雪花飘飘北风萧萧21考研英语基础语法

2021年1月18日发(作者：商君列传)











《考研英语基础语法》
第一讲 时态与语态
一、动词基本时态

二、动词时态含义

1、一般

1）
一般过去时
①表示过去的动作或状态
I worked in that company in 1982.
②表示现在往往已经改变
I loved you.
注意：区别在于是否有时间状语。

2）
一般将来时
①将来的动作或状态
I will be a college student 3 years later.
②现在往往还没有实现
I will finish my homework.

注意：区别在于是否有时间状语。
3）
一般现在时
①现在的动作或状态
I am single.
※②客观事实、真理。
The earth is round.

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客观事实需要与时间无关，所以只能是一般现在时。

2、进行

1）
进行时表示延续概念。
I am learning English.
I am eating.

注意：只有延续性动词才有资格拥有进行时。

2）
非延续动词的 be doing 形式表示将来。
I am coming.
I am going.
He is dying.
看，周杰伦来了。
Look, Jay is coming.
Look, Jay comes.

3、完成

1）
完成时的含义-以现在完成时为例。
①表示过去延续到现在。
I have worked in that company for 3 years.
②表示过去做过，但对于现在有影响。
I have broken the window.
I broke the window.
③表示过去到现在反复做。
I have done that many times.
2）
完成时的标志。
①起点：since/ from…
②终点：by now(far)/ so far/ up to now/ up till now/
③过程：for/during/in+一段时间
④次数

注意：yet/ already 不是完成时标志。

3）
过去完成时——过去的过去
①典型的标志结构
Before…did…, …had done…
②逻辑关系

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4、完成进行时

其实是完成时的一个含义的突出，强调延续且不间断。
I have learned English for 3 years.
I have been learning English for 3 years.

When I was at college I three foreign languages, but I
A. spoke; had forgotten B. spoke; have forgotten
C. speak; had forgotten D. speak; have forgotten
all except a few words of each.

You don’t need to describe her. I
met B. have met C. met
her several times.
D. Meet

His wife to catch the first train but she was too late.
is hoping
B. had hoped
C. has hoped
D. would hope

John and I friends for eight years till now. We first got to know each other at a Christmas
party. But we each other a couple of times before that.
had been; have seen
B. have been; have seen
C. had been; had seen
D. have been; had seen

Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.
He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service
– as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.
Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “ sorting
mechanism ”in society should be profit and the market.
The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he
wanted to do with his own money.


三、语态

1、被动语态基本结构
Be done
2、被动语态的常见时态
Tom is beaten.
Tom was beaten.
Tom is being beaten.

3

Tom has been beaten.
Tom will be beaten.



第二讲 主谓一致

一、名词 1 + 介词 + 名词 2 (A of B )
原则：名词 1 决定动词
A as well as B
A together with B
A along with B
A rather than B
Tom，together with two boys …
注意：a number of +ns + 复数谓语
the number of +ns + 单数谓语

Alice, together with two boys,
A. was punished
C. were punished
for having broken the rule.
B. punished
D. being punished

Mary as well as her sisters
A. are studying
C. studies
Chinese in China.
B. have studied
D. study

二、名词 1 + 连词 + 名词 2
连词包括：A or B / A nor B / not only A but also B / either A or B /neither A nor B / not A but
B …不包括 and!!
原则：名词 2 来决定谓语动词单复数！
Neither he nor I tired.
Neither I nor he tired.
Not a teacher but students
Not students but a teacher
Not only I but also Jane and Mary

Not only I but also Jane and Mary
A .is
B. are
C. am
D. be
tired of having one examination after another.

注意：and 的用法。
1、and 并列的名词应该使用复数。

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Money and power
Students and teachers
A boy and a girl
2、冠词数量影响
A writer and painter
A writer and a painter
the time and the place
the time and place

三、名词+后置定语
后置定语的类型
Doing…/To do/done…/prep…/adj…/定语从句
注意：从前往后看，第一个名词后面出现如上形式，就是后置定语的开始，到谓语动词前结 束！

The man walking to me
The girl hurt by his rude remarks
The house which was built by Tom
The solution that you proposed during the meeting (that) we held yesterday
The understanding of the concept defining roles in social sciences during the 19th century

四、视为整体结构
1、两者总是同时出现
Fork and knife
Fish and chips
When and where
Needle and thread
Science and technology
…
2、时间、金钱、重量等计量单位
When and where to build the new factory
A. is not decided
B. are not decided
C. has not decided
D. have not decided












yet.

五、定语从句的谓语动词与先行词保持一致
We love Tom who smart.
I love you who my angel in my heart.
I, who a brave man, want to beat Tom.
I love Lucy and Lily who pretty.

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第三讲 倒装

一、完全倒装

1、be
A be B. – B be A.
My shirt is white.
2、vi
A vi B. – B vi A
The bus comes here.
注意：B 部分往往是副词或短语
3、Vt

倒装的原因？
1、明确修饰。
Wuhan is in the center of China, which is very attractive.
In the center of China is Wuhan, which is very attractive.

2、避免头重脚轻。
The building that was built to honor the hero and became the symbol of the city is in the center of
the square.


二、部分倒装

1、only 前置（only 需要将所修饰成分共同前置）
We can solve the problem only through these ways.
We can learn English well only when we realize the importance of it.

2、so 前置（so 需要将所修饰成分共同前置）
He was so careless that he made a stupid mistake.
So careless was he that he made a stupid mistake.

3、否定词前置
I will never marry you.
He found nothing when he arrived.
He cared no one when he shouted.

4、if 虚拟的省略
If the god were to give me another chance, I would say I love you.
If I were a tiger, I would eat the lion.

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If I had studied hard, I would have become a top student.

5、as 引导的倒装
形容词/副词/名词(0 冠词)+ as + 主 + 谓语
He is strong
He runs fast
He is a child

So that no fish can live in it.
A. the lake is shallow
C. shallow is the lake
B. shallow the lake is
D. is the lake shallow

Little about his own safety, though he was in great danger himself.
A. does he care B. did he care
C. he cares D. he cared

Never before
A. am I
seen such a stupid man.
B. was I C. have I D. I shall

Hardly down he stepped in.
A. had I sat, than B. I had sat, when
C. had I sat, then D. had I sat, when

, he is honest.
A. As he is poor B. Poor is he
C. Poor as he is D. Poor as is he

, he knows a lot of things.
A. A child as he is B. Child as he is
C. A child as is he D. Child as is he

, you can’t lift yourself up.
A. Even you’re strong
C. How strong you are
B. Strong as you are
D. In spite you are strong



第四讲 虚拟

一、if 引导的虚拟
将来：if+were to do/ should do, …would do…
现在：if+did/were…, …would do…

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过去：if+had done…, …would have done…

If I were to be a bird, I would fly into the sky.
If I were you, I would not do that.
If I had super power, I would save the world.
If I had worked hard, I would have been a top student.

注意：
1）
if 引导的虚拟可以倒装。
If I were to be a bird, I would fly into the sky.
-Were I to be a bird,…
If I were you, I would not do that.
-Were I you, …
If I had super power, I would save the world.
-Did I have super power,…
If I had worked hard, I would have been a top student.
-Had I worked hard,…

注意：
2）
if 结构与含义。




If I at home, I would have been more satisfied.
A. had studied B. will study
C. study D. studied

If the whole operation
A. was not planned
C. had not been planned
beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost.
B. has not been planned
D. planned

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二、与 if 类似的结构（从句虚拟）
I wish:希望…
If only: 如果…该多好
As if(though)：好像

将来：were to do/ should do
现在：were/ did
过去：had done
I wish that I were you.
I wish that I had been there.
It’s raining heavily, if only I had taken an umbrella.
He acts as if(though) he knew everything.

Look at the terrible situation I am in ! If only I your advice .
A follow B had followed C would follow D have followed

I wish I longer this morning , but I had to get up and come to class.
A have slept B slept C might have slept D had slept

He acted as if he
A. knew B. knows
everything in the world.
C. has known D. won't know


三、表条件结构+主句虚拟
1、表条件结构
1）without+n
2）but for+n 3）
but that+句子4）
if not+句子

2、主句虚拟
将来：…would do…
现在：…would do…
过去：…would have done…
Without your help, I would not have passed the test.

Without electricity， human life
A. is
B. will be
C. would have been
D. would be

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quite different today.