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你能把我怎么样略论中国古陶瓷器物名称英译的一般规范

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2021-01-18 23:42
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肯德基创业史-阿玛尼男士香水

2021年1月18日发(作者:吴镇宇)
略论中国古陶瓷器物名称英译的一般规范

一.


术语


古陶瓷术语主要包括釉彩、纹饰、器型、工艺技法等几个方面,而器 物名称也往往会涉及
到这几个方面的的内容。


从目前看到的国外有关中国 古陶瓷的著作中,术语在不同的时期有不同的叫法,这并不是
说这些术语有对错之分,
而是说这 些术语越来越科学、
准确,
反映了中外学术界的交流与相互借
鉴。
国内古陶瓷 出版物中器物名称的英译存在的主要问题是不准确、
不科学,
与国外学术界通行
的译法 存在差异;
而中文英译的目的就是要让国外的相关人士看懂读懂,
如果与国外的通行做法
存在差异就不能够获得这种效果。



下面对一些在英译中出现差异较大的釉彩术语名词作一具体分析。

1.


famille verte

【英文释义】





Famille
verte

is
a
term
coined
by
Jacquemart
in
the
nineteenth
century,
and
applies
to the porcelain
decorated in
translucent enamels, among which green is
dominant, iron
red is opaque, but this rarely plays an important part in the decoration.

Famille verte
has two parts. One consists of ordinary overglaze decorated pieces,
and
the
other
of
enamel
on
biscuit
pieces,
the
distinctions
between
them
not
always
being
very clear. The enamel on biscuit type lends itself to slightly denser treatment and
the
use
of
white
areas
is
drastically
reduced.
To
the
famille
verte

there
may
be
limited
additions of gold for some details, but gold does not normally occur on the enamel on
biscuit type.
Famille verte
is applied
only to
types made
from the
seventeenth century
onward
(Kangxi
period)
which
differ
much
in
style
from
earlier
wares.
Famille
verte

has
survived intermittently, having reached its apogee early in the eighteenth century.

Famille
noire

and
famille
jaune

are
the
variants
under
the
general
heading
of
famille
verte
. They use the same palette but the emphasis is either on the black or the yellow
rather than the green, and in both cases these tend to be background colors. Black is
the
dominant
background
color
of
famille
noire
,
famille
noire

consisits
of
a
dull
black
ground covered
with
a green enamel. Yellow is the dominant
background color of
famille
janue
.


1
The five-colored wares known as
Wucai
are complicated, as the blue had to be put
on
under
the
glaze
and
fired,
and
the
enamel
colores
added
and
refired.
Towards
the
end
of
the
seventeenth
century
the
use
of
underglaze
blue
in
combination
with
the
overglaze
colors diminished. It is finally abandoned in favor of an overglaze blue, and it is to
this type that the name truly applies.

During the Kangxi period
Wucai
was replaced with the famille verte.


【中文说明】

Famille verte
主要是对清朝康熙时部分五彩瓷及其后时期五彩瓷和素三彩的统称,尤以
指五彩瓷为多。在
famille verte
中则又有
famille noire

famille jaune
的区分,前者是
指墨地五彩,
后者是指黄地五彩。
对于康熙时期的五彩瓷,
我们在翻译的时候都与一般五彩瓷同样对待,看不出二者的区别,但在国外学术界则是有严格的区分的。对于一般五彩瓷与
famill e
verte
的区分主要通过蓝彩是属于釉上彩还是釉下彩来做出的。
一般五彩瓷 ,
主要是指明代五彩
瓷和清代早期五彩瓷,其中的蓝彩仍然是釉下蓝彩,也就是青花;而
famille verte
中的蓝彩
则是釉上彩。
国内出版的大部分文物及相关 图录或著作中的英文翻译中,
对于康熙这一部分蓝彩
为釉上彩的五彩瓷的译法与一般五彩瓷的译 法一样,
没有做出区分,
而在国外的同类著作中,

能看到明显的区分。

【实例应用】

a. Famille verte
plate painted with a kingfisher and lotus plants.


五彩荷花翠鸟纹盘

b.
Famille
verte

saucer-dish
painted
with
peach
and
pomegranate
sprays
and
incised
with dragons pursuing pearls among clouds.


素三彩花果刻云龙戏珠纹盘

c. Famille noire
vase painted with history stories.


墨地五彩历史故事图瓶

2.


famille rose

粉彩

【英文释义】


2
Famille rose
is a term coined by Jacquemart in the nineteenth century and applies
to a group of overglaze enameled porcelains which begins at the end of Kangxi. The
delicate
rose
pink
which
is
characteristic
of
the
group
is
an
opaque
color
derived
from
colloidal
gold.
All
the
colors
in
the
group
are
opaque
and
stand
up
more
in
relief
than
those
of
the
famille
verte

translucent
type.
The
wider
palette
and
more
meticulous
style
of painting possible. By about the middle of the eighteenth century western subjects
became
a
popular
novelty.
This
group
of
enamels
is
also
known
by
its
Chinese
name
yangcai

or
fencai
.


【中文说明】


在目前能见到的汉英文物或考古词典中,都将
famille rose

famille verte
归在“粉
彩”的条目之下,可见是将二者混 淆了;此外还有直接用拼音“
fen
cai
”的。“粉彩”一词的
英译当 以国外学术界通用的译法为准,也就是译作
famille rose



【实例应用】

a. Famille rose
vase painted with flower scrolls.


粉彩缠枝花卉纹瓶

b. Famille rose
jar painted with landscape and figures.


粉彩山水人物图罐


3.


peachbloom

豇豆红釉

【英文释义】

Peachbloom

is
the
name
of
a
reduced
copper
glaze
effect
developed
in
the
Kangxi
period.
It is difficult to fire and so is used only on small vessels for the scholar’s table.
Pieces
are
so
fired
as
to
produce
a
soft
pinkish-red
color,
shading
off
to
green
in
places.
The effect is an expensive one to produce successfully, and all the best pieces are of
the Kangxi period. The superintendent Zang Ying-xuan is generally credited with this
innovation.
Peachbloom

is
an
extremely
temperamental
glaze
used
only
for
a
small
range
of
objects.
There
are
eight
vessels
produced
with
this
glaze.
They
are:
a.

coiled
dragon
vase,
b.
three-string vase,
c.
chrysanthemum vase,
d.
Guanyin vase,
e.
semi-spherical
water pot (taibai zun),
f.
apple-shaped vase,
g.
shallow brush washer,
h.
seal- paste
box.


3

【中文说明】

Peachbloom
就是我们所说的豇豆红釉。
国内出版物中基本上不用这一术 语,
而出现较多的

kidney-bean
red,
cowpea
red
等,都是依照字面的意思来直译的。此外,由于豇豆红有多种< br>不同的叫法,
如美人醉、
孩儿脸等,
有时也就依照中文字面译作

beatuy’s
blush,
child’s
face,

其实所指的器物都是一种,
而这些译法未见得就很科学,
也不是通行的用法。
其实
peachbloom

词就是依照豇豆红的另一叫法“桃花片”而译出的,后 成为这一种釉色品种通行的术语。


【实例应用】


a. Peachbloom
water pot incised with dragon roundels.


豇豆红釉刻团螭纹太白尊

b. Peachbloom
chrysanthemum vase.


豇豆红釉菊瓣瓶

4.


Sancai

三彩

【英文释义】

A
name
given
to
certain
lead
silicate
glazing
techniques.
The
term
is
the
polychorme
wares
of
Tang,
Liao
and
Song
Dynasties,
the
common
colors
being
yellow,
white
and
green,
especially
pointing
to
Tang
Sancai.

It
is
also
named
for
Ming
ploychrome
wares
that
known
as
Ming Sancai
, in which the dominant background is yellow, with a decoration incised
into
the
body
and
colored
green,
later
other
colors
are
to
added.
Fahua,
which
is
produced
of Ming Dynasty, is also named
Sancai
.


【中文说明】

三彩的译法有多种,常见的主要是
tri-color

three-color
,这两种都是依据字面的意
思来直译的,但并不准 确,因为三彩的“三”并不代表这一品种只有三种颜色,而只是说明色彩
较多而已。虽然在国外把唐三彩 、辽三彩和宋三彩、以及明代三彩统称为三彩,但它们之间还是
有所区别的。唐三彩用白色粘土作胎,用 含铜、铁、钴、锰等金属元素的矿物作着色剂,釉色以
黄、绿、白三色为主,同时还有蓝、紫等色。辽三 彩受唐三彩的影响,多用黄、绿、白三色,它
与唐三彩的区别主要是胎土不同,没有蓝色,施釉不交融, 釉面少流淌现象。宋三彩指宋、金时
期生产的低温彩色釉陶制品,在唐三彩和辽三彩的基础上,除黄、绿 、白三色以外,还有艳红、
乌黑等色,
并新创了翡翠釉,
但仍没有蓝色。
明、
清两代也生产三彩制品,
以黄、
绿、
紫为主色,
在涩胎上用彩釉填绘 刻划好的图案,因其不用红彩,所以又有素三彩之称。素三彩始于明代,正

4
德时 期最为精致,清代康熙年间十分盛行。三彩的英译以拼音出之,更能直接表明意思,避免了
其他英译表面 意思带来的不必要的误解。


【实例应用】

a.


Sancai
horse and groom of Tang Dynasty.



唐三彩马与马夫

b.

Sancai
tripod censer of Ming Dynasty.


明素三彩三足炉


5.


Wucai

五彩

【英文释义】

Wucai
is a term applied to procelain of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It often
decorated
in
underglaze
blue
and
overglaze
enamel
colors
such
as
red,
green,
yellow
and
black
and
occasionally
with
a
clear
turquoise
enamel
as
well.
Blue
is
used
like
any
other
colors, but it is a underglaze color and other colors are overglaze. At the end of
seventeenth century, Kangxi reigon of Qing Dynasty,
Wucai
eventually developed into
famille verte
.


【中文说明】


五彩的英译以
five-colors

polychrome
为多见,近来多采用
Wucai


Wucai
在国外学
术界所指的主要是明代五彩瓷和清代早期五彩瓷,
其 中的蓝彩仍然是釉下蓝彩,
也就是青花作为
一种颜色来使用;之后的五彩瓷习惯上用
f amille verte
来称呼。


【实例应用】

a.
Wucai double-gourd wall vase painted with phoenix and flowers.






五彩凤穿花纹葫芦形壁瓶





b. Wucai pen-tray painted with dragons and phoenixs among clouds above waves.






五彩龙凤纹笔盒

6


Doucai
斗彩


5
【英文释义】


Doucai is a term for porcelains of the Ming and Qing Dynasties decorated in a particularly refined
and delicate style. It is a particular type of imperial ware developed during the Chenghua period of
Ming Dynasty. It is a nice combination of underglaze blue painting and overglaze enamelling of a very
superior king. The main outlines and some of the details are painted in underglaze blue and overglaze
translucent enamels washed over to make the rest of the design.

【中文说明】


斗彩在以往的文献中英译为
contrasted colors

contending colors
较为多见,但这两种译法都不< br>能够非常准确的反映出斗彩的确切涵义,因而还是以汉语拼音的
Doucai
来指称更直 接些,且已
为大多数学者所接受。


【实例应用】

a.
Doucai cup painted with grapes.

斗彩葡萄纹杯

b. Doucai bowl painted with pheasants and peonys among stones.

斗彩雉鸡牡丹山石纹碗

7.
Fahua
法花

【英文释义】

Fahua is also basically of Sancai. The decoration is normally outlined by threads or reticulated, and
confined within the raised trail of slip or clay. The pieces usually have a turquoise or purple-blue
ground and are decorated in yellow, white, and turquoise or blue with green interiors. Sometimes
details such as the faces and hands of the figures ate left in the biscuit. In the late fifteenth and early
sixteenth century they are of porcelain but this gradually turns to stoneware and earthenware.

【中文说明】


法花,又 叫珐华、法华,是在琉璃釉的基础上发展出来的釉色品种。出现于元代,明中期以后
在山西晋南一带较为 盛行,
景德镇也仿烧法花器物,
但胎体从陶变为了瓷。
法花的英译也有多种,
但都不是十分确切,目前以用
Fahua
较为普遍。


【实例应用】

a.
Fahua jar designed with the story of eight Taoist Immortals.


法花八仙故事图罐

b. Fahua meiping designed with winged dragons above waves.

6

法花海水翼龙纹梅瓶


目前,国内在古陶瓷术语的使用上还存在 一定的混乱,虽然有的专业汉英辞典中收录了一些
术语,
但往往是对出现的术语统统收录,并没有指出哪一个是常用的或是最规范的,
这样使用者
如果没有一定的相关知识,也就无从 取舍,在使用上难免出现问题。因此,我们应该时刻关注国
外的学术信息,了解国外学术界的新动向,在 专业术语的使用上与国际学术界保持一致。

二.
语法


语法在翻译过程中是一个同样重要的问题,实际上也就是一个词语搭配的顺序问题,但这
个顺序有一定的 规律,
但同样存在特殊情况,
因而不能一概而论。
英语的语法与中文的使用习惯
是存在根本的差别的,
切忌用中文的语序去套英语。
陶瓷名称的英译也是一样,
虽然 名称只是一
个词组而非句子,但这个词组是一个相对较长而复杂的词组,需要按照一定的顺序来组织词语 ,
语法显得就十分重要。


先看一个例子:

Blue and white bowl painted with dragons and clouds
,中文是“青花云龙纹碗”。可
以看出,这一名称的表述方式是:釉彩品种
+
器型+
工艺技法
+
纹饰,这是最为普遍的一般表述方
式。再如
Dou cai cup painted with mandarin ducks in lotus pond
(斗彩荷塘鸳鸯纹杯),
也同样是这样的结构。


但有时候器型的修饰语比较长,为了照顾句子的平衡,就需要做一些相应的调整。如“青花
釉里红花卉纹 盖罐”按照上面的结构译成英语就是“
Underglaze blue and red covered jar
designed with flowers
”,但这样的句子在 英语语法里就会觉得十分别扭,显得头重脚轻,应
该译成“
Covered jar designed with flowers in underglaze blue and red
”。再如“黄地青
花赶珠云龙纹碗”就要译成“
Yellow ground bowl reserved in underglaze blue with
dragons
pursuing pearls among clouds”。

名称的表述有繁简两种情况,“简”则是只说明釉彩品种和器型即可,如红釉盘直接译为
red
glaze
plate
;而“繁”则是将器物的窑口、制作时代等一并加入,但如果 表述的内容太多,
则词组太长,这就需要用逗号加以分隔;如宋景德镇窑青白釉刻花碗译为:
Q ingbai
glaze
bowl
carved with flowers, Jingdezhen kiln, Song dynasty
。再如明宣德景德镇窑青花人物纹瓶译
为:
Blue
and
white
vase
painted
with
figures
under
trees,
Jingdezhen
kiln,
mark
and
period
of Xuande, Ming dynasty



再有就是中间表 示“工艺技法”的词语的选用,要根据不同的情况选择不同的词语,这一词
语的选择是以器物的主要工艺 技法来确定的。
如果一件器物使用多种工艺技法,
则以其中最主要
的一种来表述;如果 纹饰在器物表面通体以绘画来表现,则用
painted
;如果纹饰既有平面的描
绘, 又有立体的雕塑,则用
designed
;如果纹饰以刻划为主,则用
carved< br>或
incised
;??如此等
等。


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肯德基创业史-阿玛尼男士香水


肯德基创业史-阿玛尼男士香水


肯德基创业史-阿玛尼男士香水


肯德基创业史-阿玛尼男士香水


肯德基创业史-阿玛尼男士香水


肯德基创业史-阿玛尼男士香水


肯德基创业史-阿玛尼男士香水


肯德基创业史-阿玛尼男士香水



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