)的功能
1) 作状语
I have to wait for another half an hour. (表时间)
Thanks to your help, we completed the project earlier.(表原因)
I live near my company.(表地点)
2) 作定语
The man next to Bill is from Spain.
I am a student of the physics department.
3) 作表语
My home is just opposite the university. The girl is in tears.
4) 作补足语
keep the dog out of the house.
Don’t leave the books all over the desk.

难点精析:
1.不定式to和介词to的区别
1) 看是否有含义(介词to,对于)
2) to后面的成分,动词原形,还是名词/ 动名词
Confidence is key to success.
I need more confidence to succeed.
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2.双重介词
介词短语用作介词的宾语,通常跟在 from, since, until之后
She stared at the street from behind the window.
She has lived there since before the war.
The secret was never told until after the old man’s death.

课后作业:
I will go fishing_ the lake this Sunday.
填in, on还是at?
作业讲解:
I will go fishing_the lake this Sunday.
填in, on还是at?
解析:
用on,指在湖面上(比如划着小船在湖里钓鱼)。
用in,也指湖面上,但通常是指在较大的湖面, 即人或船与湖面相比,显得很小。
用at,是把lake看作一个地点。

Lesson 13 数词

课前练习:
There are__months in a year, and
December is the__month of the year.
A. twelve; twelve B. twelve; twelfth
C. twelfth; twelve D. twelfth; twelfth
语法解读:
1. 定义
数词是表示数目多少,或先后顺序的词。
100, 1/3, 3.14, 21st century
2. 分类
1)基数词
a. 1-12单独记:one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve
b. 13-19词尾为后缀 teen: thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, nineteen
c. 20-90逢十词尾为后缀ty: twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety
d. 21-99在十位数和个位数之间加连字符: twenty-nine, thirty-eight, ninety-two
e. 单位词:百 hundred; 千 thousand; 百万 million; 10亿 billion
(―亿? one hundred million)
语法解读:
2)序数词
a. 第 1 到第 19: 除了1 (first), 2 (second),
3 (third); 其余都是基数词+th,比如 sixteenth; 有三个拼写特殊:fifth; eighth; twelfth
b. 第20到第90: 基数词词尾y变i,再 加 eth,比如:twentieth
c. hundred,thousand,million 的序数词, 后面直接加th,即hundredth, thousandth,
millionth
d. 几十几及以上的序数词,前面用基数词,个位数用序数词,如:第132, one hundred and
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thirty-second
序数词的用法
前面加代词或定冠词 This is her second time to visit Shanghai.
The first thing to do is to clean the house.
和基数词连用时,序数词放前面 the first three pages of the book
序数词修饰谓语动词时,定冠词the要省略 The team ranked first in its country.
3.数词的语法功能
1)作主语
Two were late yesterday.
The second is bigger than the first.
2)作表语
I’m eighteen.
He was the first to arrive here.
3) 作宾语
Give me four.
I like the forth.
4) 作定语
We have six subjects this term.
The sixth blind man went forward to feel the elephant.
5) 作同位语
We two have been to Beijing.
I want the big one, the first on the right.
4.分数、小数和百分数
1) 分数
a. 分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子若大于1,分母用复数
1 /5: one fifth 3/5: three fifths
五又五分之三:five and three fifths
b. 如果分母是2或4,分别用half和quarter 1/2: one half
1 /4: one quarter 3/4: three quarters
2) 小数
小数点读point; 零读zero或o; 小数点前面的数字按基数词读,后面的数字按单个数字读
9.65: nine point six five 53.16: fifty-three point one six 0.05: zero point zero five
3) 百分数
把基数词放在单词percent前面即可
20% : twenty percent 53%: fifty-three percent 分数和百分数+of+名词,谓语跟of后面 的名
词一致
Two thirds of the money was spent on food.
About seventy percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water.
难点精析:
1. 1000以上的数字怎么念?
先从后向前数,每三位用一个“千分撇”隔开,(右起)第一个千分撇表示thousand (千);第
二个表示million(百万);第三个 表示billion(十亿);然后一节一节地用几百几十几的方式表
示:
1,006: one thousand and six 12,345 : twelve thousand, three hundred and forty-five
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1,234,567: one million, two hundred and thirty-four thousand, five hundred and sixty-seven
2. 序数词前面一般加the,但加a/an 时,表示“又一、再一”
Try a second time and you’ll succeed.
Now read it for a third time.
课后作业:
___of the land in that district ___ covered with trees and grass.
A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are
C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are
作业讲解:
___of the land in that district ___ covered with trees and grass.
A. Two fifth; is
B. Two fifth; are
C. Two fifths; is
D. Two fifths; are

Lesson 14并列句和常用连词
课前练习:
It is not easy to change habits,_______ with a strong will, everything is possible.
A. and B. but C. or D. so
语法解读:
1. 定义
连词是连接单词、短语或句子的虚词。大多数有含义,如:and (和),but (但是), or (选择)。
2. 分类:并列连词、从属连词(从句)
1)并列连词(并列句的五种类型)
a. 表递进、并列或顺承
and: He had a lot of money and he spent it freely.(连接句)
not only...but also... : He is not only rich but also kind.(连形容词)
both...and... : Both Tom and Mike are interested in reading.(连名词)
b. 表转折
but: The car is very old but it runs fast.(连句子)
yet: Jane said she was ill, yet I saw her in the street just now.(连句子)
c. 表选择
or: Hurry up, or you will be late.
either...or...: Either you or I am right.
d. 表因果
so: The shops were closed, so I didn’t get any milk.
for: It must have rained last night, for it is wet all over. (because是从属连词)
e. 表对比
while: The boys are active while the girls are quiet. (whereas)
2)从属连词
引导名词性从句的连词(主语从句、宾语 从句、表语从句、同位语从句)
引导状语从句的连 词(引导定语从句的叫关系代词或关系副词,讲从句的时候专门再讲。以
下的知识点在后续“从句”章节 还会细讲,先作为预习)
a.引导名词性从句的从属连词 that, which, whether, who, whom, whose,when, where, why等
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That the earth goes around the sun is a truth.(引导主语从句,也可以转化成形式主语it)
She said that she will not be late for tomorrow’s meeting.(引导宾语从句)
That is why I love you.(引导表语从句)
I had a dream that one day I can start up my own business.(引导同位语从句)
b.引导状语从句的从属连词
状语从句各有各的引导词,有的引导词又可以引导不同种类的状语从句。
Don’t get excited when you talk. (时间)
Please stay where you are.(地点)
I have to go home,because it is too (原因)
If you have any question, please feel free to ask me.(条件)
I switched off my smartphones so that I can focus on my work.(结果)
He continued to teach though he was ill.(让步)
This car runs faster than that car does.(比较)
Do as Romans do.(方式)
难点精析:
while作并列连词:当...的时候;然而 while作从属连词:虽然(引导让步状语从句)
I am working on my homework while my mom is cooking in the kitchen.
When the scores are announced,some students are happy while others are sad.
While I hate WeChat,I still can’t live and work without it.
课后作业:
It was middle of the night ________ my father woke me up and told me to watch the football
game with him.
A. that B. as C. which D. when
作业讲解:
It was middle of the night _____ my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game
with him.(D) 并列连词
A. that
B. as
C. which
D. When

Lesson 15时态之一般时
课前练习:
--Is peter coming?
--No, he__his mind after a phone call at the last minute.
A. changes B. changed
C. was changing D. has changed
语法解读:
1. 一般时的分类
—般现在时:I am a teacher.
一般将来时:I will be a teacher.
一般过去时:I was a teacher.
2. —般现在时
1) 定义
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一般现在时主要由动词的原形表示,主语 如果是第三人称单数,动词的变化如下:
a. 后面加s,或es (eat-eats; discuss-discusses)
b. be动词变成is
c. have的变化:have变成has
2) 用法:
a. 表示经常性的动作或状态
I often go to school on foot.
They play football after school every afternoon.
Does Molly live here?
b. 表示现在的特征、状态、能力、性格
This job requires great patience.
She is a tough woman.
c. 客观事实、普遍真理
Light travels faster than sound.
Action speaks louder than words.
3. 一般过去时
1) 一般过去时由动词的过去式表示。变化如下:
a.—般情况,加 ed: pack- packed
b.辅音+y结尾,y变i,加ed: carry-carried (元音+y,直接加 ed: play-played)
c. 一个辅音字母结尾(重读闭音节),双写辅音字母,加 ed: plan-planned
d. 不发音的e结尾,直接加d: like-liked
e. 还有些不规则的动词:eat-ate; hit-hit
2) 用法
a. 表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态(句中通常有表过去的时间状语)
I received the offer yesterday.
The disaster happened two months ago.
China was the most prosperous country in Tang dynasty.
b. used to+do,表过去的情况(暗指现在不)
We used to go fishing every Sunday.
c. would+do,表过去的某种习惯
My mom would go downtown when she was not busy.
d. since后面用一般过去时
You haven’t changed much since we last met.
4. 一般将来时
1) 一般将来时的构成
a. shall+动词原形(第一人称) I shall go in a few minutes.
b. will+动词原型(各种人称) We will succeed.
2) 用法:
a.表将来的动作或状态
经常搭配的时间状语
next time (year)
tomorrow (tomorrow evening)
before long (不久后)
this afternoon
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in the future
the day after tomorrow
in+时间段 I will leave this city in three days.
b.不用助动词will, shall的一般将来时
表达法
*be going to do (计划好或迹象表明)
It is going to rain.(迹象)
We are going to hold a meeting to discuss that matter.(计划好)
*现在进行时表将来
He is leaving school in one year.((计划好)
I'm taking the kids to the zoo this Sunday.(计划好)
*一般现在时表将来
We have no class tomorrow.(时刻表)
The train arrives at 10:00. We still have much time.(时刻表)
*时间/条件状语从句里用一般现在时表将来
When she comes, I’ll tell her about it.
If you arrive, please give me a call.
*be to do/be about to do表将来
She is to be married next month.(计划)
We are to meet at the school gate.(计划)
You plan is to be a failure. (注定)
The show is about to begin.(马上,将要)
难点精析:
1. 一般过去时表“现在”
think, know, hope, want 等词的一般过去时表现在的行为,但语气比一般现在时更加委婉
I didn’t know you were so busy.(表现在,“你特别忙,这一点我没料到”)
I thought you forgave me.(表现在,“你并没有原谅我”)
2. be going to do 和 will do 的区别
前者强调计划好、考虑好的,后者表示说话的时候才(临时)做的决定
-You’ve left the light on.
-Oh, sorry. I’ll go and turn it off.(我这就去关)
课后作业:
I’m sorry. I___________(not realize) I was blocking your way.
填上正确的形式
作业讲解:
I’m sorry. I_(not realize) I was blocking your way.
填上正确的形式 (didn’t realize)

Lesson 16 进行时(现在、过去)
课前练习:
--Let’s discuss the question raised last night, shall we?
--There is no hurry for that. Besides, I __for a conference.
A. headed B. was heading
C. have headed D. am heading
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语法解读:
现在进行时的构成
助动词be(is,am, are)+现在分词(doing)
*动词的变化规律
1) —般:加ing (try-trying)
2) 辅音字母结尾,重读闭音节:双写辅音字母,加ing (ban-banning)
3) 不发音的e结尾:去掉e, 加ing (date-dating)
2.现在进行时的基本含义
1) 表达当下正在进行的动作
2) 表达目前一段时间内在做的事情,说话时未必在做
It is snowing hard outside. (1)
I am reading a new book by J.K. Rowling. (1)
I am teaching part-time in a middle school. (2)
Alisa is writing a book about herself. (2)
语法解读:
3.特殊用法
1) 表达计划好的将来时
I am taking kids to the zoo this Sunday.
The plane is arriving soon.
2) 现在进行时与 always, constantly, continually, forever等副词连用表达说话者的感情(生
气、赞扬、同情、不满、好奇等)
I’m always losing keys.(生气)
She’s constantly disturbing me.(厌烦)
Maria is always thinking of others instead of herself.(赞扬)
3) get, become, turn表“变化”动词的进行时可表示“逐渐、越来越”
The leaves are turning yellow.
The environment is getting worse.
4) 系动词和表示性质、品质的形容词连用,其进行时态表示与平时不一样
* 此类形容词:foolish, nice, kind, careful, patient, lazy, rude, polite, impolite, energetic, lively 等
You’re being rude. 你怎么这么粗鲁? (暗含:你平时可不这样)
Why are you being so stupid? 你为什么 这会儿这么笨?(暗含:你平时不这样)
过去进行时
1. 过去进行时的构成
助动词be(was/were)+现在分词
2. 过去进行时的基本含义
表示过去某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作,句子中可能搭配的时间状语(at that
moment/time, this time yesterday, all the day yesterday)
What were you doing this time last night?
He was doing his homework from 7 to 9 last night.
They were cleaning the house all the day yesterday.
3. 特殊用法
1)二个延续动作被一个短暂动作打断,前者用过去进行时,后者用一般过去时
2) was/were always/forever/constantly doing表示对某一过去事情的厌烦或褒奖
3) hope, wonder, think,expect 用过去式表示现在的客气、礼貌或不确定
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My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle. (1)
She was constantly helping others when she lived here. (2)
I was hoping that you could help me. (3)
难点精析:
一些不能用进行时态的动词
感觉、感知类:hear,see,smell, taste
感情类:like, love, hate, prefer, refuse, want, wish
思考、理解等心理活动:doubt,forget, know, remember, understand
占有类:belong, contain, have, own
存在类:exist, remain, stay
但如果词义转变,则可用进行时态
Do you see anyone over there?(―般现在时)
Are you seeing off someone?(为…送行)
课后作业:
The water supply has been cut off temporarily because the workers _________ (repair) one of
the main pipes.
填上正确形式
作业讲解:
The water supply has been cut off temporarily because the workers _ (repair) one of the main
pipes.
填上正确形式 are repairing

Lesson 17 完成时(现在、过去)
课前练习:
一Did you have difficulty finding Ann’s house?
-Not really. She____us a clear direction and we were able to find it easily.
A. was to give B. had given
C. was giving D. would give
语法解读:
1.现在完成时
1) 现在完成时的构成 have/has+过去分词(done)
I have finished my homework.
I have killed a mosquito.
2) 现在完成时的含义
a.动作发生在过去,对现在造成的影响 (时间状语:already,yet,ever)
He has turned off the light. (The light is off now.过去的动作对现在的影响)
The concert has started. (The concert is on now.)
The concert has not finished yet. (The concert is still on)
I have already seen the film. (I know the film now.)
I have lost my watch. (I lost my watch and I have no watch now.)
b.动作从过去延续到现在,并有可能继续延续下去
lately recently currently since so far in/over/during the past few days/years
In the past few years, great changes have taken place in my hometown. (始于过去,延续到现在)
He has written 8 books so far. (同上)
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He has been writing a book. (过去到现在,并可能延续下去:现在完成进行时)
2.过去完成时
1) 过去完成时的构成 had+过去分词(done)
The train had left before I reached the station.
2) 过去完成时的含义
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成 的动作,即“过去的过去”
时间轴:过去完成 过去 现在 将来
时间状语经常用:by,before+—个表示过去的时间或动作,或者表过去时间的上下文
by the end of last week:到上周末为止
by that time:到那时为止
before that year:那年之前
before I arrived:在我到达之前
By the end of yesterday, we had received over 1000 letters.
He had been ill for a week when he was sent to the hospital.
She found she had left her luggage on the bus.
He had psychologically prepared before he knew the result.
难点精析:
一般过去时和现在完成时的区别
*一般过去时仅指动作在过去发生了,对现在没有影响,强调过去 *现在完成时的动作虽然
发生于过去,但是影响到现在,强调现在
The price went down last year.(强调过去,价格去年降了,现在不知道)
The price has gone down.(强调现在,现在价格是低位)
He served in the army for 5 years. (强调过去,他在过去当过5年兵,现在不知道)
He has served in the army for 5 years. (强调现在,他已经当了 5年兵,现在还在部队)

课后作业:
In the last few years, China ____ great achievements in economy.
A. has made B. had made
C. was making D. is making

作业解答:
In the last few years, China _ great achievements in economy.
A. has made (过去的动作,影响到现在,强调现在)
B. had made (过去的过去发生的动作,对过去的影响)
C. was making (过去某一时刻正在发生)
D. is making (现在正在发生)

Lesson 18 其余时态知识(非主流)
课前练习:
--Lily, my parents have promised a 2-day trip this weekend for my good grades.
--Cool. You_______(have) a good time then.
请填上正确的形式 will be having
语法解读:
1.过去将来时
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1) 构成:
would/should + 动词原形
(would用于各种人称、should多用于第一人称)
其否定式是would/should + not,或缩写成 wouldn’t, 或 shouldn’t
2) 用法
a. 表示从过去某一时间看,将要发生的动作或将要存在的状态。
通常用于从句中(主句是过去时)
I told Laura I wouldn’t go home the following weekend.
Because Mary would leave soon, many of her friends felt very unwilling to leave her.
b. 另外几种特殊用法 was/were going to do,表示“过去将来”,
在过去的某个时间点计划将来的事情
She told me she was going to study in France.
was/were going to do也可以替换成:was/were to do
He said he was to finish the job the next day.
语法解读:
2.将来进行时
1) 构成
will/shall + be + 现在分词
(shall用于第一人称、will用于各种人称)
2) 用法
表示将来某一时刻某一动作正在进行,或因为已经作好安排,认为某事注定会发生。
What will you be doing this time tomorrow?
I can’t come tomorrow. I will be having a meeting.
语法解读:
3.现在完成进行时
1) 构成
have/has + been + 现在分词
2) 用法
是现在进行时和现在完成时的结合,兼具两种时态的特 点,表示始于过去的动作对现在产生
影响,并继续影响下去。
He has been learning English for 6 years. (从过去某一时间幵始学英语,强调现在还在学,而且
会继续学习下去)
*延续性动词常用在现在完成进行时中(lie, stand, sit, wait)
She has been lying in bed for a week.
I have been waiting for you for two hours.
4. 过去完成进行时
1) 构成
had + been +现在分词
2) 用法
指从“过去的过去”某一个时间点开始的动作或状态,一直延续到过去
I was tired. I had been working since dawn.
It had been snowing all night. The ground was covered with thick snow.
I didn’t know you had been waiting for me.
5. 主将从现
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时间、条件、让步状语从句用一般现在时表将来
When I grow up, I will become a scientist.
If it is sunny, I will go fishing.
No matter what you say, I will not change my mind.
难点精析:
1. 现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别
前者:强调现在动作的完成
后者:强调现在动作的延续,并可能持续下去
I have cleaned all the windows. (我已经擦干净所有的窗户了)
I have been cleaning all the windows. (我一直在擦所有的窗户)
2. 过去完成时和过去完成进行时的区别
前者:强调过去的过去发生的动作在过去完成了
后者:强调过去的过去发生的动作在过去没有完成,并可能持续下去
I had already cleaned the kitchen. (我已经打扫完厨房了)
I had been cleaning the kitchen. (我一直在打扫厨房)

课后作业:
As you_________ (begin to read) this book, you will find you cannot stop.
填入正确的形式
作业讲解:
As you_(begin to read) this book, you will find you cannot stop.
填入正确的形式 begin to read

Lesson 19 被动语态
课前练习:
Unless some extra money_______(find), the project will end.
A) is found B) was found C) will be found
语法解读:
1. 语态的概念
语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语动词之间的具体关系,分主动语态和被动语态两种。
主动语态表示主语是谓语动词的执行者 He opened the door.
被动语态表示主语是谓语动词的承受者 The door was opened.
2. 被动语态的构成及注意事项
be+过去分词(done)
注意点1:只有及物动词才有被动语态 注意点2:被动语态的否定式(not加在助动词后)和
疑问式(助动词提到主语前) 注意点3:被动语态可用在各种时态当中
These chairs are designed for children. (一般现在时)
We were moved by the story. (一般过去时)
When will the work be finished? (疑问式、一般将来时)
Is the accident now being investigated? (疑问式、现在进行时)
The sports meet has been put off until next Friday. (现在完成时)
3.被动语态的适用情况
1) 不知道谁是动作执行者,或没必要指明动作执行者
The book was published in 2011.
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He was elected chairman.
2) 需要强调或突出动作的承受者
All students should be encouraged to do exercises.
The room hasn’t been cleaned yet.
3) 当动作执行者不是人
The whole village has been washed away by the flood.
Many houses were destroyed by this earthquake.
4) 表示客观的说明,常用it is +过去分词的句型
It is said that Lucy has gone abroad.
It is widely known that Chinese people are hard-working.
难点精析:
1.被动语态与系表结构的区别
“be+过去分词”并不一定是被动语态,有时可能是“be+表语”;主要差别是:
被动语态表动作,常由介词by引出动作执行者,而系表结构表状态
The window was broken by a little boy. (动作)
The window was broken.(状态)
在“系表”结构中,表状态的过去分词,也可以作为形容词去理解
He is gone. He passed away.
I am surprised.
Customers are pleased.
难点精析
2.主动形式表被动含义
1)系动词+形容词
The silk feels soft
The well water tastes cool and sweet.
The soup smells great
2)表主语某种属性特征的动词
The coat dries easily
His idea sounds good
The knife cuts we‖
3)某些介词短语
This new movie is on show
The water pipe is under repair
The situation is under control

课后作业:
At the end of the meeting, it was announced that an agreement_______ (reach).
填入正确形式
作业讲解:
At the end of the meeting, it was announced that an agreement_ (reach).
填入正确形式 had been reached

Lesson 20 主谓一致
课前练习:
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--Can you get me some of the novels?
--Sure. All books but one___(publish) by our company.
A. published B. was published
C. were published D. had been published
语法解读:
1. “主谓一致”的定义
英语中的一致主要包括主语和谓语在人称 和单复数上的一致、时态一致、名词和 其代词的
一致。谓语动词的形式必须随着主语单、复数形式的变化而变化。
2. 主谓一致三原则
1)语法一致
主语是单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式,主语是复数形式,谓语动词也用复数形式
He likes skating in winter.
The performance of the first three clowns was very funny.
The manager, along with his secretaries, is going to a dinner party tonight.
The shortage of machines and skilled workers has caused the factory to get into difficulties.
He rather than you is responsible for the accident.
语法解读:
2) 意义一致
从意义着手处理主谓一致问题。有时主语形式为单数,但意义是复数,谓语动词采用复数形< br>式。有时主语形式是复数,但意义是单数,谓语动词用第三人称单数。
The professor and writer is invited to many universities to deliver lectures.
The bread and butter is served for the breakfast.
The old are very well taken care of in our city.
Mathematics is his strong point.
The new means of transportation is popular.
All my family enjoy skating.
3) 就近原则
英语中,有时几个名词一起作句子的主语, 此时,谓语动词的形式取决于离它最近的名词。
如:
There is a desk and five chairs in his room.
There are five chairs and a desk in his room.
Both he and you are right.
Tom or his sisters are coming.
难点精析:
主谓一致的几个难点:
1. and 前后有 every, each, no,谓语用单数形式
Every boy and every girl enjoys equal right.
No teacher and no student is allowed to take part in this activity.
2. 主语后面有“with结构”,谓语采用“就远/就前原则”
The woman with two children was standing in coldness.
*with...其本质为后置定语,谓语应该和核心名词保持单复数的一致。还有其他 “就远原则”
的形式:along with, together with, besides, including, rather than, as well as, except
All the books except this one were published by our company.
Tom as well as I is ready for this test.
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Some industries including tobacco are harmful to citizens’ health.
难点精析:
3.动名词、不定式、名词性从句做主语,谓语动词用单数
Cleaning the window is my job.
To clean the window this afternoon is my job.
What she said is not true.
4.某些名词指“整体”时,谓语动词用单数; 指“成员”时,谓语动词用复数
Our family is a happy one.
The family are having dinner together.
5.表时间、距离、金钱、度量衡,作“整体”来 看,是单数;表“若干单位”时,谓语动词
用复数。
Twenty years is a long time.
Two kilometers is a long way to go on foot.
Twenty years have passed since they got married.
课后作业:
A library with five thousand books_______ (be) destroyed in the fire.
A. Is B. was C. are D. were
作业讲解:
A library with five thousand books (be) destroyed in the fire.
A. is
B. was
C. are
D. were

Lesson 21 虚拟语气
课前练习:
If there______no music, the life would be
very boring.
A. Is B. was C. were D. are
语法解读:
1 关于语气
语气和时态、语态一样,都是谓语动词的一种形式,表达说话的目的和意图,分四类:
1.陈述语气、2.疑问语气、3.祈使语气、4.虚拟语气
1)陈述语气(用来陈述事实)
Our city has experienced great changes.
2)疑问语气(用来提出问题)
Have you ever been to Japan?
3) 祈使语气(用来发出请求、邀请、建议、 命令等)
Hurry up.
Just do it.
4) 虚拟语气(提出假设或表达愿望)
If I were you, I would forgive him.
I wish I could help you.
2.虚拟语气在条件句中的运用
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条件句分两种:
1) 真实条件句(实现的可能性很大)
If I have time, I will visit you.
If we leave now, we can still catch the bus.
2) 虚拟条件句(不可能实现)
a. 与现在事实相反(条件从句用:过去式,be用 were;主句用 should/would/ could/might +
动词原形)
If I were you, I would forgive him.
(虚拟语气中,凡是用到be的地方,一律用 were)
If I knew her telephone number, I would tell you.
b. 与将来事实相反(条件句用:过去式、should do、were to do; should/ would/could/might do)
If he should come here tomorrow, I should/ would talk to him about this matter.
If he were to come...
If he came here...
c. 与过去事实相反(条件句用:had +过去 分词;should/would/could/might have done)
If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake.
3.虚拟语气在其他从句中的运用
1) 在主语从句中的运用
it is +形容词+ that引导主语从句
(谓语用should+动词原形)
It is necessary that you (should) seize every possible chance.
It is surprising that you (should) not know about him. 竟然
It is a pity that you (should) not come to my party.
2) 在宾语从句的运用 I wish that...
I wish I were ten years younger. (对现在的虚拟:过去式,be用were)
I wish you had come to my party yesterday. (对过去的虚拟:had done)
I wish I could study in America someday. (对未来的虚拟:could/would +动词原型)
3) 虚拟语气在表语从句中的运用(表达愿望)
His suggestion is that you (should) give up your current job. (对将“虚拟:should do)
He looked as if he had known the truth long time ago. (对过去的虚拟:had done)
The pencil seems as though it were broken when it is partly put in the water. (对现在的虚拟:过
去式,be用were)
4) 虚拟语气在定语从句中的运用
*主要是指在“it is high/about time that..句型中,谓语用过去式,或should do, should不能省

It is high time that we should take actions to stop pollution.
It is high time that we took actions to stop pollution.
high可以省略
难点精析:
特殊条件句
1.错综时间条件句
*有些条件句的主句谓语动词和从句谓语的时间并不一致
If you had taken my advice then, you wouldn’t be in trouble now.
2.含蓄条件句
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*有些不条件从句,而是通过介词或介词短语表示(without,but for)
Without electricity,the world would be dark.
But for your advice,I wouldn’t have made such great progress.
3.虚拟语气的倒装
*如果条件句中含有were,should或had,有时可将if省略,把were, should, had 移到主语

If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t have failed in this examination.
Had you taken my advice,you wouldn’t have failed in this examination.
If I were you, I would forgive him.
Were I you, I would forgive him.
课后作业:
If you didn’t lose the map, we__________(be) in the hotel now.
填上正确的形式
作业讲解:
If you didn’t lose the map, we_(be) in the hotel now.
填上正确的形式 would be

Lesson 22 名词性从句(上)
课前练习:
___we understand things has a lot to do with our way of thinking.
A. What B. How C. Who D. Which
语法解读:
1.名词性从句的定义
名词性从句指在句子当中起 的作用相当于名词的从句,包括主语从句(当主语)、宾语从句(当
宾语)、表语从句(当表语)、同位 语从句(当同位语)
What she said is wrong.
I said that she was wrong
I am who I am.
The news that he will come back is true.
2.名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词有三种:单纯连词、连接代词、连接副词
1) 单纯连词
that/whether/if在句中不充当任何成分,只起到连接从句的功能,that没有实际含义,whether/if有是否的意义。
That housing price will go up is certain.
Whether you win or not doesn’t matter.
2) 连接代词
连接代词具有代词的特点,同时又能引导 从句,主要有 what,who(whom,whose) 等。
这些词在句中作成分,又有具体含义,不能省略。
What doesn’t kill you only makes you stronger.
I am who I am.
What worries us is who let out the secret.
3) 连接副词
具有副词的特点,同时又能引导从句,主要有when, where, how,why等,这些词既作状语,
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又有具体的含义,不能省略。
When the meeting will begin is unknown.
I don’t know how I can please him.
This is where the accident happened.
3.主语从句
在句中起主语成分的从句叫主语从句,其 连接词可以是:单纯连词、连接代词和连接副词
1) that引导主语从句
that置于句首的从句(that不作任何成分,没有含义,只起到衔接的作用)
That he quit the job surprised everyone.
That you don’t like him is none of my business.
2) that作主语从句时,通常会写成形式主语句型“it is...that...”
上面两句可改成:
It surprised everyone that he quit the job.
It is none of my business that you don’t like him.
再如:
It is obvious that the idea doesn’t work.
It is a pity that you haven’t attended the party.
It is said that AI might make a lot of people jobless in the future.
3) whether引导的主语从句
whether是单纯连词(不作成分、只起连接作用,表“是否”)
Whether the work can be completed on time is doubtful.
Whether you can succeed depends on many factors.
4)wh-类连接词引导的主语从句 主要包括:
连接代词:who(whom, whose), what 等 连接副词:when,where, how,why等
What he said in the lecture was very visionary.(连接代词)
How Egyptian pyramids were built remains mysterious.(连接副词)
Why he lied to me was not clear.(连接副词)
也可以用形式主语
It makes no difference where we live. (连接副词)
It has not been decided who will hold the meeting.(连接代词)
难点精析:
★whether什么时候不可替换成if?
1. whether引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句时
Whether he can come to the meeting on time depends on the traffic.
The question is whether we can get in touch with her.
I have no idea whether the meeting will be held on schedule.
2. whether从句作介词宾语时
I am thinking about whether l should take a leave.
3. 紧跟不定式,或or not时
He seemed undecided whether to go or stay.(不是从句)
We don’t know whether or not this idea can be put into practice.

课后作业:
It doesn’t matter_______you turn right or turn left at the crossroad. Both roads lead to the park.
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A. whether B. how C. if D. when
作业讲解:
It doesn’t matter_you turn right or turn left at the crossroad. Both roads lead to the park.
A. whether
B. how
C. if
D. when

Lesson 23 名词性从句(下)
课前练习:
We haven’t discussed yet_______we are going to place our new furniture.
A. that B. which C. what D. where
语法解读:
1.宾语从句
在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句
连接词:单纯连词、连接代词、连接副词
Do you know that the government will make a new policy? (单纯连词)
I will show you how our company was started. (连接副词)
I need to find out who did it. (连接代词)
宾语从句分三种:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句
a. 动词的宾语从句
I hope (that) you can join us in the game.
I doubt whether he will come to the meeting.
Can you figure out what the sentence means? (动词短语)
I think it necessary that we should drink enough water every day. (形式宾语)
I have to make it a rule that I keep diaries.(形式宾语)
I just hate it when people spit or litter. (形式宾语)
b. 介词后的宾语从句
一般情况,介词后要跟wh-类连接词引导宾语从句
She is always thinking of how she can do more for others.
We are talking about whether we should remove him from our team.
c. 形容词后面的宾语从句
一般这里的形容词指“情感类”,比如: sure, certain, glad, pleased, happy, surprised,satisfied,
sorry等 I feel sorry that I have troubled you so much.
I am glad that I could help you.
2.表语从句
在句子中起表语成分的称为表语从句
a. 常规连词
The reason for your failure is that you lack confidence.(单纯连词)
The question is whether we can reduce the cost of the product.(单纯连词)
This place isn’t what it used to be.(连接代词)
The thing is who should be responsible for the accident.(连接代词)
That was where I made a proposal to my wife.(连接副词)
The key is how we can do the work better.(连接副词)
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b. 不常规连词
He got lung cancer. This is because he has been smoking too much.
It looks as if it is going to rain.
It sounds as if you are from the south of the United States.
3.同位语从句
常用的连接词that, whether(不是if), why, who, where, how, when
The report that the company has filed for bankruptcy is untrue.
I have no idea why he abandoned his family.
There is some doubt whether John is qualified for this job.
*不是所有的名词都能跟同位语从句,可以的有:
belief, doubt, explanation, hope, idea, news, opinion, possibility, thought, wish, truth, question,
fact, promise, problem, reply, report, suggestion, advice, warning,word (消息)
难点精析:
宾语从句的注意要点
1) 语序 陈述语序
We are worried about what we should do next.
I don’t know what’s wrong with him. (并不是疑问语序哦)
2) 省略
that引导的宾语从句一般可省略,除了以下情况:
*一个动词带多个宾语从句并列时 The teacher said that we must pay attention to his class,
that we must finish the homework and that we must read more books.
*宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语 Peter told me that he would win.
*有it作为形式宾语 I have to make it a rule that I learn English every day.
难点精析:
3)否定转移
在表达“认为...不...”的句子当中,应否定 主句(即主句用否定式,从句用肯定式)
这些动词有 think, believe, suppose, imagine, guess 等
I don’t think that he is a good child. 不要写成:I think that he is not a good child.
I don’t believe this idea can work. 不要写成:I believe this idea cannot work.
课后作业:
I wonder______May has kept her figure after all these years.
A. How B. what C. that D. whether
作业讲解:
I wonder_May has kept her figure after all these years.
A. how
B. what
C. that
D. whether

Lesson 24 定语从句(关系代词、关系副词)
课前练习:
This is the museum which was built last year.
分析句子的语法成分。
语法解读:
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1. 定语从句
担任定语功能的句子称为“定语从句”,定 语从句在句中相当于形容词,故又称为“ 形容
词性从句”。
This is the book that I want.
2. 什么是先行词?
被定语从句修饰的名词、代词等被称为 “先行词”,出现在定语从句前。
She is the girl who sang a song on the stage last night.
I will always cherish the days when I studied in your school.
Let’s find a place where I can have a picnic.
He lent me the money, which I considered a great help to me(有时是整个句子)
3. 什么是关系词?
引导定语从句的词就是“关系词”
其特征为:
1) 引导定语从句
2) 代替先行词
3) 在定语从句中担当一个成分
This is the book that I want.(作宾语)
4. 关系词的分类
1)关系代词
指人:who, whom, whose, that 指物:that, which,whose
He is the man who lives next door. (主语)
I met the professor whom I got to know a few days ago. (作宾语,可省略)
This is the scientist whose achievements are well known. (作定语)
I have many friends to whom I am going to send postcards, (whom作为介词的宾语时,从句由
“介词+whom”引出)
The program that/which we are watching is from a famous director. (作宾语时可省略)
China is not the country that it was 50 years ago. (作表语时可省略)
She told me a story that/which was very funny. (作主语)
I like a room whose window faces the sea. (作定语)
This is the house in which Lu Xun used to live. (which 作为 in 的宾语)
2)关系副词 where, when, why
when: on/in/at/during which,作时间状语
where: in/on/at/to which, 作地点状语
why: for which,作原因状语
April 6th is the date when she was born. (on which)
You should keep the card in a place where you can find it easily. (in which)
难点精析:
1.关于“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
1) 有些“动词+介词”的固定词组不可以把介词拆开
[误]This is the book for which I’m looking.
[正] This is the book which I’m looking for.
再如:care for, deal with, get through, hear from, look after, see to
2) 关系代词前介词的确定 *根据从句动词习惯搭配
I bought a great house on which I spent all my money.(根据 spend)
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*根据先行词的习惯搭配
I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.(根据 time)
*根据所表达的意思确定
The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen. (根据上下文)
难点精析:
2.同位语从句和定语从句的区别
1) 看关系词作不作成分
2) 看从句表达的意思是不是先行词的内容
The news that our football team won the match was encouraging.
The news that we heard on the radio was encouraging.

课后作业:
The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere _____ his employees enjoy their
work.
A. where B. which C. when D. who
作业讲解:
The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere _ his employees enjoy their
work.
A. where
B. which
C. when
D. who

Lesson 25 定语从句(非限制性和限制性)
课前练习:
The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.
分析:which指代什么?
语法解读:
1.限定性定语从句
是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语,如果去掉,主句的意思就不完整或失 去意义。这种从句
跟主句关系十分密切,写时不可用逗号分开。
I was the only person who was qualified for this task.
She has two daughters who study in the same school.
常翻译为定语,上述两句的翻译:
我是唯一可以胜任这项任务的人。
她有两个在同一所学校上学的女儿。
2.非限定性定语从句 和主句关系不是很密切,只是对 先行词的附加说明。如果去掉,主句
的意思仍然清楚。写这种从句时,往往用逗号分开。
Jenny, with whom I played table tennis yesterday, lives in my next door.
She has two daughters, who study in the same school.
通常译为并列句
珍妮住在我的隔壁,我昨天下午跟她打了乒乓球。
她有两个女儿,她们在同一所学校上学。
可以修饰整个句子
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