gin是什么意思词汇学考试重点

2021年1月19日发(作者：焚化炉)
The relations between sound and meaning
Sound is the physical aspect of a word and meaning is what the sound refers to. Their symbolic
connection
is
almost
always
arbitrary
and
conventional.
They
are
not

intrinsically

related.
People
of
different
languages
used
different
sounds
to
express
the
same
concept.
Woman,
eg.
becomes frau in German, femme in French and funv in Chinese. In the same language the same
sound can denote different things, e.g. write, right & rite; night&knight.
Sound and form

Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form. In other words, the sound should be
consistent with the form. With the development of the language, more and more differences arose
between
the two.
(1)
The
English
alphabet
was
adopted
from
the
Romans(2)
Pronunciation
has
changed more rapidly than spelling over the years(3)The stabilization of spelling by printing in the
late 1500 breaks the synchronized change of sound and spelling.(4) Borrowing introduces many
words which are against English rules of Pronunciation and spelling.

Four classes of loan-words:
Denizens, Aliens, translation-loans, Semantic- loans

Features of old English:

Old
English
had
a
small
size
of vocabulary
with only
about 50,000
to
60,000
words
which
are
almost
monogeneous
and
entirely
Germanic
with
only
a
few
borrowings
from
Latin
and
Scandinavian.
It
was
a
highly
inflected
language
of
which
words
are
full
of
endings
(nouns,
pronouns,
adjectives,
verbs,
and
adverbs
had
complex
systems
of
endings
or
vowel
changes
or
both.)
Features of Middle English:

A
period
of
great
changes,
changes
more
extensive
and
fundamental
than
those
that
had
taken
place at any time before and since. Steady erosion of the Old English inflectional systems: endings
of
nouns
and
adjectives
marking
distinction
of
number
and
case
and
often
of
gender
lost
their
distinctive
forms,
that
is,
ME
becomes
a
language
with
leveled
endings
and
is
much
closer
to
modern English.
Characteristics of Compounds:

Compounds
have
noticeable
charavteristics
which
may
in
most
cases
differentiate
themselves
from noun phrases in the following four aspects
：
1)Phonological Features.(Compound:a
’
fat head;
Free phraise:a fat
’
head) 2)Semantic Features: Compounds differ from phrases in their semantic
‘
one-wordness
’
. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. For instance, a
green hand is an
‘
inexperienced person
’
, not a hand that is green in color.3)Grammatical Features
（
Compound: fine art; Free phrase: finer art) 4)Orthographical Features
What are the characteristics of prefixes and suffixes?

Prefixes do not generally change the word- class of the base but only modify its meaning. Unlike
prefixes
which
primarily
effect
a
semantic
modification
of
the
base,
suffixes
have
only
a
small
semantic
role,
their primary
function
being to
change
the
grammatical
function
of
the base,
the
change of the word class with a slight modification of meaning.
What is conversion
？

Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class, by
turning words of one part of speech to those of another part of speech in traditional terms.

What do you think of the alternatives functional shift and zero -derivation?


Since
the
words
that
are
made
do
not
change
in
morphological
structure
but
in
function,
this
process is also known as functional shift. (round- is used as a different part of speech, noun,verb,
preposition, adjective). Conversion is generally considered to be a derivational proceess whereby
an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. Hence the
name zero-derivation.(Take single and simple for example,single is one of zero- derivation whereas
simple is one of suffixation as the suffix -ify is added to make simple a verb)
In what way is conversion different from suffixation
？

Suffixation
is
the
formation
of
new
words
by
adding
suffixes
to
stems.
Unlike
prefixes
which
primarily change the meaning of the stem, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary
function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change
the
word
class.
However,
they
may
also
add
attached
meaning
to
the
stem.
For
example,
lucky(adj.)+ -ly luckily(adv)
Conversion is a word- formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of
another
without
the
addition
of
an
affix.
It
is
also
called
zero
derivation.
For
example,
believe(V
.)/belief(N); advice(N.)/advise(V
.)
What classes of words are most frequently converted?
Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives, and verbs. The most productive,
however,
is
the
conversion
that
takes
place
between
nouns
and
verbs.
It
deserves
nothing
that
conversion
is
not
only
a
change
of
grammatical
function
of
the
item
involved
but
with
it
the
different range of meaning it originally carried.
Explain partial conversion and full conversion with examples.

Words
fully
converted:
A
noun
fully
converted
from
an
adjective
has
all
the
characteristics
of
nouns.
It
can
take
an
indefinite
article
or
-(e)s
to
indicate
singular
or
plural
number.(
Common
adjectives: a white, a crazy, angries, necessaries. Participles and others: a given) Words partially
converted:
Nouns
partially
converted
from
adjectives
do
not
possess
all
the
qualities
a
noun
does.(the poor, the rich, the young)
What changes are occasionally involved in the process of conversion?

In
some
cases,
conversion
is
accompanied
by
certain
non-affixal
changes
which
affect
pronunciation or spelling or stress distribution. The most common changes that take place when
some nouns are converted to verbs are the change from the last voiceless consonant to a voiced
one, the shift of stress from the initial position to end position and alterations in spelling.
What is motivation?