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enable是什么意思大学体验英语综合教程4课文翻译和课后翻译

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2021-01-19 09:30
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埃菲-enable是什么意思

2021年1月19日发(作者:cdc是什么意思)
Unit 1
The Unsung Heroes: What About Working Dads?
On our first
see the movie Toy Story. We enjoyed it, but afterward my husband asked,
the
dad?
At
first,
it
seemed
petty
to
criticize
an
entertaining
family
movie
because
of
one
small
point.
The
more
I
thought
about
it,
however,
the
more
glaring
an
omission
it
seemed.
Not
only
was
dad
not
around,
he
wasn't
even
mentioned


despite
the
fact
that there was a baby in the family, so dad couldn't have been that long gone. It
was as if the presence

or absence

of a father is a minor detail, not even
requiring an explanation.
This is only one example of the media trend toward marginalizing fathers, which
mirrors
enormous
social
changes
in
the
United
States.
David
Blankenhorn,
in
his
book
Fatherless America, refers to this trend as the
We are bombarded by stories about the struggles of working mothers (as opposed to
non-working
mothers,
I
suppose).
Meanwhile,
a
high
proportion
of
media
stories
about
fathers focus on abusive husbands or deadbeat dads. It seems that the only time
fathers
merit
attention
is
when
they
are
criticized
for
not
helping
enough
with
the
housework
(a
claim
that
I
find
dubious
anyway,
because
the
definition
of

rarely includes cleaning the gutters, changing the oil in the car or other jobs
typically
done
by
men)
or
when
they
die.
When
Mr.
Blankenhorn
surveyed
fathers
about
the
meaning
of
the
term

family
man,
many
responded
that
it
was
a
phrase
they
only heard at funerals.
One exception to the
that at-home dads have received. I do not mean to imply that at-home dads do not
deserve support for making this commitment. I only mean to point out the double
standard
at
work
when
at-home
dads
are
applauded
while
at- home
mothers
and
breadwinner fathers are given little, if any, cultural recognition.
The very language we use to discuss men's roles (i.e., deadbeat dads) shows a lack
of
appreciation
for
the
majority
of
men
who
quietly
yet
proudly
fulfill
their
family
responsibilities. We almost never hear the term
that calls for more workplace flexibility are considered to be for men as much as
for
women.
Our
society
acts
as
if
family
obligations
are
not
as
important
to
fathers
as
they
are
to
mothers


as
if
career
satisfaction
is
what
a
man's
life
is
all
about.
Even
more
insulting
is
the
recent
media
trend
of
regarding
at-home
wives
as

symbols


like
an
expensive
car


flaunted
by
the
supposedly
few
men
who
can
afford
such a luxury. The implication is that men with at-home wives have it easier than
those
whose
wives
work
outside
the
home
because
they
have
the

of
a
full-time
housekeeper. In reality, however, the men who are the sole wage earners for their
families suffer a lot of stresses. The loss of a job

or even the threat of that
happening

is obviously much more difficult when that job is the sole source of
income
for
a
family.
By
the
same
token,
sole
wage
earners
have
less
flexibility
when
it comes to leaving unsatisfying careers because of the loss of income such a job
change
entails.
In
addition,
many
husbands
work
overtime
or
second
jobs
to
make
more
money
needed
for
their
families.
For
these
men,
it
is
the
family
that
the
job
supports
that makes it all worthwhile. It is the belief that having a mother at home is
important
to
the
children,
which
makes
so
many
men
gladly
take
on
the
burden
of
being
a sole wage earner.
Today,
there
is
widespread
agreement
among
researchers
that
the
absence
of
fathers
from
households
causes
serious
problems
for
children
and,
consequently,
for
society
at large. Yet, rather than holding up
for
the
dads
of
tomorrow,
too
often
society
has
thrown
up
its
hands
and
decided
that
traditional fatherhood is at best obsolete and at worst dangerously reactionary.
This has left many men questioning the value of their role as fathers.
As a society, we need to realize that fathers are just as important to children as
mothers
are


not
only
for
financial
support,
but
for
emotional
support,
education
and
discipline
as
well.
It
is
not
enough
for
us
merely
to
recognize
that
fatherlessness is a problem

to stand beside the grave and mourn the loss of the

lost
a
father
to
death
if
that
is
possible).
We
must
acknowledge
how
we
have
devalued
fatherhood and work to show men how necessary, how important they are in their
children's lives.
Those
fathers
who
strive
to
be
good
family
men
by
being
there
every
day
to
love
and
support
their
families


those
unsung
heroes


need
our
recognition
and
our
thanks
for all they do. Because they deserve it
无名英雄:职业父亲意味着什么?

在我们的孪生女儿出生后的第一次

约会”时,我和丈夫一起去看了一部名为《玩具故
事》的电影。我们很喜欢这部片子,但随后我丈夫问 道:

父亲在哪儿呢?”起初我还认为
因为一个小小的失误而批评一部很吸引人的家庭影 片似乎是太偏狭了。
可后来越想越觉得这
一疏忽太严重了。父亲不仅没有出现,他甚至没有被提 到——

尽管家中有婴儿,说明他不
可能离开太长时间。
影片给人的感觉是,
父亲出现与否似乎是个极次要的细节,
甚至不需要
做任何解释。


新闻媒体倾向于把父亲的边缘化,
这只是一个例子,
它反映了在美国发生的巨大的社会
变化。大卫·布兰肯霍恩在《无父之国》一书中将这种倾向称之为

无需父亲”观念。< br>

职业母亲
(我想这应是与无职业母亲相对而言的)
奋斗的故 事从媒体上无尽无休地轰击
着我们。
与此同时,
媒体上绝大多数有关父亲的故事又集中 表现暴力的丈夫或没出息的父亲。
看起来似乎父亲惟一值得人们提及的时候是因为他们做家务太少而受到 指责的时候
(我怀疑
这一说法的可靠性,因为

家务”的定义中很少包括打扫屋 顶的雨水沟、给汽车换机油或其
它一些典型地由男人们做的事)

或者是在他们去世的 时候。
当布兰肯霍恩先生就

顾家的好
男人”一词的词义对父亲们进行调查时, 许多父亲都回答这一词语只有在葬礼上听到。

这种

无需父亲”综合症的一个 例外是家庭全职父亲所受到的媒体的赞扬。我并非暗指
这些家庭全职父亲作出的承诺不值得人们的支持,
我只是想指出在实际生效的双重标准:

庭全职父亲受到人们的赞扬,
而家庭 全职母亲和养家活口的父亲,
所得到文化上的认同却很
少,甚至完全得不到。
我们用来讨论父亲角色
(即没出息的父亲)
的话语本身就显示出人们对大多数男人默默无闻而自豪地履行对家庭承担的责任缺乏赏识。
我们几乎从来没听到

职业父亲”这 一说法,
在人们呼吁应该考虑给予工作者在工作地点上更大的灵活性时,
很少有人认为这种呼吁 不但
适用于女子,
同样也适应于男子。
我们这个社会表现出似乎家庭职责对父亲来说并 不象对母
亲那么重要

——

似乎事业上的满足就是男人生活的全部。

更让人感到侮辱的是最近媒体的这种倾向,即把家庭主妇看成是一种

地位的象征”
——

就像一辆名贵的汽车,只有据说少数男人才享受得起这种奢侈与豪华。这暗示家 里有
家庭主妇的男人比那些妻子在外工作的男人日子过得更舒适,因为他们拥有全职管家这种
< br>奢侈品”。
然而,
实际上作为家庭惟一挣钱者的男人要承受很多压力。
当他们的 那份工作是
家庭收入的惟一来源的时候,
失业,
或者甚至只不过是受到失业的威胁,< br>对他们来说显然构
成更大的困难。
同样,
家庭惟一的工资收入者在想辞去不太满 意的工作时,
其灵活程度也要
小一些,因为这种工作变换会使他们失去收入。此外,为了给家庭 挣更多的钱,许多丈夫超
时工作或兼做第二职业。
对于这些男人来说,
正是这份工作所 支撑的家庭,
使得他们值得付
出努力。
很多男人相信母亲呆在家里对小孩十分重要,< br>这种信念使得他们乐意地担起家里惟
一挣钱人的担子。


目前,
研究者们普遍认为家庭中没有父亲会对小孩

——

因此对整个社会

——

带来严
重的问题。
然而,
我们这个社会并没有把

普通”父亲作为正面角色为未来的父亲树立榜样,
相反 地,
却常常持放弃态度,
认为传统的父道从最好的方面说是已经过时,
从最坏的方面讲
就是危险的反动。这使得许多男人对他们作为父亲的角色的价值提出疑问。


作为一个社会,
我们需要认识到对于孩子来说,
父亲是与母亲同等重要的,
不 仅仅在经
济支持上,
而且在感情依靠、
教育和纪律训导方面都是如此。
我们仅 仅意识到没有父亲是一
个问题是不够的,也不能只是站在坟墓旁边哀悼

顾家好男人”的 去世,随后又找一个人来
替代他(请问一问已失去父亲的人,这是否可能)
。我们必须承认我们 是如何贬低了父道的
价值,我们必须努力向男人们显示,他们在孩子们的生活中是多么不可缺少,多么重 要。


那些每天都在努力去爱和支撑他们的家庭,
力求做一个顾家好 男人的父亲,
那些无名英
雄,
需要我们的承认,
他们所付出的一切需要我们的 感谢,
因为他们值得我们的认同和感激。

1.
随着职务的提升,他担负的责任也更大了。

With his promotion,he has taken on greater responsibilities.
2.
他感到他没有必要再一次对约翰承担这样的责任了。

He felt he did not have to make such a commitment to John any more.
3.
闲暇时玛丽喜欢外出购物,与她相反,露西却喜欢呆在家里看书。

Mary
likes
to
go
shopping
in
her
spare
time,
as
opposed
to
Lucy,who
prefers
to
stay
at home reading.
4.
说好听一点
,
可以说他有抱负,用最糟糕的话来说,他是一个没有良心或没有资格的权力
追求者。

At
best
he

s
ambitious,and
at
worst
a
power-seeker
without
conscience
or
qualifications.
5.
我们已经尽全力想说服他,但是却毫无进展。

We have striven to the full to convince him ,but we have made no headway.
Unit 2
Why Digital Culture Is Good for You?
The news media, along with social and behavioral scientists, have recently
sent out a multitude of warnings about the many dangers that await us out there in
cyberspace.
The
truth
of
the
matter
is
that
the
Web
is
no
more
inherently
dangerous
than
anything
else
in
the
world.
It
is
not
some
amorphous
entity
capable
of
inflicting
harmful outcomes on all who enter. In fact, in and of itself, the Web is fairly
harmless.
It
has
no
special
power
to
overtake
its
users
and
alter
their
very
existence.
Like the old tale that the vampire cannot harm you unless you invite it to cross
your threshold, the Internet cannot corrupt without being invited. And, with the
exception of children and the weak-willed, it cannot create what does not already
exist...
(1)Like
alcohol,
the
Web
simply
magnifies
what
is
already
there:
Experts
are
concerned that the masking that goes on online poses a danger for everyone who is
a part of the Digital Culture. Before we know it, the experts tell us, we will all
use fake identities, become fragmented, and will no longer be sure of just who we
are.
Wrong.
The
only
people
who
feel
compelled
to
mask,
and
otherwise
misrepresent
themselves online are the same people who are mysterious and unfrank in
life”...the Net just gives them one more tool to practice their
deceit.
As
for
the
rest
of
us,
getting
taken
in
by
these
people
is
a
low
probability.
We know who these
folks are in the
people to disguise as something they are not. As for the Digital Culture getting
cheated by these dishonest folks, well, there are just as many
decipher deception
as there are in the
recognize
many
red
flags
given
off
by
the
online
behavior
of
others.
Oftentimes
the
intentions of fellow users is crystal clear, especially over time.
When
someone
is
trying
to
deceive
us
online,
inconsistencies,
the
essence
that
they
are
trying

hard”
or
are
just
plain
unbelievable,
often
come
through
loud
and clear. Likewise, just like in the
tendencies
can
be
readily
recognized
online.
Narcissism
(it’s
all
about

those
people
who
have
nothing
but
negativity
or
unpleasant
things
to
say
about
others,
and those who feel compelled to undermine others and who think they must blow out
the
other
guys’
candles
in
order
for
their
own
to
shine
can
be
spotted
a
cybermile
away.
(2)The
Web
can
bring
out
the
best
in
people:
Gregarious,
frank
folks
in

life” usually car
ry these same traits over to their online life. Most are just as
fun-loving online if not more so, as they are at a party, at work, or at the local
bar.
Though
admittedly,
some
are
not
quite
as
much
fun
to
be
around
without
a
stiff
drink.

Shy folks have a
can learn to express themselves more freely on the
Net (you’ve never seen anyone
stutter on e-mail, have you?) allowing them to gain confidence and communication
skills that can eventually spill over into other aspects of their lives. Helpful
people in
online as anywhere else.
(3)
People
are
judged
differently
on
the
Web:
On
the
Internet
people
are
judged
by
their
personality,
beliefs
and
online
actions,
NOT
by
their
physical
appearance.
This is good. It not only gives ugly folks an aid, but causes Beautiful People to
have to say something worth listening to in order to get attention.
(4) People open up more: Many people are opening up a whole lot more these
days since they are not required to use their real name and provide their real
identity in the Internet.
(5)
We’re
connected:
Members
of
the
Digital
Culture
know
full
well
that
there
is a wealth of important information and life-changing opportunities out there in
cyberspace.
The
Web
has
opened
doors
for
many
of
us
that
otherwise
would
never
have
been
an
option.
Research
possibilities
and
networking
are
just
two
such
opportunities.
(6) We Learn the Power of Words and to be Better Listeners: With no facial
expressions, body language, or physical appearance to distract us, members of the
Digital Culture have learned the power of words ... both their own, and others’.
We know very well how a simple string of words can harm, hurt and offend, or how
they
can
offer
humor,
help,
support
and
encouragement.
Most
experienced
members
of
the
online
culture
have
learned
to
become
wordsmiths,
carefully
crafting
the
words
they use to convey exactly what they mean so as not to be misunderstood.
Many of us have also learned to become far better listeners thanks to the
Internet. Not only do we choose our words more carefully but we (especially those
who communicate via email as opposed to chat rooms) are forced to wait until the
other person finishes before we can speak or respond.
为什么数字文化对你有好处
?
最近,新闻媒体以及社会学家和行为学家们都发出大量 警告指出:网络空间危险重重。
其实,
万维网与世界上其它任何事物一样并非天然地有害。它并非某种看不见摸不着的实体,
能使危险降临进入它的每一个人。
实际上,
网络 就其本身而言是相当无害的,
它没有超越其
使用者并改变他们的存在的特殊功能。
正如 古老的传说指出的一样,
吸血鬼不请不会自入家
门来伤害你,
互联网也不会不请自来地 使你堕落。
除孩子和意志薄弱者外,
它不可能造成本
来就不存在的东西…



1
)如同酒精的作用一样,网络仅仅是将已有的事物放大:


专家们担心,网上盛行的隐藏装假对参与数字文化的人来说是危险的。他们告诉我们,
我们不知 不觉地全都会使用假身份,
一个个变得残缺不全面目全非,
以至于连自己都不敢肯
定自 己究竟是谁。全错。只有那些在

现实生活”中表现得诡秘莫测,毫不坦诚的人,才感
到 被迫要在网上伪装自己并用其它方法提供虚假情况。
网络只不过为他们增添了一种实施欺
骗的工 具。


因为我们了解现实生活中的这些人,所以被这些人欺骗的可能性很小。 因特网并不会

引起”人们去装扮成另一些人。
至于数字文化中人被这些不诚实的家伙欺 骗的问题,
就如同

现实”生活中一样,
网上同样有许多

信号 ”会揭露他们的骗术。
有水平的网迷能识别在线
人行为所发出的很多危险信号。
尤其是 经过一段时间之后,
别的用户的意图常常是非常清楚
的。


有人试图在网上欺骗我们时,
常常会明白无误地表现为自我矛盾,
这是力求取信而过分
涂抹,甚至说话虚假、令人难信的必然迹象。同样,与在

现实世界”中一样,许多其它令
人讨厌的倾向在网上也都能很容易地识别出来。孤芳自赏(一切围绕

我我我”)在网络上也老远就会被发现,
因为他们都是些只说别人反话或坏话的人,
认为只有吹灭他人的蜡烛自
己才能闪光的人。



2
)网络能让人展现其最好的一面:


现实生活”中爱好 交往和直率的人在网上也会展现相同的个性。多数人网上和网下都一样
爱找乐趣,
即使不是有过 之而无不及,
也与他们平时在聚会上、
在工作中和在当地的酒吧里
一样喜欢寻找乐趣。
然而无可否认,
有些人没有烈性酒作伴,
你和他们在一起就不会那么欢
乐。< br>

害羞的人在网上比在

现实世界”中会得到更为
安全的”环境,
并且在网上能学会更自
由地表达自己(你从未见到过有人会在电子邮件上结 结巴巴地说话,对吗)
,网络会使他们
增强信心,
获得交际技能,
而这些又最 终会扩大到他们生活的其它方面。
现实生活中喜欢帮
助他人的人常常在网上也愿意尽力帮助他人 。



3
)网上评价人的方式不同:


在互联网上,
对人的评价是看他们的个性、
信念和网上行为,
而不是看他们的 外表长相。
这很好,
因为它不仅会给其貌不扬的人机会,
也会使长相漂亮的人必须要说 话值得一听才会
引起别人注意。



4
)人们更加坦率:


由于在互联网上不必使用真名并提供真实身份,许多人近日来更加坦诚,畅吐心曲。



5
)我们联到一起了
:
参与数字文化的人都非常了解,
网上有大量重要信息,
并能提供许多改变他们生活的机
遇。
网络为我们中间的许多人打 开了许多大门,
这种选择是他们在其它面所不能得到的。

事研究的可能和上网与人联 系就是两个这样的机会。



6

我们懂得了语言的 威力并学会了更善于倾听:
没有面部表情、
身体语言或外表长相
的干扰,
数字 文化的成员已学会了词语的威力…,
包括他们自己的和他人的词语。
我们透彻
地懂得将 词语简单地组合起来就能损害、
伤害和冒犯他人,
也可以表现幽默和提供帮助、
持和鼓励。
多数富有经验的网络成员已经修炼成为语言大师,
他们慎重地措词,
准 确地表达
自己的意思以避免被人误解。


由于互联网的缘故,
我们中的许多人已经学会更好地倾听。
我们不但要更慎重地斟词酌
句,我们(尤其是那些通过 电子邮件而不是聊天室交流的人)
还必须等待,
等待他人结束后
我们才能说话或者回答 。

1.
要是他适合当校长,那么哪个学生都可以当。

He is no more fit to be a headmaster than any schoolboy would be.
2.
至于她的父亲,她不敢肯定他是否会接收她和她的小孩。

As for her father ,she is not sure whether he will accept her and her baby.
3.
晚睡会损害健康而早睡早起有益于健康。

Staying up late will undermine one

s health while going to bed early and getting
up early will benefit it.
4.
大使亲自向总理转达了总统的问候。

The ambassador personally conveyed the president

s message to the premier.
5.
这个女孩决定敞开心扉,把她看到的一切都告诉警方。

The girl decided to open up and told the police what she had seen.
Unit 3
10 Big Myths About Copyright
1)

it
doesn’t
have
a
copyright
notice,
it’s
not
copyrighted.”

This
was
true in the past, but today almost all major nations follow the Berne copyright
convention.
For
example,
in
the
USA,
almost
everything
created
privately
and
originally
after
April
1,
1989
is
copyrighted
and
protected
whether
it
has
a
notice
or not. The default
you should assume for other people’s works is that they are
copyrighted
and
may
not
be
copied
unless
you
know
otherwise.
There
are
some
old
works
that lost protection
without notice, but
frankly you should not risk it
unless
you
know for sure.
2)

False. Whether you
charge
can
affect
the
damages
awarded
in
court,
but
that’s
the
main
difference
under
the
law.
It’s
still
a
violation
if
you
give
it
away


and
there
can
still
be
serious
damages
if
you
hurt
the
commercial
value
of
the
property.
There
is
an
exception
for
personal
copying
of
music,
which
is
not
a
violation,
though
courts
seem
to
have
said
that
doesn’t
include
wide-scale
anonymous
personal
copying
as
Napster.
If
the
work
has
no
commercial
value,
the
violation
is
mostly
technical
and
is
unlikely
to
result
in legal action.
3)

Usenet
it’s in the public
domain
.”
False. Nothing
modern is in the public domain anymore unless the owner explicitly puts it in the
public
domain.
Explicitly,
as
you
have
a
note
from
the
author/owner
saying,

grant
this to the public domain.”

4)

posting
was just
fair
use!”
The

use”
exemption
to
(U.S.)
copyright
law
was
created
to
allow
things
such
as
commentary,
parody,
news
reporting,
research
and
education
about
copyrighted
works
without
the
permission
of
the
author.
That’s
important
so
that
copyright
law
doesn’t
block
your
freedom
to
expres
s
your
own works. Intent and damage to the commercial value of the work are important
considerations.
Are
you
reproducing
an
article
from
the
New
York
Times
because
you
couldn’t find time to write your own story, or didn’t want your readers to have
to
pay
for
the
New
York
Times
web
site?
They
aren’t

use”.
Fair
use
is
usually
a short excerpt.
5)


name copyrighted!”
False. Copyright is effectively never lost these days, unless
explicitly given away. You also can’t
that, such as almost all titles. You may be thinking of trademarks, which apply to
names,
and
can
be
weakened
or
lost
if
not
defended.
Like
an

computer.
Apple
Computer

that
word
applied
to
computers,
even
though
it

is
also
an
ordinary
word.
Apple
Records
owns
it
when
applied
to
music.
Neither
owns
the
word
on
its
own,
only in context, and owning a mark doesn’t mean complete control.

6)
I
make
up
my
own
stories,
but
base
them
on
another
work,
my
new
work
belongs
to me.”
False. U.S. Copyright law is quite explicit that the making of what are
called
works based on or derived from another copyrighted
work

is the exclusive province of the owner of the original work. This is true
even
though
the
making
of
these
new
works
is
a
highly
creative
process.
If
you
write
a story using settings or characters from somebody else’s work,
you need that
author’s permission.

7)

defendants
in court have powerful rights!”
Copyright
law is mostly civil law. If you violate copyright you would not be charged with a
crime, but usually get sued.
8)

so
copyright
violation
isn’t
a
crime
or
anything?”

Actually,
recently
in the USA commercial copyright violation involving more than 10 copies and value
over
$$2500
was
made
a
felony.
So
watch
out.
On
the
other
hand,
this
is
a
fairly
new,
untested statute
. In one case an operator of a pirate BBS that didn’t charge was
acquitted
because he didn’t charge, but congress
amended the law to cover that.
9)


in fact it’s free advertising.”

It’s
up to
the owners to decide
if
they
want the free ads or not. If they want them, they will
be sure to contact you. Don’t
rationalize whether it hurts the owners or not, ask
them.
Usually
that’s
not
too
hard
to
do.
Even
if
you
can’t
think
of
how
the
author
or
owner
gets
hurt,
think
about
the
fact
that
piracy
on
the
net
hurts
everybody
who
wants a chance to use this wonderful new technology to do more than read other
people’s
flamewars.
10)

e-
mailed
me
a
copy,
so
I
can
post
it.”

To
have
a
copy
is
not
to
have
the
copyright.
All
the
E-mail
you
write
is
copyrighted.
However,
E-mail
is
not
unless
previously
agreed.
So
you
can
certainly
report
on
what
E-mail
you
are
sent,
and
reveal
what it says. You can even quote parts of it to demonstrate. Frankly, somebody who
sues
over
an
ordinary
message
would
almost
surely
get
no
damages,
because
the
message
has no commercial value, but if you want to stay strictly in the law, you should
ask
first.
On
the
other
hand,
don’t
go
nuts
if
somebody
posts
E-mail
you
sent
them.
If it was an ordinary non-secret personal letter of minimal commercial value with
no
copyright
notice
(like
99.9%
of
all
E-
mail),
you
probably
won’t
get
any
damages
if you sue them.
版权的十大神话

1)
如果没有版权标识,
就不会受到版权保护。< br>这在过去是事实,
但现在情况就有所不同
了,几乎所有大国邮遵循伯尔尼版权协定,比如 ,在美国,


1989

4

1
日后,

几 乎所有
个人创作以及原创的作品,
不管它是否有版权标识,
都受到版权保护。
大家默认的是他人的
作品已受到版权保护,
不能随意复制,
除非你能确信它不受版权保 护:
有些年代久远的作品
如果没有标识,
就不受到版权保护,
但坦白地说如果 这一点不能肯定,
你就不应冒这个风险。

2)
如果我没有为此收费 ,
就不算侵权。
错。
你是否收费可能对法庭上判罚金的额度有所
影响,
但那只是在这一法律条文下量刑的主要区别。
即使你免费分发他人的作品,
仍然是侵
权。
而且如果危及到他人财产的商业价值,
仍然会被罚以大额赔偿金。
个人的音乐拷贝 是唯
一的例外,
不被列入侵权行为。
不过法庭上似乎有这种说法,
个人拷贝不 包括像纳帕斯特那
样的大规模匿名复制行为。如果该作品没有向业价值,侵权多是技术性的,不会受到起 诉。

3)
如果已被发送到世界性的新闻组网络系统
(Usenet )
的材料,那就不受版权限制。错。
现代社会里任何东西都要受到版权限制,
除非所有 者明确表示它不受版权限制。
要确定它是
否受到版权限制,必须得要作者/所有者的书面证明:

我准予某某不受版权限制。”

4)
我的帖子只是合理使用。

合理使用”可以免除版权限制,它的设立使人们可以使用
某些作品,
而不必经过作者 的同意,
这些作品包括解说词、模仿诗文、
新闻报道以及那些对
受版权保护的著作的研 究和宣传的作品。
这一规定非常重要,
有了这一规定版权法就不会成
为妨碍你自由地发 表作品的绊脚石。
但涉及到故意侵权和损害具有商业价值的作品时就要慎
重考虑了。
你 做过这样的事吗
?
由于你自己没有时间写文章,
或是为了让你的读者免受给
《 纽
约时报》网站缴费之累,于是就从《纽约时报》上复制一篇。这种行为不是

合理使用 ”。
合理使用通常只是一条简短的摘录。

5)
如果你不保护好你的版权你 就会失去它——有人就可以取得那个名字的版权。
错。

在,
版权是一直有效 的,
除非它明确被出让。
你也不能取得某个名字或类似的缩略词的版权,
几乎所有标题 本身都不可以有版权。
你或许会设想某些与名字有关的商标,
如果不加以保护
是否会削 弱或者丧失。例如

苹果”电脑,虽然苹果只是一个普通的单词,但只有用于电脑
时,苹 果电脑才拥有它。而苹果唱片则只有用于音乐时才拥有它。没有特定的上下义,


者 都不能单独拥有这个单词的版权保护,因此拥有一个标记并不意味着拥有完全的支配权。

6)
如果基于另外一部作品,

我自己编撰了一个故事,
那么这部新作品就属 于我所拥有。
错。美国的版权法十分明确地指出那些所谓

派生作品”的编撰,即以另一 部受版权保护的
作品为素材或从中演纤出来的作品,
是原著作者独有的,
即使那些新作 品的编撰经过高度创
作加工,
原著的所有权是不能改变的。
因此如果你撰写的故事要用 他人作品中的背景或人物。
你就需要征得作者的同意。

7)
他们不可能把我 怎么样,
在法庭上被告也有特权。
版权法主要是民事法。
如果你违反
了版权法 ,你不会以—个罪犯的名义遭到起诉,但通常会受到民事诉讼。

8)
因而版 权侵犯不能算作犯罪?事实上,
美国法律最新规定,
复制超过
10
册,
价值超过
2 500
美元的商业版权侵犯就会被定为重罪。因此,你得小心。不过,这是一条 相当新的法
规,
还未在实际案例中得到应用。
曾有这样一个案例:
—个未收费 的
BBS
盗版者被宣告无罪,
就因为他没有收费。在此之后,国会修正了过去的法规以 堵塞这个漏洞。

9)
它不会伤害任何人,
事实上这是免费广告。< br>是否需要免费的广告,
这应由所有者来决
定。如果他们需要,
他们肯定会与你联 系。不要凭空设想免费广告是否会伤害业主,最好问
问他们。
通常这样做并非太难。
即 使你不能想像作者或作品的所有者会受到怎样的伤害,

要想想这个事实,
就会一日了 然:
网上盗版作品无疑对每一个使用者都会造成伤害,
人们使
用网络这种奇妙的新技术 ,希望能干番事业,决非仅仅为了阅读他人在网上的论战。

10)
他们通过 电子邮件发给我—个副本,所以我可以将它张贴出去。有一个副本并不意
味拥有版权。
你自己写 的所有的电子邮件都是有版权的。
然而除非事先行约定,
电子邮件不
受版权保护。所以收到别人给你发送的邮件你当然可以报道和公开它的内容。
你甚至可以进
行部分引有。
坦率地说,
由于普通信件没什么商业价值,
那些对此提起诉讼的人通常是不会
得到赔偿金的,但如果你想要在法律上站得住脚,最好事先征得邮件发送人的同意。当然,
如果有人把你 发的邮件张贴出来,
也不必大发雷霆。
如果是普通的、
没有秘密可言的私人信
件,是不会有什么商业价值和版权标识意义的
(

99.9
%的电子邮件那样
)
,即使提起诉讼,
也不会得到任何赔偿金的。

1.
理个发他就要收
500
元,简直不可思议。

It is simply incredible for him to charge $$500 for a haircut.
2.
人民赋予你权力,你就应该全心全意为人民服务。

You
are
granted
the
privilege
by
people,so
you
should
serve
the
people
wholeheartedly.
3.
天气预报很重要,依据它我们才能决定什么时候出航。

The weather forecast is important so that we can decide when to launch out.
4.
炮声打破了往常周日早晨的宁静,人们强烈预感到战争就要来临。

The sound of guns violated the usual calmness of Sunday morning, so people had a
strong feeling that the war was coming.
5.
即使你没分钟看
3
页,到本周末你无论如何也看不完这本书。

Even though you read three pages per minute ,you will by no means finish the book
by the end of this weekend.
Unit 4
Majoring in English for Fun and Profit
The
study
of
literature
is
not
only
civilized
and
civilizing


encompassing,
as it does, philosophy, religion, the history of events and the history of ideas


but
popular
and
practical.
One-
sixth
of
all
those
who
receive
bachelor’s
degre
es
from the College of Arts and Sciences are English majors. These graduates qualify
for a surprising range of jobs. Their experience puts the lie to the popular
superstition that English majors must choose between journalism and teaching: in
fact,
English
majors
also
receive
excellent
preparation
for
future
careers
in
law,
medicine, business, and government service.
Undergraduates looking forward to law school or medical school are often
advised
to
follow
a
strict
regimen
of
courses
considered
directly
relevant
to
their
career
choices.
Future
law-school
students
are
advised
to
take
courses
in
political
science, history, accounting, business administration

even human anatomy, and
marriage
and
family
life.
Future
medical
school
students
are
steered
into
multiple
science courses

actually far more science courses than they need for entrance
into
medical
school.
Surprisingly,
many
law
schools


and
medical
schools
indicate
that such specialized preparation is not only unnecessary, but undesirable. There
are
no

law”
courses:
the
best
preparation
for
law
school


and
for
the
practice
of law

is that preparation which makes a student capable of critical thinking;
of
clear,
logical
self-expression;
of
sensitive
analysis
of
the
motives,
the
actions,
and
the
thoughts
of
other
human
beings.
These
are
skills
which
the
study
of
English
is designed to teach.
Entrance into law school, moreover, generally requires a bachelor’s degree
from an accredited institution, a minimum grade point average, and an acceptable
score
on
The
Law
School
Admission
Test
(LSAT).
This
test
has
three
parts.
The
first
evaluates skills in reading comprehension, in figure classification, and in the
evaluation of written material. The second part of the test evaluates control of
English grammar and usage, ability to organize written materials, and competence
to edit. The third part evaluates the student’s general knowledge of literature,
art,
music,
and
the
natural
and
social
sciences.
Clearly
an
undergraduate
major
in
English is strong preparation for the L.S.A.T.
As
for
medical
schools,
the
main
requirement
for
admission
is
only
thirty-two
hours of science courses. This requirement is certainly no impediment to a major
in English. Moreover many medical schools require a minimum score on the Medical
College
Admission
Test,
another
test
which
offers
an
advantage
to
the
well-rounded
liberal arts student. The M.C.A.T. evaluates four areas of competence: skill with
synonyms, s, and word association; knowledge of basic mathematics from fractions
through solid geometry; general knowledge of literature, philosophy, psychology,
music, art, and the social sciences; and familiarity with those fundamentals of
biology, chemistry, and physics taught in high school and in introductory college
courses.
The
English
major
with
a
solid,
basic
grounding
in
science
is
well
prepared
for
this
test
and
for
medical
school,
where
his
or
her
skills
in
reading,
analysis,
interpretation,
and
precise
communication
will
equip
him
or
her
to
excel.
The
study
and practice of medicine can only benefit from the insights into human behavior
provided by the study of literature.
Such insights are obviously also valuable to the student who plans a career
in
commerce.
Such
students
should
consider
the
advantages
of
an
English
major
with
an emphasis in business: this program is designed to provide a liberal education,
as
well
as
to
direct
preparation
for
a
business
career.
The
need
for
such
a
program
is
clear:
graduates
with
merely
technical
qualifications
are
finding
jobs
in
business,
but
often
failing
to
hold
them.
Both
the
Wall
Street
Journal
and
the
Journal
of
College
Placement
have
reported
that
increasing
numbers
of
graduates
from
reputable
business
schools
find
themselves
drifting
from
one
job
or
firm
to
another,
unable to hold a position for longer than twelve months. Employers complain that
these
apparently
promising
young
men
and
women
are
simply
not
competent
communicators: because they are not sufficiently literate, they cannot absorb
managerial training; they cannot make effective oral presentations; they cannot
report
progress
or
problems
in
their
writing;
they
cannot
direct
other
workers.
Skill
in analysis and communication is the essence of management.
Consequently the English major with an emphasis in business is particularly
well
prepared
for
a
future
in
business
administration.
Nearly
four
hundred
companies
in
fields
ranging
from
banking
and
insurance
to
communications
to
manufacturing
were
asked
whether
they
hired
college
graduates
with
degrees
in
English,
even
when
those
graduates lacked special training in the industry: Eighty-five percent of the
companies
said
that
they
did.
College
graduates
with
degrees
in
English
are
working
successfully
in
marketing,
in
systems
engineering,
in
personnel
management,
in
sales,
in programming, in project design, and in labor relations.
English
majors
are
also
at
work
in
the
thousand
occupations
provided
by
government
at
all
levels.
Consider,
for
example,
the
federal
government


by
a
very
wide
margin,
America’s
biggest
employer.
In
organizations
r
anging
from
the
Marine
Corps to the Bureau of Mines, from the Commerce Department to the National Park
Service, the federal government employs a work force of nearly three million men
and women. English majors may qualify for
many
of these
jobs. Recently, 51 federal
agencies were asked the same question: whether they hired college graduates with
English degrees but without special job training, 88 percent of these federal
employers said yes. The list of federal positions for which English majors may
qualify ranges from Claims Examiner to Foreign Service Officer to Highway Safety
Management
Specialist.
Again,
those
who
seek
positions
of
high
reward
and
responsibility may be asked to take a test

the federal government uses the
Professional
and
Administrative
Career
Examination,
or
P.A.C.E.,
to
evaluate
applicants
for
about
10
000
jobs
each
year


and
again,
the
test
focuses
on
language
skills:
comprehension,
analysis,
interpretation,
the
ability
to
see
logical
relationships
between
ideas,
and
the
ability
to
solve
problems
expressed
in
words.
Not surprisingly, competent English majors often receive very high scores on the
P.A.C.E.
In
short,
a
major
in
English
is
neither
restricting
nor
impractical:
the
study
of English is excellent preparation for professional life.
学习英语既有乐趣又有回报

文学 的研究——包含对哲学、
宗教、
历史事件的发展和观念由来的研究,
不仅是文明的,
并且有教化作用,而且是流行的和实际的。在所有从文理学院毕业并获得学士学位的人中,
有六分之一的人主修英语。
让人惊异的是,
这些毕业生能胜任范围相当广泛的工作。
他们的
经验表明,
这种广泛流行的偏见是错误的,
即英语专业的学生只能从事新闻或教 学工作:

实上,主修英语的学生也为未来从事法律、医学、商业和公职等职业做了相当好的准 备。


有人时常劝告期望上法学院或医学院的大学生要学习与他们的择业有直 接联系的严格
制定的课程。有人还建议未来法学院的学生应该选修政治、历史、会计、商业管理,甚至人
体解剖学、
婚姻和家庭生活等课程。
未来医学院的学生被引导去学习多种理科课程,< br>实际上,
这些课程比他们考入医学院所需要的理科课程要多得多。
令人惊讶的是,
许多法学院和医学

埃菲-enable是什么意思


埃菲-enable是什么意思


埃菲-enable是什么意思


埃菲-enable是什么意思


埃菲-enable是什么意思


埃菲-enable是什么意思


埃菲-enable是什么意思


埃菲-enable是什么意思



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