bass是什么意思建筑学Modern-Architecture现代建筑大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

2021年1月19日发(作者：汲取)




毕

业

设

计（论文）

外

文

文

献

翻

译




文献、资料中文题目：现

代

建

筑

文献、资料英文题目：
Modern Architecture
文献、资料来源：

文献、资料发表（出版）日期：

院

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专

业：

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指导教师：

翻译日期：
2017.02.14




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文献、资料发表（出版）日期：



建筑学毕业设计的外文文献及译文



《
Advanced Encryption Standard
》
2004
.
10
.
25




外文文献：

Modern Architecture
Modern architecture, not to be confused with 'contemporary architecture', is a term given to
a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and
the elimination of ornament. While the style was conceived early in the 20th century and heavily
promoted
by
a
few
architects,
architectural
educators
and
exhibits,
very
few
Modern
buildings
were built in the first half of the century. For three decades after the Second World War, however,
it became the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate building.

1. Origins

Some historians see the evolution of Modern architecture as a social matter, closely tied to
the
project
of
Modernity
and
hence
to
the
Enlightenment,
a
result
of
social
and
political
revolutions.




Others
see
Modern
architecture
as
primarily
driven
by
technological
and
engineering
developments,
and
it
is
true
that
the
availability
of
new
building
materials
such
as
iron,
steel,
concrete
and
glass
drove
the
invention
of
new
building
techniques
as
part
of
the
Industrial
Revolution. In 1796, Shrewsbury mill owner Charles Bage first used his ‘fireproof’ design, which
relied on cast
iron and
brick with
flag stone
floors. Such construction
greatly strengthened the
structure
of
mills,
which
enabled
them
to
accommodate
much
bigger
machines.
Due
to
poor
knowledge of iron's properties as a construction material, a number of early mills collapsed. It
was
not
until
the
early
1830s
that
Eaton
Hodgkinson
introduced
the
section
beam,
leading
to
widespread
use
of
iron
construction,
this
kind
of
austere
industrial
architecture
utterly
transformed the landscape of northern Britain, leading to the description,
places like Manchester and parts of West Yorkshire. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the
Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and glass construction; possibly the best
example is the development of the tall steel skyscraper in Chicago around 1890 by William Le
Baron
Jenney
and
Louis
Sullivan.
Early
structures
to
employ
concrete
as
the
chief
means
of
architectural expression (rather than for purely utilitarian structure) include Frank Lloyd Wright's
Unity Temple, built in 1906 near Chicago, and Rudolf Steiner's Second Goetheanum, built from


1926 near Basel, Switzerland.
Other historians regard Modernism as a matter of taste, a reaction against eclecticism and
the lavish stylistic excesses of Victorian Era and Edwardian Art Nouveau.
Whatever the cause, around 1900 a number of architects around the world began developing
new
architectural
solutions
to
integrate
traditional
precedents
(Gothic,
for
instance)
with
new
technological
possibilities.
The
work
of
Louis
Sullivan
and
Frank
Lloyd
Wright
in
Chicago,
Victor Horta in Brussels, Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona, Otto Wagner in Vienna and Charles Rennie
Mackintosh in Glasgow, among many others, can be seen as a common struggle between old and
new.

2. Modernism as Dominant Style

By
the
1920s
the
most
important
figures
in
Modern
architecture
had
established
their
reputations. The big three are commonly recognized as Le Corbusier in France, and Ludwig Mies
van
der
Rohe
and
Walter
Gropius
in
Germany.
Mies
van
der
Rohe
and
Gropius
were
both
directors of the Bauhaus, one of a number of European schools and associations concerned with
reconciling craft tradition and industrial technology.

Frank Lloyd Wright's career parallels and influences the work of the European modernists,
particularly via the Wasmuth Portfolio, but he refused to be categorized with them. Wright was a
major influence on both Gropius and van der Rohe, however, as well as on the whole of organic
architecture.
In
1932
came
the
important
MOMA
exhibition,
the
International
Exhibition
of
Modern
Architecture, curated by Philip Johnson. Johnson and collaborator Henry-Russell Hitchcock drew
together
many
distinct
threads
and
trends,
identified
them
as
stylistically
similar
and
having
a
common purpose, and consolidated them into the International Style.

This was an important turning point. With World War II the important figures of the Bauhaus
fled to the United States, to Chicago, to the Harvard Graduate School of Design, and to
Black
Mountain
College.
While
Modern
architectural
design
never
became
a
dominant
style
in
single- dwelling
residential
buildings,
in
institutional
and
commercial
architecture
Modernism
became the pre- eminent, and in the schools (for leaders of the profession) the only acceptable,
design solution from about 1932 to about 1984.