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prepared是什么意思罗宾斯管理学双语教学讲稿2

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2021-01-19 07:17
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悲剧了-prepared是什么意思

2021年1月19日发(作者:prevention)

Two
Management Yesterday and Today

1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MANAGEMENT.
There are many examples from past history that illustrate how management has been
practiced for thousands of years.
The Egyptian pyramids and the Great Wall of China are good examples of
projects of tremendous scope and magnitude that employed tens of thousands of
people. How was it possible for these projects to be completed? The answer is
management.

Regardless
of
what
managers
were
called
at
the
time,
someone
had to plan what was to be done, organize people and material, lead and direct
the workers, and impose controls to ensure that things were done as planned.
Other examples of early management practices can be seen at the Arsenal of
Venice.
For
instance,
assembly
lines,
accounting
systems,
and
personnel
functions
are
just a few of the processes and
activities in organizations
at
that
time that are also common to today’s organizations. Organizations and managers
have been around for thousands of years.
Adam
Smith,
author
of
the
classical
economics
doctrine,
The
Wealth
of
Nations, argued brilliantly about the economic advantages that division of labor
(the
breakdown
of
jobs
into
narrow,
repetitive
tasks)
would
bring
to
organizations and society.
The Industrial Revolution can be thought of as possibly the most important
pre- twentieth-century
influence
on
management.
The
introduction
of
machine
powers,
combined
with
the
division
of
labor,
made
large,
efficient
factories
possible. Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling became necessary.
Exhibit 2.1 presents six major approaches to management.

2. SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT.
Scientific management
is defined as the use of the scientific method to define the
“one best way” for a job to be done.

A. Important Contributions
Frederick
W. Taylor is known as the “father” of scientific management.
Taylor’s work at the Midvale and Bethlehem Steel companies motivated
his interest in improving efficiency.
a.
Taylor sought to create a mental revolution among both
workers
and
managers
by
defining
clear
guidelines
for
improving
production
efficiency.
He
defined
four
principles of management (
Exhibit

2.2
).
b.
His
“pig
iron”
experiment
is
probably
the
most
widely
cited example of scientific management.
c.
Using
his
principles
of
scientific
management,
Taylor
was able to define the one best way for doing each job.
d.
Overall,
Taylor
achieved
consistent
improvements
in
productivity in the range of 200 percent. He affirmed the
role of managers to plan and control and of workers to
perform as they were instructed.

1
2.
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth were inspired by Taylor’s work and
went
on
to
study
and
develop
their
own
methods
of
scientific
management.
a.
Frank
Gilbreth
is
probably
best
known
for
his
experiments
in
reducing
the
number
of
motions
in
bricklaying.
b.
The Gilbreths were among the first to use motion picture
films
to
study
hand
and
body
motions
in
order
to
eliminate the wasteful ones.
c.
They
also
devised
a
classification
scheme
to
label
17
basic hand motions called
therbligs.

B.

How Do Today
’s Managers Use Scientific Management?

The
guidelines
that
Taylor
and
others
devised
from
improving
production
efficiency
are
still
used
in
organizations
today.

Current
management practice isn’t restricted to scientific management, however.
Some elements still used include:
1.
The use of time and motion studies.
2.
Best qualified workers.
3.
Design incentive systems based on output.


3.

GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE THEORISTS.
This group of writers focused on the entire organization. They’re important for
developing
more
general
theories
of
what
managers
do
and
what
constitutes
good management practice.
A. The two most prominent theorists behind the general administrative approach
were Henri Fayol and Max Weber.
1. Henri Fayol wrote during the same time period as Frederick Taylor.
Fayol was the managing director of a large French coal-mining
firm.
a.
His attention was aimed at the activities of all managers.
b.
He
described
the
practice
of
management
as
distinct
from other typical business functions.
c.
He
stated
14
principles
of
management

(fundamental
or
universal
truths
of
management that can be taught in schools). (See
Exhibit

2.3
.)
2.
Max
Weber
(pronounced
VAY- ber)
was
a
German
sociologist
who wrote in the early part of the 20th century.
a.
He
developed
a
theory
of
authority
structures
and
described
organizational
activity
based
on
authority
relations.
b.
He
described
the
ideal
form
of
organization

the
bureaucracy
, defined as a form of organization marked
by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailed
rules and regulations, and impersonal relationships. (See
Exhibit

2.4
.)

B.
How Do Today’s Managers Use General Administrative Theories?


Some of our current management concepts and theories can be traced to
the work of the general administrative theorists.

2
1.
2.
The functional view of a manager’s job can be traced to Henri
Fayol.
Weber’s bureaucratic characteristics are still evident in many of
today’s
large
organizations—
even
in
highly
flexible
organizations of talented professionals where some bureaucratic
mechanisms
are
necessary
to
ensure
that
resources
are
used
efficiently and effectively.

4.

QUANTITATIVE APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT.
The
quantitative
approach

to
management
involves
the
use
of
quantitative
techniques
to
improve
decision-making.
This
approach
has
been
called
operations
research

or
management
science
.

It
includes
applications
of
statistics, optimization models, information models, and computer simulations.
A.
Important Contributions.
1.
The
quantitative
approach
evolved
out
of
the
development
of
mathematical
and
statistical
solutions
to
military
problems
during World War II.
2.
One
group
of
military
officers

the
Whiz
Kids

included
Robert McNamara and Charles “Tex” Thornton.

B.
How Do Today’s Managers Use the Quantitative Appro
ach?
1.
This
approach
has
contributed
most
directly
to
managerial
decision making, particularly in planning and controlling.
2.
The
availability
of
sophisticated
computer
software
programs
made
the
use
of
quantitative
techniques
somewhat
less
intimidating for managers.
TOWARD UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR.
The field of study concerned with the actions (behaviors) of people at work is
called
organizational
behavior
.
Organizational
behavior
(OB)
research
has
contributed
much
of
what
we
know
about
human
resources
management
and
contemporary
views
of
motivation,
leadership,
trust,
teamwork,
and
conflict
management.

A.
Early Advocates.

Four
people
stand
out
as
early
advocates
of
the
OB
approach.
These
include
Robert
Owen,
Hugo
Munsterberg,
Mary
Parker
Follett,
and
Chester Barnard. Their ideas provided foundation for practices such as
employee
selection
procedures,
motivation
programs,
work
teams,
and
organization-environment management techniques. (See
Exhibit

2.5
for
a summary of the most important ideas of these early advocates.)


5.


B.
The
Hawthorne
Studies

were,
without
question,
the

most
important
contribution to the developing OB field.
1.
These were a series of experiments conducted from 1924 to the
early 1930s at Western Electric Company’s Haw
thorne Works in
Cicero, Illinois joined by Harvard professor Elton Mayo and his
associates.
2.
The
studies
were
initially
devised
as
a
scientific
management
experiment to assess the impact of changes in various
physical
environment variables on employee productivity.
3

3.
C.
Other
experiments
looked
at
redesigning
jobs,
making
changes
in workday and workweek length, introducing rest periods, and
introducing individual versus group wage plans.
4.
The researchers concluded that social norms or group standards
were the key determinants of individual work behavior.
5.
Although
not
without
critics
(of
procedures,
analyses
of
findings,
and
the
conclusions),
the
Hawthorne
studies
did
stimulate an interest in human behavior in organizations.
How Do Today’s Managers
Use the Behavioral Approach?
1.
The
behavior
approach
aids
managers
in
designing
motivating
jobs,
working
with
employee
teams,
and
opening
up
communication channels.
6.

2.
The
behavioral
approach
has
provided
the
foundation
for
current
theories
of
motivation,
leadership,
group
behavior
and
development,
and other behavioral topics.
THE SYSTEMS APPROACH.
During the 1960’s researches began to analyze organizations from a systems
perspective based on the physical sciences.
1.
A
system

is
a
set
of
interrelated
and
interdependent
parts
arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole.
2.
The
two basic types of systems
are
open
and closed.
A
closed
system
is one that is not influenced by and does not interact with
its
environment.
An
open
system

is
one
that
dynamically
interacts with its environment (see
Exhibit

2.6
).
A.

The Systems Approach and Managers
1.

Organization
is
made
up
of
“interdependent
factors,
including
individuals, groups, attitudes, motives, formal structure, interactions,
goals, status and authority.
2.

Managers coordinate the work activities of the various parts of the
organization
3.

Decisions
and
actions
taken
in
one
organizational
area
will
affect
others and vice versa
Organizations are not self-contained. They rely on their environment.


7. THE CONTINGENCY APPROACH.
A contingency approach is intuitively logical. One thing to say that the way
to manager “depends on the situation” and another to say what it depends on.

1.
The
contingency
approach
to
management
is
a
view
that
the
organization recognizes and responds to situational variables as
they arise.
2.
Some popular contingency variables are shown in
Exhibit

2.7
.

8. CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES

Now that you’ve got a good understanding of the evolution and past history of
management
theories
and
practices,
what
current
concepts
and
practices
are
shaping
today’s management history and changing the way that managers do their jobs?

A.
Globalization.
Organizational
operations
no
longer
stop
at
geographic
borders. Managers in all types and sizes of organizations are faced with
the opportunities and challenges of globalization.

4

悲剧了-prepared是什么意思


悲剧了-prepared是什么意思


悲剧了-prepared是什么意思


悲剧了-prepared是什么意思


悲剧了-prepared是什么意思


悲剧了-prepared是什么意思


悲剧了-prepared是什么意思


悲剧了-prepared是什么意思



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