introduce是什么意思词汇学复习重点

2021年1月19日发(作者：eurocom)
第一章

:
1
简单意义
：
a word is a minimal unit/form in/of a sentence 2.
完整意义：
a word is a
minimal free

form of a language that has a given
sound
,
meaning
and
syntactic function.

lary

定义四个要素
：
to the total number of the words
in a can stand for all the words used in a particular historical
to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given
discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.

4
个要素：
language, time, space, person.

and form
1.
关系
：
the
symbolic connection
is almost always

arbitrary

and

conventional.


and
more
different
原因
：
1,
the
number
of
alphabet

cannot
describe
the
English
sounds
one
by
one.2,

sounds
develop
faster

than
the
written
form.3.
the
scribes
deliberately
change
the
written
form
for
being
easily
recognized.4.
the
printing
machine fixed
the written
form
.5
.borrowed words
make the gap wider.


4.
motivation
分类
：1
.onomatopec motivation.
(Refers to the motivated
aspect of motivation which means the words are created by imitation the
natural
sounds
or
noise.
2.
morphological
motivation

(refers
to
the
motivated aspect of motivation which means the words created by using
existing
language
materials
,as
roots,
affixes,
etc).3.
semantic
motivation
(refers to the motivated aspect of motivation in which the new
meanings
are
given
to
existing
words
by
mental
assaiations.4.
etymological
motivation
(refers
to
the
motivated
aspect
of
motivation by which the new meanings can directly tell the origin of the
word.)
4.
word
meaning
分类
：

4.
“
All
national
character
”

is
the
most
important of all the features that may differentiate words of common use
from all others.
basic
word
stock
基础词汇：

national
character(
全民性，必须
有
)ity
tivity
my(
一词多义
)ability(
可搭
配性
)
–

5
．
Nonbasic
vocabulary
.
1
。
terminology
，术语
(this
refers
to
the

formal
words that used by
scientists
in their
research
.)2
.jargon
，行话
(refers
to
the
informal
words
used
by
people
of
the
same
trades

as
workers, farmers, technicians
, etc. in their work.)3.
slang
，俚语
(refers to
the
informal

words
that
usually
used
by
young
people

in
their
daily
activity
. The words of this category are usually
coined from
a
normal
or
daily-life
words
and
are
short-lived
,
otherwise
they
will
become
idioms
.)4
argot
，
黑话。
(refers to the
informal
words that are usually used
by
criminals
in their
“
work
”
(communication inside the group)5.
dialectal
words
方言词。
(refers to the informal words that are used in English by
people from the same country.)6.
archaism
，古语
(refers to
informal
or
learned
words used by
scholars
in their
literary research
)ism
，
新词



6
.content
words
和

functional
words
的区别。
Content
words

denote

clear
notions

and
thus
are
known
as

notional
words
.
(They
are
nouns,
verbs,
adjectives,
adverbs
and
numerals.
)
Functional
words

do
not
have
notions
of
their
own
,
they
are
known
as
form
words
.
区别：
functional
words
are
the
words
that
are
more
important
in
use
in

grammatical
meaning
than
in
lexical
meaning
;
content
word,
are
the
words
that
are

full
both
in

grammatical

and

lexical
meaning.


Pronoun
既不是实词也不是虚词。



7
.borrowed
words.
定义
：
borrowed
words
are
the
words
borrowed
from other languages after the
settlement of Anglo- Saxon into England.

特征
。
(1.
Neutral
in
style)
2
frequent
in
use.
1)
denizens
.
（
are
the
borrowed words borrowed in the
early stage of English history
and are
well assimilated into
English.
）
2)
aliens
(are the borrowed words that
still keep
their
original sound and spelling
) 3)
translation loans
(are the
borrowed words that borrowed in
2 steps
: first
translating
the word then
borrowing
the word into English.) 4.
Semantic loans
(are the borrowed
words that borrowed in 2 steps: first
borrowing the meaning
of
foreign
language
and then
pat the meaning
into
existing
English words.)




Native
words
:
Anglo-Saxon
words:
native
words
are
not

native
in
fact
but
words brought to Britain in the fifth century by
German tribes
:
the Angles, the Saxons
, and the

Jutes
, thus known as Anglo- Saxon words.
(11)




第二单元

1. The five Romance languages, namely,
Portuguese, Spanish, French,
Italian
and
Roumanian
.(finally
comes
to
the
Germanic
family
language
).

First,
we
have
4
northern
European
languages

(
Scandinavian language
):
Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish
,+
then comes to
4( German, Dutch,, Flemish and English.)languages
.
2.
Development:
1,
Old
English
(450-1150):
1.
settlement
of
Anglo-Saxon
-----Anglo-Saxon
dialects
-----
5
th
century
-----daily life word.
2.

Introduction
of
Roman
Catholic
Church
-----
Latin
-----6
th

century----daily
life
words
and
religious
words.3.
invasion
of
Vikings
-----
Scandinavians
------9
th

century----daily
life
and
military
words.2.
Middle English
(1150-1500): conquest: French---12
th

century----daily
life
and
political
words.

Latin---- 12
th

century
-----academic
and
scientific
n
trade----Dutch---- 15
th

century-----foreign trade words.3
.Modern English
(1500-1700-up to the
present):
1.
Renaissance
:
----Latin,
Greek.
----16
th

century----academic,
scientific,
and
literary
words.2.
industray
revolution
----all
the
languages
in the world-----18
th
century.---- grammer,analytic.
3.
英语影响的语种：
Latin, Greek, French, Scandivian.
第三章

1
.morpheme
的简单概念和完整概念


简单定义：
a morpheme is a smallest, meaningful unit
in a sentence.

完整定义

:a morpheme is a smallest, meaningful unit
of a language.
2.
allomorph
的概念：
an allomorph refers to
a member of
a set of morphs,
which represent one morpheme.
3.
Free
and
bound
morphemes.


A
free
morpheme
is
a
morpheme
which is
independent
of other morphemes and
happens to
be a simple
word.

Bound
morpheme
is
a
morpheme
which
is
dependent
of
other
morphemes
and
to be bound to
other morphemes to
form words.

4.
Root, stem and base
.
A root
is the
basic form of a word
which cannot
be
further analyzed
without
total loss of identity.


A stem
may consist
of
a
single
root
morpheme

as
in
iron

or
of
two
morphemes

as
in
a
compound
like
handcuff
. (Word form to which
inflectional affixes
can
be attached).

A base is a word form to which any kind of affixes(both
derivational and inflectional can be attached)
如果是
stem
就一定是
base.
Nation
(root,
stem.
base)
national
(stem,
base)
internationalist
(stem,
base)
Suffixation: inflectional affixes a derivational affixes
第四章

1
.affixation
分两大类
：
affixation
is
the
formation
of
words
by
adding
word-forming or derivational affixes to bases. This process is also known
as derivation, by which new words are derived from old or base forms.
The
words
created
in
this
way
are
called
derivations.
According
to
the