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雪千寻英语语法与写作基础

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2021-01-18 19:30
tags:英语学习, 外语学习

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2021年1月18日发(作者:凡卡ppt)
英语语法基础
一、词性
1. 名词(noun →n.):
表示人或物的名称,man, teacher, book, music, time等。
另有专有名词如Tom, New York, Wall Street, ATM等。
动名词也是名词,由动词+ing构成,表示某种行为,如:swimming,
playing basketball, being short等。
在英语中,名词可做句子的主语、宾语、表语、定语、补足语、同位
语。如:
I love studying English in my leisure / spare / free time. (主语、宾语)
Being short is not a disadvantage. (主语、表语)
The railway bridge is to be reconstructed next month. (定语)
We made him monitor. (宾语补足语)
We Chinese people mean what we say. (同位语)
2. 各种代词(pronoun →pron.)
指代人或物,如人称代词he, she, us, them, 指示代词this, that, these,
不定代词some, any, someone, something, all, each,疑问代词what,
which等。
代词类似于名词,在英语中通常做主语、宾语,少数可以做表语、同
位语、定语。
What has happened to him? (主语、宾语)
This is my book. Yours is over there. (定语、主语)
They each / all got a birthday present. (同位语。 当然,还有主语they
也是代词。)
注意:反身代词只能作宾语、表语、同位语,绝对不能做主语! 例如:
He himself is to blame for the mistake. (同位语)
He isn’t himself / doesn’t look / feel / seem himself today. (表语)
He slipped, but didn’t hurt himself. (宾语)
3. 形容词 (adjective →adj./a.)
形容词的主要功能就是作定语、表语、补足语。如:
He is said to be a handsome boy. (定语)
He is tall, handsome, and above all, very intelligent. (表语)
He fell down to the ground, dead. (主语补足语)
4. 副词 (adverbial →adv./ad.)
副词通常做状语,修饰动词、形容词、另外一个副词、整个句子。
He plays the piano well / very well. (修饰动词短语plays the piano,
very又修饰副词well)
She is very / really / pretty beautiful. (修饰形容词beautiful)
Surprisingly, he passed the exam at first attempt. (修饰整个句子)
注意一词多义、一词多性现象:
She was very ill and was rushed to hospital immediately. (形容词,“生
病的”,句中作表语)
ill effects / discipline / temper / humor(形容词,“不好的;糟糕的;有
害的”,只能作前置定语)
ill- equipped / ill-treat / speak ill of sb (副词,“坏地;糟糕地”,做状
语)
a cure for all the nation’s ills (名词,“问题;困难”,作宾语。)
The book is very good and worth reading a second time. (程度副词,“非
常地”,做状语。)
He is the very man for the job. (形容词,“恰恰是;正是”等表示强调
的意思,只能做前置定语。)
He played the instrument so well that he won first prize. (副词,“好地”)
He’ll get well soon. (形容词,“身体好的;健康的”,只能作表语。)
We used to get our water from a well. (名词,“井;水井;油井;气井)
With tears welling in his eyes, she went away. (动词,“(液体)流出;
涌出”)
5. 介词 (preposition →prep.)
英语中的介词不能单独使用,通常跟后面的宾语构成介词短语,一起
做句子的 状语、定语、表语、补足语。
I’ll put my name on the back of the envelope. (地点状语)
She didn’t remember the name on the back of the envelope. (后置定语)
He was on holiday at the time. (表语、时间状语)
He left his keys in the dormitory. (宾语补足语)
6. 连词 (conjunction →conj.)
英语中的连词有并列连词和从属连词两种,分别引导并列句和从句。
并列连词主要有and, but, or, so, for;从属连词引导从句,按功能分有
引导状语从句的because, since, as, although, so that等,引导定语从句
的that, which, who, whose, when, where等,还有引导名词性从句的
that, who, which, whether, where等。
We are making good progress, but we still have a long way to go. (引导
并列句,表示转折)
Before I could think of a reply, she went away. (引导时间状语从句)
Since everybody is here, let’s begin. (引导原因状语从句)
Who is the man that is sitting at the back? (引导定语从句)
This is the hospital where / in which she was born. (引导定语从句)
That no one remembered her birthday left Maria very depressed. (引导
名词性从句的主语从句)
I’m delighted that we achieved what we set out to do. (两个从句,分别
有由that和what引导,都是名词性从句的宾语从句)
The question is whether we can get in touch with him. (引导名词性从
句的表语从句)
7. 动词 (verb →v.)
动词在英语中最复杂,有很多种分类:
1)及物动词与不及物动词
2)动作动词(行为动词)与状态动词(静态动词,含系动词、结果
动词)
3)实义动词与助动词(含情态助动词)
4)持续动词与瞬间动词
5)谓语动词与非谓语动词
关于动词用法下面还有论述,请参照下文。

二、英语的句子成分小结
1. 主语:
由名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、主语从句充当
I was / They were young and energetic.
Who / What makes him so upset?
To learn / Learning English is easy.
Who will go there / Whether or not the meeting will be held is not decided
yet.
2. 谓语:
由谓语动词来充当,有时态和语态(主动语态与被动语态)变化
Spending money is fun.
He didn’t go with us for lack of money.
I have been working for hours and is in need of a rest.
The car must have been stolen.
3. 宾语:
由名词、代词、动名词、宾语从句充当
I want to go home right now.
I appreciate your help / your helping me.
He didn’t say why / when he was leaving.
4. 定语:
由形容词、动词不定式、现在分 词、过去分词、动名词、介词短语、
定语从句充当,分前置定语和后置定语两种。
The small boy (sitting / seated) under the tree is Tom.
The boy (who is seated / sitting) under the tree is Tom.
5. 补足语:
由名词、形容词、动词不定式、现在分 词、过去分词、介词短语充当,
有宾语补足语和主语补足语两种)
The news made me happy / on top of the world.
He was elected / made monitor.
He wanted the work to be done by Friday.
Wherever you go, you see KFC advertised.
He was caught smoking in the workshop and was fired immediately.
6. 状语:
由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、状语从句充
当。英语中状语的种类繁多,常见 的有时间状语、地点状语、方式状
语、原因状语、伴随状语、目的状语等。
He remained seated there / throughout the party.
He jumped with joy when he heard the news.
To learn English well, you should read widely.
Dressed in / Wearing a scarf, she looks younger.
7. 表语(系动词be和半系动词之后):
由名词、形容词、反身代词、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语充当
He is like his father / a student / handsome.
The chicken smells / tastes good.
He looks worried / like his father.
The story sounds interesting.
Something must have gone wrong.
8. 同位语
英语中,只有主语和宾语才可能有同位语,由名词、少数代词和同位
语从句充当
He praised us all in class. (宾语us的同位语)
They all / each got a reward. (主语they的同位语)
I saw the president himself. (宾语the president的同位语)
We were all surprised at the news that he had resigned. (主语we的同
位语;宾语the news的同位语从句)
三、助动词小结
助动词主要是帮助谓语动词改变形式,如否定式、疑问式、进行式、
完成式、被动式、强调式等。
1.助动词has, have, had(后接过去分词,构成谓语动词的完成时,
用于肯定句、否定句、疑问句)
I have finished all my homework. / Have you finished your homework?
--- No, I haven’t.
She has gone to Shanghai to study Chinese literature.
The train had already left when she arrived at the station.
2.助动词is, am, are, was, were, has been, have been, had been, will be
a) 后接动词的- ing形式,构成谓语动词的进行式
What are you doing now? --- I’m watching TV at home.
Two boys were playing football nearby when the accident happened.
I have been teaching English for more than 20 years and I know how to
solve the problem.
She is not working in Beijing now; she has gone to Shenzhen to seek her
fortune.
We will be flying over the Atlantic Ocean this time tomorrow.
b) 后接过去分词,构成谓语动词的被动语态
She was awarded the Nobel Prize twice in 5 years.
When he returned he found his house had been broken into and a lot of
things (had been) stolen.
The suspension bridge will be completed next month.
I can’t lend you my bike because it is being repaired now.
3.助动词do, does, did
a) 后接动词原形,构成谓语动词的否定式、疑问式
We don’t go to school on Sunday. Do you?
She doesn’t work here any longer; she has moved to Shanghai.
Did you go to the cinema with her last night? --- No, I didn’t.
b) 后接动词原形,构成谓语动词的强调式,常译成“确实;的确;
务必”,仅用于肯定句
I did return the money to you.
She does work in this school but she is now in Shanghai on business.
I do believe that he is the best man for the job.
Do be careful next time.
4.情态助动词can/could, may/might, must, should, will/would, shall,
need, ought等。情态助动词与上述助动词在用法 唯一不同的是,情态
助动词有特定的意义,表达说话人某种特定的感情,所以叫情态助动
词。
You’ve been working for a few hours. You must be tired.
Hurry up! They must be waiting for us.
I didn’t hear the phone. I must have been asleep.
You needn’t come if you don’t want to.
You needn’t have hurried. There was plenty of time left.
There is a knock on the door. Who can it be?
I can’t find my umbrella. Who can have taken it?
What shall we do now?
You should not have left her alone at home last night.

四、非谓语动词小结(动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、动名词)
1.动词不定 式(带to)、现在分词、过去分词都可以作状语,但动词
不定式(带to)只能作目的状语和结果状语 ,其他的状语(一般为时
间状语、原因状语、条件状语和伴随状语)用分词,其中,现在分词
表 示主动、过去分词表示被动。
To learn English well, you should read widely. (动词不定式作目的状
语)
With this, he left, never to return. (动词不定式作结果状语)
Hearing the news, he was wild with joy. (现在分词作时间状语,跟主
语是主动关系)
He came running towards his mother. (现在分词作伴随状语,跟主语
是主动关系)
She came, accompanied by her mother. (过去分词作伴随状语,跟主
语是被动关系。)
(注:动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语,其逻辑主语必须是
主句的主语。)
2.动词不定式(带to)、现在分词、过去分词都可以作定语,其中,
动词不定式表示将来的行为,现 在分词表示主动和正在进行,过去分
词表示被动和已经发生。)
The bridge to be built next year will join Zhuhai, Macao and Hong Kong.
(动词不定式作定语)
The boy wearing glasses is my next-door neighbor. (现在分词作定语)
The stolen car was discovered near a river. (过去分词作定语)
需要注意的是,某些特殊结构后面只能用动词不定式作定语,它们是:
序 数词、only、动作性名词,如refusal, attempt, effort, willingness,
pressure等。此时则不用考虑时间概念。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave.
He is the only teacher to understand me.
I appreciate your offer to take me to the airport.
另外还有一种结构being + 过去分词作定语,表示一个正在进行的被
动行为:
The matter being discussed is very important.
The bridge being built was designed by a world-famous designer.
(注:动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词作定语,其 逻辑主语必须其
修饰的那个名词;动词不定式有主动和被动之分。)
3.动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语,有以下
3种情况:
a)动词不定式带to,跟在某些动词后,构成固定结构,如:ask / tell
/ order / persuade / allow / forbid sb to do,其否定式是not to do。变为
被动结构时,宾语补足语相应变为祝语补足语。此种用法仅限于动词
不定式。
I persuaded him not to go there alone.
We are not allowed to smoke at school.
The novel is believed / is reported / is said to have been translated into
Chinese.
b)动词不定式(不带to)、现在分词、过去分词跟在感官动词see, hear,
notice, observe后作宾语补足语,构成固定结构,其中,动词不定式
表示动作 的全过程,现在分词表示主动和正在进行,过去分词表示被
动和已经发生。
I noticed him enter the school gate.
They saw him walking towards the school.
She was frightened to see the old man knocked down by a car.
变为被动结构时,动词不定式要加to,现在分词和过去分词不变,同
时宾语补足语 变为主语补足语。
He was noticed to enter the school gate.
They were never heard to have a quarrel.
A woman with two children was seen begging in the square.
c)动词不定式(不带to)、现在分词、过去分词跟在使役动词let, make,
have后作宾语补足语,构成固定结构,其中,动词不定式表示动作的
全过程, 现在分词表示持续的行为,过去分词表示被动和已经发生。
The teacher had me rewrite my composition.
She made me wash the car for a week.
I’d like to have this package weighed, please.
He soon had us all laughing at his jokes.
(注:从词义上来说,let sb do = allow sb to do,have sb do = ask sb to
do,而make sb do = force sb to do,其被动式be made to do (动词不
定式要加to)= have to do:He was made to wash the car for a week.)
4.动名词作主语、宾语、表语、定语
(动名词,顾名思义是一个名词,虽然它是由动词+ing构成,但它不

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