gentleman什么意思长难句

2021年1月19日发(作者：sausages)
第一章并列句

一、

并列句的构成：简单句
+
并列连词
+
简单句

常见并列连词：

表顺接

表转折

表选择

表因果

…
and
…

但是：

…
or
……
或者
…

…
for
…
因为

Both
…
and
…

…
but
…

Either
…
or
…
二选一

…
so
…
所以

Not
onlyw
…
but
…
yet
…

Ne ither
…
nor
…
两
者
都
also
…

…
while
…

不

Not only
…
but
…

…
whereas
…

Not
only
…
but
…
as

well


Eg: The environment is obviously important,but its role has remained obscure.


二、

并列句的省略：相同部分可省略，不同部分保持不变

Eg: The program keeps tracks of your progress and provides detailed feedback on
your performance and improvement.

【考场攻略】
：
找到并列句省略的部分

Eg: You can become a lawer in three years and you can become a medical doctor
in four.
You can become a lawer in three years and a medical doctor in four.


Eg: He visited the Casino,he lost the $$20 and he left.



He visited the Casino,lost the $$20 and left.


第二章复合句（复合句
=
主句
+
从句）

一．名词性从句

①

宾语从句

1
、

宾语从句的含义：
一个句子放到另一个句子里作宾语

2
、

宾语从句的写法：
主句
+
连接词
+
从句（主句缺什么，连接词用什么；从句为
陈述句）

Eg:1
）
acknowledges
that
these figures are conservation. (that
不作
成分可省略
)



2
）
We
suddenly
can
’
t
remember
where
we
put
the
keys
just
a
moment
ago.



3
）
I don
’
t know
if
other clients are going to abandon me ,too.



4
）
Why
do
so
many
Americans
distrusts
what
they
read
in
their
newspapers?
3
、
宾语从句的位置：

（
1
）及物动词
+
宾语从句

Eg
：
1
）
Scientists
believe
that intelligence can expand and fluctuate according to
mental effort.
2
）
This may also
explain
why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells
…

3
）
…
users could
tell advertisers
that they did not want to be followed.(
双宾
)

（
2
）介词
+
宾语从句

Eg: 1)This and other similar cases raise the question
of
whether there is still a line
between court and politics.
2)Those
difference
are
swamped
by

how
well
each
person
“
encodes
”

the
information.

（
3
）形容词
+
宾语从句
(
×
)
Eg: He felt
certain
that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.

4
、

考研中常出现的三种宾语从句
:
（
1）
非谓语动词
+
宾语从句：
（不一定是谓语动词
+
宾从 ，
只要是及物动词就可加
宾语从句）

Eg: 1)You might even be tempted
to assume
that humanity has little future to look
forward to.
2)Neither of these pattern is borne out by the analysis,
suggesting
that the structures
of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.

（
2
）多个宾语从句：

Eg:
To filter out
what is unique from what is shared might enable us
to understand
how complex cultural arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.


（
3
）宾语从句后 置，
it
作形式宾语：
（条件：①宾语从句太长；②必须在主谓宾
补的句子中 ）

Eg:
That
kinds
of
activity
makes
it

less
likely
that
the
court
’
s
decisions
will
be
accepted as impartial judgements.


②

表语从句

1
、

表语从句的含义：
一个句子放到另一个句子里作表语

2
、

表语从句的写法：
同宾语从句，但
that
不作成分也不可以省略

Eg: 1)The clear message
is
that we should get moving to protect ourselves.
2)Part of the problem
is
that the justices are not bound by an code.
3)This
is
where developing new habits comes in.
4)Yet the fact
remains
that the merger movement must be watched.
3
、
表语从句的位置：
位于系动词后


③

主语从句

1
、

主语从句的含义：
一个句子放到另一个句子里作主语


2
、

主语从句的写法：
同宾语从句，但
that
不作成分也不可省略；表达“是否”

时，宾从、表从
whether/if
可任选其一，而主语从句只能用
whether
Eg: 1)What
’
s needed is a package deal.
2)That the seas are being over fishedhas been known for years.
3)What motivated him
…
was his zeal for
“
fundamental fairness
”
.
4)Whether
the
community
’
s
work
contributes
much
to
an
overall
accumulation
of
knowledge is doubtful.

3
、

主语从句的位置：

（
1
）位于句首：谓语动词前

（
2
）位于句末：主语从句太长，用
it
作形式主语

Eg: 1)
It
didn
’
t matter what was done in the experiment.



2)
It
is becoming less clear,however,that such a theory would be simplification.

4
、

主语从句用于写作：

（
1
）
It is done+
主语从句（表达人们对一件事的观点看法）

Eg: 1)Thisyear,
it
was proposed that the system be changed
…




2)
It
was argued at the end of the 19
th
century that humans do not cry because
they are sad
…


（
2
）
It is+adj./n.+
主语从句（表达对一件事的评价）

Eg: 1)
It
is obvious that their views wre less fully intellectualized.
2)
It
is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than
go elsewhere.

④

同位语从句

1
、

同位语从句的含 义
:
一个句子放到另一个句子里解释说明名词
（原句不缺成分）

2
、

同位语从句的写法：
同宾语从句，但
that
不作成分也不可省略；最常用的是
that
引导

Eg: 1)Writing in the last year of his life,he expressed the
opinion
that in two or three
respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thrity.
2)
Evidence
that
the
LoveLife
program
produces
lasting
change
is
limited
and
mixed.
3)A
century
years
ago,Freud
formulated
his
revolutionary
theory
that
dreams
were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears
…

4)Part
of
the
fame
of
Allen
’
s
book
is
its
contention
that
”
Circumstance
do
not
make a person,they reveal him
”
.
5)Most
theories
of
juvenile
delinquency
have
focused
on
children
from
disadvantaged
familities,ignoring
the
fact

that
children
from
wealthy
homes
also
commit crimes.

3
、

同位语从句的位置：
位于抽象名词后

常见抽象名词：

idea,opinion,fact,evidence,que stion,doubt,reason,theory,belief,possibility,chanc e,ho
pe,contention,guarantee
…



【名词性从句小结】
：
四种名词性从句写法基本相同，位置不同




一、

定语从句

1.

定 语从句的概念：
一个句子放到另一个句子里作定语，修饰限定名词（同位
语从句只能修饰抽象名 词，而定语从句修饰限定任何名词）

Eg: Law is a discipline which encouragesresponsible judgement. (
定语从句的每一个
关系词都作成分
)

2.

定语从句的写法：
先行词
n.+
关系词
+
陈述句




先行词

关系词

Which/that
事
/
物

人

Who/whom(
只能作宾语
)/that
人
/
物（表示人或物的所有关系，
即
“某
Whose
人的
/
某物的”
）

When
时间

Where
地点

why
原因


(1).
先行词是事
/
物，关系词用
which/that
Eg: 1)Teachers need to be aware of the emotional,intellectual,and physical
changes
that young adults experience.
2)Furthermore,the
legal
system
and
the
events
which
occur
within
it
are
primary
subjects for journalists.

(2).
先行词是人，关系词用
who/wh om(
只能作宾语时用
)/that
Eg: 1
）
Most archaeological sites,however,are discovered by
archaeologists
who have
set out to look for them.



2
）
Retailers
that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect
to rake in substantial profits thereby.

(3).
先行词是人
/
物，表示人或物的所有关系，关系词用whose
Eg: 1
）
On display here are various fantasy
elements
whose reference,at some basic
level,seems to be the natural world.

2) This ,for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage,refers to discrimination
against
those
whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.

(4).
先行词是时间，关系词用
when
Eg: 1
）
It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age
of
forty
to
imagine
a
time
when
high-quality
arts
criticism
could
be
found
in
most
big-city newspapers.

(5).
先行词是地点，关系词选择
where
Eg: 1
）
In dreams,a window opens into a
world
where logic is suspended and dead
people speak

(6).
先行词是原因，关系词选择
why
Eg: 1
）
the other
reason
why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership
structure of the business.

(
7).
特殊的关系词
whereby=by which
Eg:
The
definition
also
excludes
the
majority
of
teachers,despite
the
fact
that
teaching
has
traditionally
been
the
method
whereby
many
intellectuals
earn
their
living.

关于定语从句的关系词的几点注意：

①

定语从句的关系词每一个都必须作成分，包括
That
②

Whom
指人，只能在作宾语时使用

③

When/where/why
引导定语从句时，前面的先行词必须与之匹配

④

关系词在定语从句中作宾语时，都可以省略

Eg: 1
）
All humans actually aware of the
world
they live in?



2)
these
rules
say
they
must
value
some
assets
at
the
price
a
third
party
would pay.

3.

定语从句的分类：


He will call
his friend
who is working in London.
（限定性定语从句，先行词范围不
明确，需限定，不要逗号隔开）

He will call
his mother
,who is working in London.
（非限定性定语从句，
先行词范围
明确，不需限定，需要逗号隔 开）



限定性定语从句

非限定性定语从句

逗号

无逗号

有逗号

先行词

范围不明确

范围明确

作用★

修饰限定先行词，不能省略，
补充说明先行词，可以省略，
影响表意

不影响表意

翻译★

往前翻译

单独翻译成一句话

关系词

①

关系词可以用
that
①

关系词不能用
that
②

作宾语可以省略

②

不可以省略

③

指人作宾语，用
③

指人作宾语，只能用
whom
whom/who/that
都行



4.
定语从句与同位语从句的区别：

①

同位语从句是解释说明名词；定语从句是修饰限定名词（类似于形容词
的作用）

②

同位语从句只能解释说明抽象名词；定语从句修饰限定任何名词