kiss是什么(完整word版)英语语言学概论--整理

2021年1月19日发(作者：黄瓜的英文)

1.
Design feature
(
识别特征
) refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any
animal system of communication.
2.
Productivity
(
能产性
) refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large
quantities of sentences in their native language.
3.
arbitrariness
(
任意性
)

Arbitrariness
refers
to
the
phenomenon
that
there
is
no
motivated
relationship
between a linguistic form and its meaning.
4.
symbol
(
符号
)

Symbol refers to something such as an object, word, or sound that represents something
else by association or convention.
5.
discreteness

(
离散性
)

Discreteness
refers
to
the
phenomenon
that
the
sounds
in
a
language
are
meaningfully distinct.
6.
displacement
(
不受时空限制的特性
)

Displacement refers to the fact that human language can be used to
talk about things that are not in the immediate situations of its users.
7.
duality of structure
(
结构二重性
)

The organization of language into two levels, one of sounds, the other of
meaning, is known as duality of structure.
8.
culture transmission
(
文化传播
)

Culture transmission refers to the fact that language is passed on from
one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by inheritance.
9.
interchangeability
(
互换性
)

Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a
receiver of messages.

1.
★
What is language?
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has captured
the main features of language.
First, language is a system.
Second, language is arbitrary in the sense.
The third feature of language is symbolic nature.


2.
★
What are the design features of language?
Language has seven design features as following:
1) Productivity.

2) Discreteness.
3) Displacement
4) Arbitrariness.
5) Cultural transmission
6) Duality of structure.
7) Interchangeability.


3.
Why do we say language is a system?
Because elements of language are combined according to rules, and every language contains a set of rules.
By system, the
recurring patterns or arrangements or the
particular ways or designs in
which a
language
operates. And the sounds, the words and the sentences are used in fixed patterns that speaker of a language
can understand each other.

4.
★
(
Function
of
language
.)
According
to
Halliday,
what
are
the
initial
functions
of
children’
s
language? And what are the three functional components of adult language?
I.
H
alliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of
children’
s language:
1) Instrumental function.
工具功能

2) Regulatory function.
调节功能

3) Representational function.
表现功能

4) Interactional function.
互动功能

5) Personal function.
自指性功能

6) Heuristic function.
启发功能

[osbQtq`kf`h]

7) Imaginative function.
想象功能

II.
A
dult language has three functional components as following:
1) Interpersonal components.
人际

2) Ideational components.
概念

3) Textual components.
语篇



Chapter 1

Language
语言



1

1.
general linguistics and descriptive linguistics
(
普通语言学与描写语言学
) The former deals with language
in general whereas the latter is concerned with one particular language.
2.
synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics
(
共时语言学与历时语言学
) Diachronic linguistics traces
the
historical
development
of
the
language
and
records
the
changes
that
have
taken
place
in
it
between
successive
points
in
time.
And
synchronic
linguistics
presents
an
account
of
language
as
it
is
at
some
particular point in time.


3.
theoretical
linguistics
and
applied
linguistics
(
理论语
言学与应用语言学
)
The
former
copes
with
languages
with
a
view
to
establishing
a
theory
of
their
structures
and
functions
whereas
the
latter
is
concerned with the application of the concepts and findings of linguistics to all sorts of practical tasks.
4.
microlinguistics and macrolinguistics
(
微观语言学与宏观语言学
) The former studies only the structure of
language system whereas the latter deals with everything that is related to languages.
5.
langue
and
parole
(
语言与言语
)
The
former
refers
to
the
abstract
linguistics
system
shared
by
all
the
members of a speech community whereas the latter refers to the concrete act of speaking in actual situation
by an individual speaker.
6.
competence
and
performance
(
语言能力与语言运用
)
The
former
is
one
’
s
knowledge
of
all
the
linguistic
regulation systems whereas the latter is the use of language in concrete situation.
7.
speech
and
writing

(
口头语与书面语
)
Speech
is
the
spoken
form
of
language
whereas
writing
is
written
codes, gives language new scope.
8.
linguistics
behavior
potential
and
actual
linguistic
behavior
(
语言行为潜势与实际语言行为
)
People
actually says on a certain occasion to a certain person is actual linguistics behavior. And each of possible
linguistic items that he could have said is linguistic behavior potential.
9.
syntagmatic
relation
and
paradigmatic
relation

(
横组合关系与纵聚合关系
)
The
former
describes
the
horizontal dimension of a language while the latter describes the vertical dimension of a language.
10.
verbal communication and non-verbal communication
(
言语交际与非言语交际
) Usual use of language as
a means of transmitting information is called verbal communication. The ways we convey meaning without
using language is called non-verbal communication.

1.
★
How does John Lyons classify linguistics
?
According to John Lyons, the field of linguistics as a whole can be divided into several subfields as following:

1) General linguistics and descriptive linguistics.
2) Synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics.
3) Theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics.
4) Microlinguistics and macrolinguistics.

2.
Explain the three principles by which the linguist is guided: consistency, adequacy and simplicity
.
1) Consistency means that there should be no contradictions between different parts of the theory and the
description.
2) Adequacy means that the theory must be broad enough in scope to offer significant generalizations.
3) Simplicity requires us to be as brief and economic as possible.

3.
★
What are the sub- branches of linguistics within the language system
?
Within the language system there are six sub-branches as following:
1) Phonetics.
语音学

is a study of speech sounds of all human languages.
2) Phonology.
音位学

studies about the sounds and sound patterns of a speaker’s native language.

3) Morphology.
形态学

studies about how a word is formed.
4) Syntax.
句法学

studies about whether a sentence is grammatical or not.

5) Semantics.
语义学

studies about the meaning of language, including meaning of words and meaning of
sentences.
6) Pragmatics.
语用学



★
The scope of language:
Linguistics is referred to as a scientific study of language.

★
The scientific process of linguistic study:
It involves four stages: collecting data, forming a hypothesis,
testing the hypothesis and drawing conclusions.






2
Chapter 2

Linguistics
语言学






3

1.
articulatory
phonetics
(
发音语音学
)
The
study
of
how
speech
organs
produce
the
sounds
is
called
articulatory phonetics.
2.
acoustic
phonetics
(
声学语音学
) The
study of the
physical properties and
of the
transmission
of speech
sounds is called acoustic phonetics.
3.
auditory phonetics
(
听觉语音学
) The study of the way hearers perceive speech sounds is called auditory
phonetics.
4.
consonant
(
辅音
) Consonant is a speech sound where the air form the language is either completely blocked,
or partially blocked, or where the opening between the speech organs is so narrow that the air escapes with
audible friction.
5.
vowel
(
元音
) is defined as a speech sound in which the air from the lungs is not blocked in any way and is
pronounced with vocal-cord vibration.
6.
bilabials
(
双唇音
) Bilabials means that consonants for which the flow of air is stopped or restricted by the two
lips. [p]

[b] [m] [w]
7.
affricates
(
塞擦音
) The sound produced by stopping the airstream and then immediately releasing it slowly is
called affricates. [t
X
] [d
Y
] [tr] [dr]
8.
glottis
(
声门
) Glottis is the space between the vocal cords.
9.
rounded vowel
(
圆唇元音
) Rounded vowel is defined as the vowel sound pronounced by the lips forming a
circular opening. [u:] [u] [
OB
] [
O
]
10.
diphthongs

(
双元音
)
Diphthongs
are
produced
by
moving
from
one
vowel
position
to
another
through
intervening positions.[ei][ai][
O
i] [
Q
u][au]
11.
triphthongs
(
三合元音
)
Triphthongs are those
which
are produced
by moving
from one
vowel position
to
another and then rapidly and continuously to a third one. [ei
Q
][ai
Q
][
O
i
Q
] [
Q
u
Q
][au
Q
]
12.
lax vowels
(
松元音
) According to distinction of long and short vowels, vowels are classified tense vowels and
lax vowels. All the long vowels are tense vowels but of the short vowels,[e] is a tense vowel as well, and the
rest short vowels are lax vowels.

1.


★
How are consonants classified in terms of different criteria?
The consonants in English can be described in terms of four dimensions.
1)
The position of the soft palate.
2)
The presence or the absence of vocal-cord vibration.
3)
The place of articulation.
4)
The manner of articulation.

2.
★
How are vowels classified in terms of different criteria?
Vowel sounds are differentiated by a number of factors.
1)
The state of the velum
2)
The position of the tongue.
3)
The openness of the mouth.
4)
The shape of the lips.
5)
The length of the vowels.
6)
The tension of the muscles at pharynx.

3.
★
What are the three sub-branches of phonetics? How do they differ from each other?
Phonetics has three sub-branches as following:
1)
Articulatory
phonetics
is
the
study
of
how
speech
organs
produce
the
sounds
is
called
articulatory
phonetics.
2)
Acoustic phonetics
is the study of the physical properties and of the transmission of speech sounds is
called acoustic phonetics.
3)
Auditory
phonetics

is
the
study
of
the
way
hearers
perceive
speech
sounds
is
called
auditory
phonetics.

4.
★
What are the commonly used phonetic features for consonants and vowels respectively?
I. The frequently used phonetic features for consonants include the following:
1)
Voiced.
2)
Nasal.
3)
Consonantal.
4)
Vocalic.
5)
Continuant.
6)
Anterior.

4
Chapter 3

Phonetics
语音学

7)
Coronal.
8)
Aspirated.
II. The most common phonetic features for vowels include the following:
1)
High.
2)
Low.
3)
Front.
4)
Back.
5)
Rounded.
6)
Tense.


5