advertisement是什么意思生理学基本概念的中英文名词解释

2021年1月19日发(作者：residual)
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绝对不应期

absolute refractory period
The time interval during which a cell is incapable of initiating a second action potential.

动作电位

action potential

An action potential is a rapid change in the membrane potential. Each action potential begins with a
sudden change from the normal resting negative potential to a positive membrane potential
(depolarization) and then ends with an almost equally rapid change back to the negative potential
(repolarization).

主动转运

active transport

The movement of substances across the membrane occurs against the electrochemical gradient with
the necessity of consumption of metabolic energy

后负荷

afterload

Afterload is the load that is given to the muscle after the beginning of the contraction.

自身调节

autoregulation

In certain cases, a tissue or organ can respond directly to the environmental changes, depending
neither on nervous nor on humoral control. This form of regulation is called auto-regulation.

完全强直收缩

complete tetanus

When the frequency of stimulation reaches a critical level, the successive contractions are so rapid that
they literally fused together, and the contraction appears to be completely smooth and continuous.
This is called completely tetanus.

去极化

depolarization

The change in membrane potential away from the resting potential and toward the sodium
equilibrium.

入胞

endocytosis

Very large particles enter the cell by a specialized function of the cell membrane called endocytosis.
The principle forms of endocytosis are pinocytosis and phagocytosis.

平衡电位

equilibrium potential

Electrochemical equilibrium is a steady state, as in the resting membrane potential of a cell ,in which
an electrical potential and chemical potential gradient are in balance and no net movement of charged
particles occurs.

兴奋性

excitability

Excitability is the ability of certain kinds of cells (excitable cell) to generate active changes in their
membrane potential. Excitability is a fundamental property common to all tissues and cells.

兴奋

excitation

Excitation signifies and increases in activity, such as contraction of a muscle, acceleration of the heart
beat.

出胞

exocytosis

A stimulus to secrete causes the intracellular vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane and to release
the vesicles contents is called exocytosis.

易化扩散

facilitated diffusion
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In facilitated diffusion, transport proteins (carrier and channel proteins) hasten the movement of
certain substances across a membrane down their concentration gradients.

以通道为中介的转运

facilitated diffusion via ion channel

Channels are membrane proteins that contain small, highly selective aqueous pores. Channels usually
allow specific ion, eg ,Na
+
,K
+
,Ca
2+
or Cl
-
to move down their electrochemical gradients across the
membrane.


反馈

feedback

Feedback is a flow of information along a closed loop. Usually, a constancy of physiological variable
requires a feedback mechanism that feeds the output information back to the control system so as to
modify the nature of control.

稳态

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant state with special reference to the internal medium.

体内

in vivo

Experiments performed on the whole body.

内环境

internal environment

All cells of the body live in the extracellular fluid, extracellular fluid is called the internal environment
of the body.

等长收缩

isometric contraction

Tension increases but the length of the muscle does not change when a muscle contracts.

等张收缩

isotonic contraction

Tension remains constant but the muscle shortens when a muscle contracts.

负反馈

negative feedback

A regulated variable is sensed, information is sent to a controller, and action is taken to oppose
change from the desire value.

神经肌肉接头

neuromuscular junction

The complex structure responsible for signal transmission from nerve to skeletal muscle.

正反馈

positive feedback

With positive feedback, a variable is sensed and action is taken to reinforce change of the variable, so
it promotes a change in one direction.

前负荷

preload

Preload is the load that is given to the muscle prior to its contraction.

相对不应期

relative refractory period

A period follows the end of the absolute refractory period, during which it is possible to elicit a
second action potential, but the threshold stimulus intensity is higher than usual.

复极化

repolarization

Shortly after depolarization, the sodium channels begin to close and the potassium channels open
more than they normally do. Then, rapid diffusion of potassium ions to the exterior re-establishes the
normal resting potential. This is called repolarization of the membrane.
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静息电位

resting potential

The difference in electrical potential across the membrane of an undisturbed cell, having a positive
sign on the outside surface and a negative sign in the interior.

跳跃传导

salutatory conduction

Conduction of a nerve impulse down a myelinated nerve fiber by skipping from node to node.

单纯扩散

simple diffusion

Diffusion means simply movement through the membrane caused by random motion of the
molecules of the substances, moving either through cell membrane pores or through the lipid matrix
of the membrane.

钠
-
钾泵

sodium-potassium pump

The sodium-potassium pump is responsible for the coupled active transport of Na
せ

out of cells and
K
せ

into cells. Sodium-potassium pump is also an adenosine triphosphatase, an enzyme that
catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).

凝集

agglutination

During blood transfusion, the red blood cells aggregated together in clumps which were sufficiently
large to block minor blood vessels. This clumping is known as agglutination.

血液凝固

blood coagulation

The coagulation system consists of cofactors and a series of zymogens which sequentially activate one
another, leading to formation of fibrin at a site of vascular injury.

血型

blood group

Blood groups are system of genetically determined antigenic substances on the membrane of red
blood cells.

血压

blood pressure

Blood pressure means the force exerted by the blood against any unit area of the vessel wall.

交叉配血

cross-match test

Serum from recipient is tested against the donor's cells, and serum from donor is tested against the
recipient's cells, this test is called cross-matching test.

红细胞沉降率

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

When blood to which an anticoagulant has been added stands in a narrow tube, the red cells gradually
sediment, leaving a clear zone of plasma above. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is measured as the
length to column of clear plasma after one hour.

红细胞生成素

erythropoietin

Erythropoietin is a hormone secreted by the kidneys which stimulates hemoglobin synthesis and
erythropoiesis.

纤维蛋白溶解

fibrinolysis

In many cases fibrin within blood vessels is rapidly dissolved to restore the fluidity of the blood, and
in others the fibrin becomes hyalinized or is removed by phagocytes and replaced by connective tissue.
The process of liquefaction of fibrin is known as fibrinolysis.

血红蛋白

hemoglobin
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Hemoglobin is a chromoprotein found in the red blood cells and having a great affinity for oxygen.

自动节律性

autorhythmicity

Autorhythmicity is the ability to initiate its own beat. Many cardiac tissues are found to have
autorhythmicity, for example sinoatrial node, intraventricular tracts and Purkinje cells. In addition to
the cardiac tissue, the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract has also autorhythmicity.

容量血管

capacitance vessels

The veins have wide lumen and contain a greater volume of blood than any other section of the
circulation does, thus the veins are referred to as the capacitance vessels.

心动周期

cardiac cycle

The cardiac events that occur from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next are
called a cardiac cycle . Cardiac cycle is composed of two periods: systole and diastole.

心指数

cardiac index

Cardiac index is the cardiac output per square meter of body surface area.

心输出量

cardiac output

The product of the frequency of pumping (heart rate) and the stroke volume is the cardiac output; it
is also called minute volume.

心力储备

cardiac reserve

The ability of the heart to adapt need of organism for expelling a larger quantity of blood above the
basal level.

心血管中枢

cardiovascular center

The cardiovascular centers are responsible for integration of sensory information and subsequent
modification of efferent autonomic nerve activity to the heart and blood vessels.

中心静脉压

central venous pressure

The venous pressure as measured at the right atrium.

代偿间歇

compensatory pause

The pause between the extra beat and the next normal beat is slightly longer than the usual beat
interval, which is called compensatory pause.

舒张压

diastolic pressure

Diastolic pressure is the lowest blood pressure in an artery during the diastole of the heart.

有效不应期

effective refractory period

The duration from the beginning of phase 0 to -60mV of repolarization fails to produce action
potential to any stimulus, no matter how strong. This duration is called ERP. In the ERP, the
excitability is almost zero.

射血分数

ejection fraction

The proportion of the end- diastolic volume that is ejected (i.e. stroke volume/end diastolic volume).

心电图

electrocardiogram

The synchronized depolarizations spreading through the heart cause currents that establish field
potential, whose differences can be amplified and detected by electrodes placed on the body surface.
The record produced is called electrocardiogram.
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交换血管

exchange vessel

The capillaries are tubes formed by a single layer of endothelial cells,. They create a very large area
where the material exchanges between blood and the tissue cells take place.

心音

heart sound

When the valves close, the vanes of the valves and the surrounding fluids vibrate under the influence
of the sudden pressure differentials that develop, giving off sound that travels in all directions through
the chest. These sounds are called heart sounds.

异常自身调节

heterometric autoregulation

Regulation of cardiac output as a result of changes in cardiac muscle fiber length is called
heterometric regulation.

平均动脉压

mean arterial pressure

The mean arterial blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries, average over time.

微循环

microcirculation

Microcirculation is the circulation between arterioles and venules. In the microcirculation, the most
purposeful function of the circulation occurs: transport of nutrients to the tissues and removal of
cellular excreta.

起搏点

pacemaker

The automatic cells that ordinarily fire at the highest frequency which are located in the sinoatrial
node, excitation of the heart normally begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node.

期前收缩

premature systole

When a second action potential is triggered at the very start of the relative refractory period, the
second contraction is superimposed on the semirelaxed phase of the first contraction. This
phenomenon is called premature systole.

脉压

pulse pressure

The pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.

每搏输出量

stroke volume

Stroke volume is referred to the volume ejected at each contraction by one side of the heart.

每搏功

stroke work

The stroke work of the heart is the amount of energy that the heart converts to work during each
heart beat while pumping blood into arteries.

收缩压

systolic pressure

The pressure rises during cardiac systole and falls during diastole. The peak pressure value reached
during systole is termed the systole pressure. Usually, at rest systolic pressure of the healthy young
adult is 100~120mmHg.

肺泡通气量

alveolar ventilation

The amount of air reaching the alveoli per minute, at rest it generally amounts to 4.2L/min.

解剖无效腔

anatomic dead space

The space in the conducing zone of the airways occupied by gas that does not exchange with blood in
the pulmonary vessels, such as in the nose, pharynx, and trachea since these area is not useful the gas
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exchange process but instead goes to fill respiratory passages.
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波尔效应

Bohr effect

The increased oxygen release by hemoglobin in the presence of elevated carbon dioxide levels (the
effects shift the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve to the left and upward). By forming hydrogen
ions, carbon dioxide loading facilitates oxygen unloading, i.e., the decrease in O
2
affinity of
hemoglobin when the pH of blood falls, which is closely related to the fact that deoxygenated
hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin) binds H+ more actively than does oxyhemoglobin.

顺应性

compliance

Distensibility, the ability of the lungs to tolerate changes in volume, a property that reflects the
presence of elastic fibers. It is defined as the change in volume per unit change in pressure (△V/△P),
the reciprocal of the compliance.

弹性阻力

elastic resistance

A term used to describe the elastic properties of the lung and chest wall; the resistance or elastance
(△V/△P),the reciprocal of the compliance.

机能余气量

functional residual capacity

It equals to the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume. This is the amount of air that
remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration (about 2300ml).

何尔登效应

Haldane effect

The increase in carbon dioxide unloading from hemoglobin in response to the combination of oxygen
with hemoglobin, i.e., when oxygen binds with hemoglobin, carbon dioxide is released.

补吸气量

inspiratoy reserve volume

The air inspired with a maximal inspiratoy effort in excess of the volume. i.e., the maximum extra
volume of air that be inspired over and above the normal tidal volume, it is usually equal to about
3000ml.

胸内压

intrapleural pressure

The pressure within the pleural cavity is called intrapleural pressure.

肺内压

intrapulmonary pressure

The pressure within the alveoli of the lungs, also called intrapulmonary pressure.

氧含量

oxygen content

The oxygen content is used to indicate how much O
2
per liter of blood is attached to the hemoglobin
in normal arterial blood, described as percent saturated.


氧离曲线

oxygen dissociation curve

The graph of the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the degree of hemoglobin
saturation with oxygen, which has a characteristic sigmoid shape

表面活性物质

pulmonary surfactant

A detergent-like mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins that lowers the surface tension of water,
produced by surfactant-secreting (Type-II) cells. It is a mixture of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline
(DPPC), other lipids, and proteins.
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