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leftout词汇学名词解释,复习提纲

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2021-01-19 07:09
tags:

修改基因-leftout

2021年1月19日发(作者:拉警报)
第一章:
A

word

can
be
defined
as
a
fundamental
unit
of
speech
and
a
minimum free form; with a unity of
sound
and
meaning,
capable
of
performing
a
given
syntactic
function

The
development
of
English
Vocabulary.


Old
English
(OE)
(449-1100)OE
is
chracterized
by
the
frequent use of compounds. Some OE
compounds
involving
alliteration
have survived in Modern 85% of OE
words
are
no
longer
in
use.

Middle
English
(1100-1500)ME
is
characterized
by
the
strong
influence of French following the
Norman Conquest in 1066.

law and
governmental
administration


Modern English (1500-the present)

The
rapid
growth
of
present-day
English vocabulary and its causes

A. marked progress of science and
technology

software, hardware

,
political
and
cultural
changes

credit
card,
fringe
benefit,
pressure
cooker

C.

influence
of
other
cultures
and
languages

maotai, sputnik


classification
of
English
words
according to different criteria
1.
By origin


native words and loan
words

Native
words(Anglo-Saxon
origin of OE) Loan words(borrowed
from other language)

features of basic word stock
: to
form
collocations
.

level
of
usage
(1)

Common
words
:
stylistically
neutral,
appropriate
in
both
formal
and
informal
writing
and
speech(2)
Literary
words
:chiefly
used
in
writing,
especially
in
books
written
in
a
more
elevated
style,
in
official
documents,
or
in
formal
speeches
.A.
archaic words: They are sometimes
employed
in
poetry,
business
letters,
legal
documents,
religious
speeches,
and
proses.


words

the deep (the sea), slumber
(sleep) maiden( girl), etc.


(3)
colloquial
words

mainly
used
in
spoken
English,
or
in
informal
writing.

(4)
slang words

kick the
bucket,

top- notch
teachers,
buzz(
telephone
call)(5)
technical
words

psychoanalysis,
interlanguage, discovery, assault
and
coversation

3.
By
notion
Function
words:
determiners,
conjunctions,
prepositions,
auxiliaries.

Content words:
nouns,
main verbs, adjectives, adverbs.



第二章:
The
morpheme

is
the
smallest
meaningful
linguistic
unit
of
language,
not
divisible
or
analyzable into smaller forms.

The
classification
of
morpheme


and
bound
morphemes

A
free
morpheme
is one that can be uttered alone
with meaning. It can exist on its
own without a bound morpheme. A
bound
morpheme
cannot
stand
by
itself as a complete utterance. It
must
appear
with
at
least
one
other
morpheme.

2. roots and affixes 1)
roots:
A
root
is
the
basic
unchangeable
part
of
a
word,
and
it
conveys
the
main
lexical
meaning
of
the
word.
A.
free
roots

In
English,
many roots are free morphemes.

B.
bound
roots

Quite
a
number
of
roots
derived
from
foreign
sources,
especially
from
Greek
and
Latin.

2)
affixes
A.
inflectional
affixes:
plurality,
tense,
comparative
or
superlative
degree.
B.
derivational
affixes (prefixes
and
suffixes)



第三章:
1. Derivation(1)prefixes

Prefixes

can
be
classified
into
the
following categories by their
.

“方式”的前缀()
B.
表“态度”的
前缀

C.

“程度”
的前缀

D.

“时
间”
的前缀

E.

“地点”
的前缀

F.

“否定”
的前缀

G.
表“大小”的前缀

(2)suffixes
(1)
-ee:
加于动词后,

示受事者或施事者
(2) -eer: < br>由其构
成的名词有时含有贬义,
表达作者或说
话人对某人的蔑视态度
( 3

-er:
由其
构成的新词在现代英语中显得生动活
泼,带有浓厚的口语色彩
(4) -ism(5)
-wise:
(in
terms
of,
so
far
as...
is
concerned)

......
方面,就
......
来说

is
a
word-formation
process
whereby
a
word
of
a
certain
word- class is shift into a word of
another
word-class
without
the
addition of an affix. It is also
called zero

derivation.

Types of
conversion
1.

N
to
V
conversion
A.
to
put
in/on
N

.......
放入
.......
使
.. .....
处于
.......

B. to give N, to provide with N

予,提供
C. to deprive of N
去掉
D.
to ......with N

......
来做
E. to
be/act
as
N
with
respect
to

......
那样
F. to make/change... into N
使
......
成为
......
,把
.......
改变

......G. to send/go by N H. to
spend
the
period
of
time
denoted
by
N

Adj to this type of verb means

make/become...adj.”
Some
adjectives
can
only
be
converted
into transitive verbs.

adv. to V

to up. To down
)④
conjunction to
V

to but


2.

V to N
这一类词常与动词
have,
take, give, make
等词搭配使用形成
一个短语
2)
表示行动的结果(
a find,
a catch, a cough, etc.

3)
原动词
表示一种行动或行为,
转化为名词后表
示行为的主体,如:

a
bore,
a
cheat,
a sneak, a coach, a good kick
)②
A
to N(1) Partial conversionA.
表示
一种类的概念,
指具有某种特点的一类
人,

不指个别人。
B.

-s,
-sh,
-se, -ch
结尾表示民族概念的形容词转化为
名词,与定冠词连用,指整个民族
C.< br>表示抽象概念,
指具有某种特点的东西
D.
最高级形容词转化为名词,
其中一些
词用在固定词组或英语习语词组中。
E.
过去分词构成的形容词转化为名词 。

类词前面加定冠词,
不指一般人,
而指
特定的人。
(2 ) Complete conversion

3. N to A.
英语中的名 词可以直接用
作定语修饰另一个名词,
既不需要加形
容词词尾,
也不需要任何 格的变化,

样的定语就是名词定语
.

3
.
Compounding or composition

is a
word-formation process consisting
of
joining
two
or
more
words
to
form
a new unit, a compound word.

Classification
of
compounds
1.
Noun
compounds(1)a+n

hard
disk,
easy
chair,
deadline)
(2)
n+n

mousemat,
Dream
Team,
information
highway,
etc.)

3)
adv+n

after- effect,
overburden

(4) gerund+n

chewing
gum,
reading
lamp

(5

present
participle+n

ruling
class,
floating
bridge(6)
v+n

swearword,
driveway

(7)
n+v

nightfall,
toothpick, watersupply, snowfall

(8)
v+adv(show- off,
put-off)(9

adv+v(downfall,
upset,
upstart)

2.
adjective
compounds
(1)
由状语转化
而成的复合形容词(
an off-the cuff
opinion(
临时想起的一点意见)
(2


语动词(
a stand-up collar (
竖领)
(3
)动词不定式(
take-home
pay(
扣除








a
cross-border
raid(
越界袭击)
(4

定语从句压缩(
a
difficult-to-operate
machine

3.
verb compounds



第四章:
Acronymy: Initialism
词首
字母缩略词
and Acronyms
首字母缩略

Initialisms(







Initialism
is
a
type
of
shortening,
using
the
first
letters
of
words
to
form
a
proper
name
a
technical
term,
or
a
phrase.

BBC(British
Broadcasting
Corporation),
VIP(Very Important Person)

Three types of
letters represent
full
words:

CIA=Central
Intelligence
Agency
ofthe


letters
represent
elements
in
a
compound or just part of a word:

ID=Identification(card)3.
A
letter
represents
the
complete
form
of
the
first
word,
while
the
second
word
is
in
full
form.(V-Day=Victory
Day)
Acronyms
:are
words
formed
from
the
initial
letters
of
the
name
of an organization or a scientific
term,
etc.(SAM=surface-to-air
missile

SALT=Strategic
Arms
Limitation
Talks)
Rapid
growth
of
acronyms
and
initialisms
:

space-saving
and
time-saving devices

Clipping
:
1.
Back
clippings:(ad=advertisement;
gas=gasoline
)
clippings:(chute=parachute;)
and
back
clippings:

flu=influenza;frid ge=refrigerat
or


4.
Phrase
clippings:

pub=public
house;pop=
popular
music



Blending

is
a
process
of
word-formation in which a new word
is
formed
by
combining
the
meanings
and
sounds
of
two
words,
one
of
which
is
not
in
it
full
form
or
both
of which are not in their full .
First
part
of
the
first
word+the
last
part
of
the
second
word:

botel
(boat+hotel):







2.
First
part
of
the
first
word+
First
part of the second word:

psywar
(psychological+warfare):
心理战)
3.
Whole form of the first word +last
part
part
of
the
second
word:

viedophone (viedo+telephone))4.
First
part
of
the
first
word+
Whole
form of the second word:

helipad
(helicopter +pad)
从文体色彩来看

拼缀词可分为以下三
大类:
1.
俚语或临时语
2.
科技用语
3.
报刊用语

Back- formation

is
a
term
used
to
refer
to
a
type
of
word-formation
by
which a shorter word is coined by
the
deletion
of
a
supposed
affix
from a longer form already present
in the language.

Words From Proper Names
From names
of
people
From
names
of
places
From
trdemarks From literature



第五章:
Word
Meaning
and Semantic
Features

1. Conventionality and Motivation
Conventionality




Most
English
words
are
conventioal,
arbitrary
symbols;
consequently,
there
is
no
intrinsic
relation
between
the
sound-symbol
and
its
Motivation




Motivation
refers
to
the
connection
between
word-symbol
and
its
sense.

Phonetic
motivation:
Words
motivated phonetically are called
echoic
words
or
onomatopoeic
words,whose
pronounciation
suggests
the

show
a
close
relationship
of
sound
to
sense.

miaow of a cat; roar of a lion;
quack of a duck
)②
Morphological
motivation:When
a
word
is
morphologically
motivated,
a
direct connection can be observed
between the morphemic structure of
the
word
and
its
meaning.

anticancer, kilometer, etc.
)③
Semantic motivation:

It refers to motivation based on
semantic factors. It is a kind of
mental association.

隐喻


20
世纪的绝大部分 的时间里,
隐喻被认为是语义演变的主要因素。

似性是构成隐喻的基础,
是 词义得以演
变的依据
the eye of a needle(
针眼)

the eye of a potato(
土豆的芽眼)相
似性包括外观相似、功能相似、
褒贬相
似、心理相似等。

隐喻的分类

1
)结构隐喻:一个概念
通过隐喻的方式系统地用另一个概念
表达出来,
两个概 念具有结构上的相似
性(
2
)方位隐喻:方位隐喻是指参照
空间方位而构建的 一系列隐喻概念。

3
)本体隐喻:用关于物体的概念或
概念结构来认识和理 解我们的经验,

可将抽象的概念喻说成具体的物体,

使后者的有关特征映 射到前者上去。

4
)容器隐喻:将本体(不是容器的
事物,如大地、视野、 事件、行动、状
态、心境等)视为一种容器(
5
)拟人
隐喻:将事体视为具有 人性。















salience)
一件事情、一个物体或一
个概念有很多属性,
而人的认知往往更
多地注意到其最突出、
最容易记忆和理
解的属性,即突显属性。语境依赖性

types
of
word
meaning


修改基因-leftout


修改基因-leftout


修改基因-leftout


修改基因-leftout


修改基因-leftout


修改基因-leftout


修改基因-leftout


修改基因-leftout



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