pray是什么意思词汇学重点概念

2021年1月19日发(作者：刘易斯拐点)


词汇学重点概念

举例

1.
Word
：
A word is a minimal free form of
a
language
that
has
a
given
sound
and
meaning and syntactic function.

(1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a
发
音
单
位
sound
unity
(3)a
unit
of
meaning
意义单位

(4)a
form
that
can
function
alone
in
a
sentence
一个可以独
立的单位

2.

Jargon
：
refers
to
the
specialized
vocabularies
by
which
members
of
particular
arts,
sciences,
trades
and
professions
communicate
among
themselves
行话

3.
Slang
：
belongs
to
the
sub-standard
language ,a category that seems to stand
between
the
standard
general
words
including
informal
ones
available
to
everyone
and
in- group
words
like
cant,
jargon, and argot
非主流英语

4.
Content
words
：
denote
clear
notions
and thus are known as notional words.
实
1



词
They
include
nouns,
verbs,
adjectives,
adverbs and numerals
5.
Functional words
：

do not have notions
of
their
own.
Therefore,
they
are
also
called
empty
words.
As
their
chief
function
is
to
express
the
relation
between
notions,
the
relation
between
words as well as between sentences
6.

borrowed
words
：外来词
are
w
ords
taken
over
from
foreign
languages
，

known
as
borrowed
words
or
loan
words
or borrowings in simple terms
7.
Creation
创
造
词
：
refers
to
the
formation
of
new
words

by
using
the
existing

materials,
namely
roots,
affixes
and other elements
8.

Semantic
change
：
means
an
old
form
which
takes
on
a
new
meaning
to
meet
the new need
根据新需要

9.
morpheme
：
is ' the smallest functioning
unit
in
the
composition
of
words'
最小功
能单位

2



10.
Free
Morphemes
自由词素：
have
complete meaning in themselves and can
be
used
as
free
grammatical
units
in
sentences.
A
free
morpheme
is
one
that
can stand by itself. (
有完整意义
which are
independent
of
other
morphemes
are
considered to be free).
独立于其他词素

11.
Bound
Morphemes(
粘
着词
素
)
：
A
bound
morpheme
is
one
that
cannot
stand
by
itself.
They
are
bound
to
other
morphemes to form words.
不能独立

12.
Affixes
：
are forms that are attached to
words
or
word
elements
to
modify
meaning
or
function
附着于单词或者词
素

Affixes can be put into two groups:
1)
Inflectional affixes
(
屈折词缀
)

：
affixes
attached
to
the
end
of
words
to
indicae
grammatical
relationships
are
inflectional,thus
known
as
inflectional
morphemes.
语法关系，单词后

2)
Derivational
affixes
(
派
生
词
缀
)

：
3



derivational
affixes
are
affixes
added
to
other morphemes to create new words.
加
在词素后

13.
A
root
：
is
the
basic
form
of
a
word
which cannot be further analysed without
total loss of identity.
14 .
stem

：
can
be
defined
as
a
form
to
which affixes of any kind can be added.
用
来添加词缀的
form
15.
Affixation
：派生词方法

is
generally
defined
as
the
formation
of
words
by
adding
word-forming
or
derivational
affixes
to
stems.
This
process
is
also
known
as
derivation,
for
new
words
created
in
this
way
are
derived
from
old
forms.
The
words
formed
in
this
way
are
called
derivatives
新的方法发展旧的词

Affixation
falls
into
two
subclasses:
prefixation
and
suffixation.
（
1
）
Prefixation
前缀法

：
is the formation
of new words by adding prefixes to stems.
Prefixes
do
not
generally
change
the
4



word-class of the stem but only modify its
与词干一起的
meaning.
不改变词类

（
2
）
Suffixation

：
is the formation of new
words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike
prefixes
which
primarily
change
the
meaning
of
the
stem,
suffixes
mainly
change the word class.
与词干一起，改变
词类

16.
Compounding
：

is
the
formation
of
new words by joining two or more stems.
also called composition
.
Words formed in
this way are called compounds.
17.
Conversion
：

is the formation of new
words by converting words of one class to
another class
词类转化

18.
Blending
：

is
the
formation
of
new
words by combining parts of two words or
a word plus a part of another word. Words
formed
in
this
way
are
called
blends
or
pormanteau
words
两个词的各一部分，
词与词

19.
clipping

：

is to shorten a longer word
5



by cutting a part off the original and using
what
remains
instead.
从原有的去掉一
部分，用剩下的

20.
Acronymy
：

is the process of forming
new words by joining the initial letters of
names of social and political organizations
or
special
noun
phrases
and
technical
terms.
Words
formed
in
this
way
are
called
initialisms
or
acronyms,
depending
on the pronunciation of the words.
首字母
缩写法，正常发音词

21.

Initialisms
：

are
words
pronounced
letter
by
letter.
In
cases
likeA.D.
(Anno
Domini
=
in
the
year
after
the
birth
of
Jesus Christ),and B.C. (Before Christ))
词与
词

22.
Acronyms
：

are
words
formed
from
initial letters but pronounced as a normal
word,
for
example
radar
(radio
detecting
and
ranging),
and
WAVES
(Women
Appointed
for
Voluntary
Emergency
Service), etc
首字母缩略词

6



23.
Back-formation
：

is considered to be
the opposite process of suffixation. As we
know,
suffixation
is
the formation
of
new
words
by
adding
suffixes
to
bases,
and
back- formation
：

is the formation of new
words by removing the supposed suffixes.
逆生。去掉多余的
dorm
24.

Reference
(
所指
):It
is
the
relationship
between
language
and
the
world.
The
reference
of
a
word
is
arbitrary
and
conventional.
It
is
a
kind
of
abstraction,
yet with the help of context, it can refer to
something specific
任意

传统

25.
Concept
：
which is beyond language, is
the
result
of
human
cognition,reflecting
the objective world in the human mind.
认
知

26.

Sense
:It
denotes
the
relationship
inside the language.
内部关系

27.

Motivation
：
accounts
for
the
connection between the linguistic symbol
and
its
meaning.
As
we
know,
the
7



relationship
between
the
word-form
and
meaning is conventional and arbitrary, and
most
words
can
be
said
to
be
non- motivated.
语言符号和意义的联系，
大多是
non
根据的

28.
Onomatopoeic motivatio(
拟声理据）
：
words
whose
sounds
suggest
their
meaning, for these words were creates by
imitating
the
natural
sounds
or
noises.
Knowing
the
sounds
of
the
words
means
understanding the meaning.
模仿声音

29.
Semantic motivation(
语义理据
)
：
refers to the mental associations
表示的

概念意义
suggested by the conceptual
meaning of a word. It explains the
connection
解释文本意义比喻意义
between the literal sense and figurative
sense of the word. E.g:the foot of the
mountain(foot)
山脚

30.

Etymological
motivation
词源理据
：
The meanings of many words often relate
directly
to
their
origins .
In
other
words
8



the
history
of
the
word
explains
the
meaning of
the word. E.g: pen-feather
词
的历史

31.

Grammatical
Meaning
语法意义
：
refers
to
that
part
of
the
meaning
of
the
word which indicates grammatical concept
or relationships such as part of speech of
words,
singular
and
plural
meaning
of
nouns,
tense
meaning
of
verbs
and
their
inflectional
forms.
一部分意义表示语法
概念，单复数，

32.
Lexical
词汇意义

meaning
itself
has
two
components:
conceptual
meaning
and associative meaning.
概念和联想

33.
Conceptual
meaning(
概念意义
)
：
also
known
as
denotative
meaning(
外延意义
)
is the meaning given in the dictionary and
forms the core of word-meaning
词典意义

意义的核心

34.
Associative meaning(
联想意义
)
：
is the
secondary
meaning
supplemented
to
the
conceptual meaning.
次要意义

9