salty是什么意思月英语六级真题试题册和答案

2021年1月19日发(作者：cevio)


2018
年
6
月英语六级试卷册


Directions:
For this

上。
Part
I
Writing
(30
minutes)
注意：
此部分试卷在答题卡
1
part,
you
are
allowed
30
minutes
to write a short essay on the topic of
Due
Attention Should Be Given to the Study of Chinese
. You should write at least 120 words
following the outline given below:

1.
近年来在学生中出现了忽视中文学习的现象；

2.
出现这种现象的原因和后果；

3.
我认为…


Due Attention Should Be Given to the Study of Chinese

____________________ __________________________________________________ _____________
_________________________________ ____________________________________
Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)
Obama's success isn't all good news for black Americans
As Erin White watched the election results head towards victory for
Barack Obama, she felt a burden lifting from her shoulders. In that one second,
it was a validation for my whole race, she recalls.
I've always been an achiever, says White, who is studying for an MBA at
VanderbiltUniversity in Nashville, Tennessee. But there had always been these
things in the back of my mind questioning whether I really can be who I want. It
was like a shadow, following me around saying you can only go so far. Now it's
like a barrier has been let down.
White's experience is what many psychologists had expected - that Obama
would prove to be a powerful role model for African Americans. Some hoped his
rise to prominence would have a big impact on white Americans, too, challenging
those who still harbour racist sentiments. The traits that characterise him are
very contradictory to the racial stereotypes that black people are aggressive
and uneducated, says Ashby Plant of FloridaStateUniversity. He's very
intelligent and eloquent.
Sting in the tail Ashby Plant is one of a number of psychologists who
seized on Obama's candidacy to test hypotheses about the power of role models.
Their work is already starting to reveal how the Obama effect is changing
people's views and behaviour. Perhaps surprisingly, it is not all good news:
there is a sting in the tail of the Obama effect. But first the good news.
Barack Obama really is a positive role model for African Americans, and he was
making an impact even before he got to the White House. Indeed, the Obama effect
can be surprisingly immediate and powerful, as Ray Friedman of
VanderbiltUniversity and his colleagues discovered. They tested four
separate groups at four key stages of Obama's presidential campaign. Each group
consisted of around 120 adults of similar age and education, and the test
assessed their language skills. At two of these stages, when Obama's success was


less than certain, the tests showed a clear difference between the scores of the
white and black participants
—
an average of 12.1 out of 20, compared to 8.8, for
example. When the Obama fever was at its height, however, the black participants
performed much better. Those who had watched Obama's acceptance speech as the
Democrats' presidential candidate performed just as well, on average, as the
white his election victory, this was true of all the black
ic shift What can explain this dramatic shift? At the
start of the test, the participants had to declare their race and were told
their results would be used to assess their strengths and weaknesses. This
should have primed the subjects with stereotype threat
–
an anxiety that
their results will confirm negative stereotypes, which has been shown to damage
the performance of African Americans. Obama's successes seemed to act as a
shield against this. We suspect they felt inspired and energised by his victory,
so the stereotype threat wouldn't prove a distraction, says Friedman.
Lingering racism If the Obama effect is positive for African Americans,
how is it affecting their white compatriots (
同胞
)? Is the experience of having
a charismatic (
有魅力的
) black president modifying lingering racist attitudes?
There is no easy way to measure racism directly
。
instead psychologists assess
what is known as implicit bias, using a computer-based test that measures how
quickly people associate positive and negative words
—畳档愠
?
汜癯履漠
?
敜楶屬—
with
photos of black or white faces. A similar test can also measure how quickly
subjects associate stereotypical traits
—
such as athletic skills or mental

1 / 12

ability
—
with a particular group. In a study that will appear in the
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Plant's team tested 229 students
during the height of the Obama fever. They found that implicit bias has fallen
by as much as 90% compared with the level found in a similar study in 2006.
That's an unusually large drop, Plant says. While the team can't be sure
their results are due solely to Obama, they also showed that those with the
lowest bias were likely to subconsciously associate black skin colour with
political words such as government or president. This suggests that Obama
was strongly on their mind, says Plant.
Drop in bias
Brian Nosek of the
University of Virginia in Charlottesville, who runs a website that measures
implicit bias using similar test, has also observed a small drop in bias in the
700,000 visitors to the site since January 2007, which might be explained by
Obama's rise to popularity. However, his preliminary results suggest that change
will be much slower coming than Plant's results suggest.
Talking
honestly
People now have the opportunity of expressing support for Obama
every day, says Daniel Effron at StanfordUniversity in California. Our
research arouses the concern that people may now be more likely to raise
negative views of African Americans. On the other hand, he says, it may just
encourage people to talk more honestly about their feelings regarding race
issues, which may not be such a bad thing. Another part of the study
suggests far more is at stake than the mere expression of views. The Obama


effect may have a negative side. Just one week after Obama was elected president,
participants were less ready to support policies designed to address racial
inequality than they had been two weeks before the election.
Huge
obstacles
It could, of course, also be that Obama's success helps people
to forget that a disproportionate number of black Americans still live in
poverty and face huge obstacles when trying to overcome these circumstances.
Barack Obama's family is such a salient (
出色的
) image, we generalise it and
fail to see the larger picture
—
that there's injustice in every aspect of
American life, says Cheryl Kaiser of the University of Washington in Seattle.
Those trying to address issues of racial inequality need to constantly remind
people of the inequalities that still exist to counteract the Obama's effect,
she says. Though Plant's findings were more positive, she too warns
against thinking that racism and racial inequalities are no longer a problem.
The last thing I want is for people to think everything's solved. These
findings do not only apply to Obama, or even just to race. They should hold for
any role model in any country. There's no reason we wouldn't have seen the same
effect on our views of women if Hillary Clinton or Sarah Palin had been
elected, says Effron. So the election of a female leader might have a downside
for other women.
Beyond race
We also don't yet know how long the Obama
effect
—
both its good side and its bad
—
will cal sentiment is
notoriously changeable: What if things begin to go wrong for Obama, and his
popularity slumps? And what if Americans become so familiar with having
Obama as their president that they stop considering his race altogether? Over
time he might become his own entity, says Plant. This might seem like the
ultimate defeat for racism, but ignoring the race of certain select
individuals
—
a phenomenon that psychologists call subtyping
—
also has an
insidious (
隐伏的
) side. We think it happens to help people preserve their
beliefs, so they can still hold on to the previous stereotypes. That could turn
out to be the cruellest of all the twists to the Obama effect.

注意：此部分试卷请在答题卡
1
上作答。
1. How did Erin White feel upon seeing
Barack Obama's victory in the election? A) Excited. B)
Victorious. C) Anxious. D) Relieved.2. Before the election, Erin
White has been haunted by the question of whether _____. A) she could
obtain her MBA degree B) she could go as far as she wanted in life C)
she was overshadowed by her white peers D) she was really an achiever as a
student3. What is the focus of Ashby Plant's study? A) Racist sentiments
in America. B) The power of role models. C) Personality traits of
successful blacks. D) The dual character of African Americans.4. In their
experiments, Ray Friedman and his colleagues found that ______. A) blacks
and whites behaved differently during the election B) whites' attitude
towards blacks has dramatically changed C) Obama's election has eliminated
the prejudice against blacks D) Obama's success impacted blacks'

2 / 12

performance in language tests5. What do Brian Nosek's preliminary results


suggest? A) The change in bias against blacks is slow in coming. B)
Bias against blacks has experienced an unusual drop. C) Website visitor's
opinions are far from being reliable. D) Obama's popularity may decline as
time passes by.6. A negative side of the Obama effect is that ______. A)
more people have started to criticise President Obama's racial policies B)
relations between whites and African Americans may become tense again C)
people are now less ready to support policies addressing racial
inequality D) white people are likely to become more critical of African
Americans7. Cheryl Kaiser holds that people should be constantly reminded that
______. A) Obama's success is sound proof of black's potential B)
Obama is but a rare example of black's excellence C) racial inequality
still persists in American society D) blacks still face obstacles in
political participation8. According to Effron, if Hillary Clinton or Sarah Palin
had been elected, there would also have been a negative effect on ______.9. It
is possible that the Obama effect will be short-lived if there is a change in
people's ______.10. The worst possible aspect of the Obama effect is that people
could ignore his race altogether and continue to hold on to their old racial
______.

Directions: In this

A(35 minutes)Section Part III Listening Comprehension

section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of
each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was
said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each
question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four
choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the
corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the
centre.
注意：此部分试卷请在答题卡
2
上作答。
11. A) The man failed to keep his
promise.
B) The woman has a poor memory.
C) The man borrowed the book from the library.
D) The woman does not need the book any more.
12. A) The woman is making too big a fuss about her condition.
B) Fatigue is a typical symptom of lack of exercise.
C) The woman should spend more time outdoors.
D) People tend to work longer hours with artificial lighting.
13. A) The printing on her T-shirt has faded.
B) It is not in fashion to have a logo on a T-shirt.
C) She regrets having bought one of the T-shirts.
D) It is not a good idea to buy the T-shirt.
14. A) He regrets having published the article.
B) Most readers do not share his viewpoints.
C) Not many people have read his article.
D) The woman is only trying to console him.
15. A) Leave Daisy alone for the time being.


B) Go see Daisy immediately.
C) Apologize to Daisy again by phone.
D) Buy Daisy a new notebook.
16. A) Batteries.
B) Garden tools.
C) Cameras.
D) Light bulbs.
17. A) The speakers will watch the game together.
B) The woman feels lucky to have got a ticket.
C) The man plays center on the basketball team.
D) The man can get the ticket at its original price.
18. A) The speakers will dress formally for the concert.
B) The man will return home before going to the concert.
C) It is the first time the speakers are attending a concert.
D) The woman is going to buy a new dress for the concert.
Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A) He
wants to sign a long-term contract. B) He is good at both language and
literature. C) He prefers teaching to administrative work. D) He is

3 / 12

undecided as to which job to go for.20.A) They hate exams. B) The all plan
to study in Cambridge. C) They are all adults. D) They are going to
work in companies.21. A) Difficult but rewarding. B) Varied and
interesting. C) Time-consuming and tiring. D) Demanding and
frustrating.
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just
heard.
22. A) Interviewing a moving star. B) Discussing teenage role
models. C) Hosting a television show. D) Reviewing a new
biography.23. A) He lost his mother. B) He was unhappy in
California. C) He missed his aunt. D) He had to attend school
there.24. A) He delivered public speeches. B) He got seriously into
acting. C) He hosted talk shows on TV. D) He played a role in East
of Eden.25. A) He made numerous popular movies. B) He has long been a
legendary figure. C) He was best at acting in Hollywood tragedies. D)
He was the most successful actor of his time.


Section B
注意：此部分试卷请在答题卡
2
上作答。
Passage OneQuestions 26 to 29 are based on

the conversation you have just heard.26. A) It carried passengers leaving an
island. B) A terrorist forced it to land on Tenerife. C) It crashed
when it was circling to land. D) 18 of its passengers survived the
crash.27. A) He was kidnapped eight months ago. B) He failed in his
negotiations with the Africans. C) He was assassinated in Central
Africa. D) He lost lots of money in his African business.28. A) The
management and union representatives reached an agreement. B) The workers'
pay was raised and their working hours were shortened. C) The trade union
gave up its demand. D) The workers on strike were all fired.29. A)
Sunny. B) Rainy. C) Windy. D) e TwoQuestions 30



to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.
30 A) Some of them had once
experienced an earthquake. B) Most of them lacked interest in the
subject. C) Very few of them knew much about geology. D) A couple of
them had listened to a similar speech before.31. A) By reflecting on
Americans' previous failures in predicting earthquakes. B) By noting where
the most severe earthquake in U. S. history occurred. C) By describing the
destructive power of earthquakes. D) By explaining some essential
geological principles.32. A) Interrupt him whenever he detected a
mistake. B) Focus on the accuracy of the language he used. C) Stop
him when he had difficulty understanding. D) Write down any points where
he could e ThreeQuestions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you

have just heard.
33. A) It was invented by a group of language experts in the
year of 1887. B) It is a language that has its origin in ancient
Polish. C) It was created to promote economic globalization. D) It
is a tool of communication among speakers of different languages.34. A) It aims
to make Esperanto a working language in the U. N. B) It has increased its
popularity with the help of the media. C) It has encountered increasingly
tougher challenges. D) It has supporters from many countries in the
world.35. A) It is used by a number of influential science journals. B)
It is widely taught at schools and in universities. C) It has aroused the
interest of many young learners. D) It has had a greater impact than in
any other country.

Section C
注意：此部分试卷请在答题卡
2
上作答。
George Herbert Mead said
that humans are talked into humanity. He meant that we gain personal identity as
we communicate with others. In the earliest years of our lives, our parents tell
us who we are. You're (36) ______. You're so strong. We first see ourselves
through the eyes of others, so their messages form important (37) ______ of our
self-concepts. Later we interact with teachers, friends, (38) ______ partners,
and co-workers who communicate their views of , how we see ourselves (39)
______ the views of us that others communicate. The (40) ______ connection
between identity and communication is (41) ______ evident in children who are
(42) ______ of human contact. Case studies of children who were isolated from
others reveal that they lack a firm self-concept, and their mental and
psychological development is severely (43) ______ by lack of
language. Communication with others not only affects our sense of identity
but also directly influences our physical and emotional well-being. Consistently,
(44) ________________________________________________. People who lack close

4 / 12

friends have greater levels of anxiety and depression than people who are close
to others. (45) ________________________________________________. The conclusion
was that social isolation is statistically as dangerous as high blood pressure,
smoking and obesity. Many doctors and researchers believe that (46)
___________________________


_____________________________.




Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)


Section A

Question: My ninth-grade art teacher doesn't give any grade above 94%
because, she says, There's always room for improvement. In previous years, I
earned a 99% and a 100%. The 94 I received this term does not reflect the hard
work that I put into this course. Because of her improvement theory, I got a
lower grade than I deserve. Is her grading philosophy ethical (
符合职业道德规范的
)?
Answer: Your teacher's grading system may be unwise, but it is not
unethical. A teacher deserves wide latitude in selecting the method of grading
that best promotes learning in her classroom
。
that is, after all, the prime
function of grades. It is she who has the training and experience to make this
decision. Assuming that your teacher is neither biased nor corrupt and that her
system conforms to school rules, you can't fault her ethics.
You can criticize her methodology. A 100 need not imply that there is no
possibility of improvement, only that a student successfully completed the
course work. A ninth grader could get a well-earned 100 in English class but
still have a way to go before she writes as well as Jane Austen. What's more,
grades are not only an educational device but are also part of a screening
system to help assign kids to their next class or program. By capping her grades
at 94 while most other teachers grade on a scale that tops out at 100, your
teacher could jeopardize a student's chance of getting a scholarship or getting
into a top college.
What it is wrong to condemn her for is overlooking your hard work. You
diligence is worthy of encouragement, but effort does not equal accomplishment.
If scholars suddenly discovered that Rembrandt had dashed off The Night Watch
in an afternoon, it would still be The Night Watch.
I could spend months sweating over my own paintings, but I'd produce
something you wouldn't want to hang in your living room. Or your garage.
One feature of a good grading system is that those measured by it
generally regard it as fair and reasonable
—
not the case here. Simmering (
难以平息的
)
resentment is seldom an aid to so your next step should be
to discuss your concerns with your teacher or the principal.

注意：此部分试卷请在答题卡
2
上作答。
47. The ninth- grader thought that his art
teacher should have given him ______.
48. According to the answer, a teacher should have the freedom to ______ to
encourage learning.
49. We learn from the answer that a student who gets a 100 should still work
hard and keep ______.
50. The example of Rembrandt's painting suggests that a distinction should be
made between ______.
51. The ninth-grader is advised to go to his teacher or the principal to ______.

Section BQuestions 51 to 56 are based on the following passage.
Only two
countries in the advanced world provide no guarantee for paid leave from work to


care for a newborn child. Last spring one of the two, Australia, gave up the
dubious distinction by establishing paid family leave starting in 2018. I wasn't
surprised when this didn't make the news here in the United States
—
we're now
the only wealthy country without such a policy. The United States does
have one explicit family policy, the Family and Medical Leave Act, passed in
1993. It entitles workers to as much as 12 weeks' unpaid leave for care of a
newborn or dealing with a family medical problem. Despite the modesty of the
benefit, the Chamber of Commerce and other business groups fought it bitterly,
describing it as government-run personnel management and a dangerous
precedent. In fact, every step of the way, as (usually) Democratic leaders have
tried to introduce work-family balance measures into the law, business groups
have been strongly opposed. As Yale law professor Anne Alstott argues,

5 / 12

justifying parental support depends on defining the family as a social good that,
in some sense, society must pay for. In her book No Exit: What Parents Owe Their
Children and What Society Owes Parents, she argues that parents are burdened in
many ways in their lives: there is
o exit when it comes to children. Society
expects
—
and needs
—
parents to provide their children with continuity of care,
meaning the intensive, intimate care that human beings need to develop their
intellectual,
emotional
and
moral
capabilities.
And
society
expects
—
and
needs
—
parents
to persist in their roles for 18 years, or longer if
needed. While most parents do this out of love, there are public
penalties for not providing care. What parents do, in other words, is of deep
concern to the state, for the obvious reason that caring for children is not
only morally urgent but essential for the future of society. The state
recognizes this in the large body of family laws that govern children' welfare,
yet parents receive little help in meeting the life-changing obligations society
imposes. To classify parenting as a personal choice for which there is no
collective responsibility is not merely to ignore the social benefits of good
parenting
。
really, it is to steal those benefits because they accrue (
不断积累
)
to the whole of society as today's children become tomorrow's productive
citizenry (
公民
). In fact, by some estimates, the value of parental investments
in children, investments of time and money (including lost wages), is equal to
20-30% of gross domestic product. If these investments generate huge social
benefits
—
as they clearly do
—
the benefits of providing more social support for
the family should be that much clearer.
注意：此部分试卷请在答题卡
2
上作答。
52.
What do we learn about paid family leave from the first paragraph? A)
America is now the only developed country without the policy. B) It has
now become a hot topic in the United States. C) It came as a surprise when
Australia adopted the policy. D) Its meaning was clarified when it was
established in Australia.53. What has prevented the passing of work-family
balance laws in the United States? A) The incompetence of the
Democrats. B) The existing Family and Medical Leave Act. C) The lack