cakes什么意思语用学术语及对照表

2021年1月19日发(作者：roaring)
语用学术语对照表
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汉英语用学术语表
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·

abstract meaning --
抽象意义

decontextualized meaning: Abstract meaning is also
known as

·

abstract reference --
抽象指称

a referring expression that refers to an abstract
concept:
showing one's true colours.

·

accomplishment verb --
非瞬间完成性动词

a verb that expresses a change in
status over a period time: The words
verbs.

·

achievement verb --
瞬间完成性动词

a verb that expresses a change in status
without duration: Verbs like
verbs.

·

activity verb --
前指

a process where a word can substitute for a preceding word
or group of words, used as a secondary reference: In the sentence
cream but Bill can't eat it,
example of anaphora.

·

actor

·

affected

·

affixal negation --
词缀否定

negation of a word by a negative affix such as the
prefix un-, in-, non-, -less, etc. in English: Affixal negation is based on the affixation
of the negative prefixes and suffixes.

·

agent

·

ambiguity

·

anaphora

·

antonymous group --
反义词群

a group of antonymous words where any one
member of the group is in opposition to all other members : Since nouns tend to
describe complexes of qualities, they tend to form into larger antonymous groups.

·

antonyms

·

argument

·

aspect

·

assertives --
描述性，说明性的

(
语言功能
) acts of asserting, stating, denying,
confessing, predicting, etc.:
a month

·

associate

·

atelic

·

attributive

·

background -- information that is essential to understanding a situation or problem:


·

background knowledge --
背景知识

information that is essential to understanding
a situation or problem:

·

co-hyponyms

·

cognitive semantics --
认知语义学

An approach to the study of meaning based on
our experience of the world: What is new in cognitive semantics is the way in which it
has been able to be more concrete and specific about the way in which structures of
our perceptual interactions work their way up into our understanding of more abstract
conceptual domains

·

collocation --
搭配

the way in which some words are always used together, or a
particular combination of words used in this way ('commit a crime'): Collocation
refers to the restriction on how words can be used together, for example which
prepositions are used with particular verbs, or which verbs and nouns are used
together.

·

collocation --
可搭配性

the possibilities of co- occurrence of words: An important
fact about language is that all lexical items are more or less restricted in their
distribution, i.e. collocation.

·

commissives --
承担性的
(
言语功能
) commitments made for the speaker to engage
in some future course of actions:
example of commissives.

·

common ground --
共识

knowledge we share with our interlocutors: This joint
activity requires us to share a common ground, the type of knowledge we assume we
share with our interlocutors

·

Communicative event --

Notion that communication is not simply an arrangement of words and representation
of an idea, but an interaction among participants. Dell Hymes, an important
sociolinguist, proposes a SPEAKING model to analyze important aspects of speech as
an interactive event. Kenneth Burke proposes a his Dramatistic Pentad (Thomas &
Tchudi 108-10) to involving
as in a play (108).

·

Competence --

Speaker's knowledge of language rules and structures that allow her to interpret and
generate utterances. We have competence in Modern English. Our knowledge is
different from the competence of that of a speaker of another language; we have
different rules.

·

complementaries

·

conceptual metaphor --
概念隐喻

Metaphorical concept, referring to abstract
notions: A conceptual metaphor of upward orientation in English says that BEING
HAPPY IS BEING OFF THE GROUND, as shown by the following examples: high
flyers; soaring with joy; over the moon. See also: orientational metaphor , linguistic
metaphor , ontological metaphor

·

concrete reference --
具体指称关系

a referring expression that refers to a tangible
object: The word
Children love bright colours.

·

context --1. context noun
背景

the set of facts or circumstances that surround a
situation or event:

See also: circumstance

2. context noun
上下文
,
文章脉络

what comes before and after a word, phrase,
statement, etc helping to fix the meaning: Can't you guess the meaning of the word
from the context

3. context noun
语境

discourse that surrounds a language unit and helps to determine
its interpretation

See also: linguistic context , context of use

4. context noun
上下文

circumstances in which an utterance is produced: The
context often helps in understanding the particular meaning of the word, phrase, etc.

See also: contextual meaning

5. context noun(countable or uncountable)
环境，背景

(n) The context of an idea or
event is the general situation that relates to it, and which helps it to be understood.:
This is the context in which President Bill Clinton must decide his policy.

See also: setting , situation , environment , surroundings , circumstance
6. context of use noun discourse that surrounds a language unit and helps to determine
its interpretation

See also: context , linguistic context

·

contextual meaning --
上下文意义，语境意义

meaning in context, used
interchangeably with utterance meaning: Contextual meaning, as opposed to abstract
meaning, takes account of situational context.

See also: utterance meaning

·

contradiction

·

contradictory

·

contrary

·

conventional implicature --
规约隐涵

implicature conventionally attached to a
particular expression: In the case of conventional implicature the same implicature is
always conveyed, regardless of context, whereas in the case of conversational
implicature, what is implied varies according to the context.

·

conversational implicature --
会话隐涵

implicature attached to a particular
utterance: In that in the case of conventional implicature the same implicature is
always conveyed, regardless of context, whereas in the case of conversational
implicature, what is implied varies according to the context.

·

conversational-contract --
会话合约

an understanding of the constraints in
interaction: We enter into a conversation and continue within a conversation with the
(usually tacit) understanding of our current conversational-contract (CC) at every turn.



·

cooperative principle --
合作原则

assumption that people cooperate with each
other when communicating: The Cooperative Principle is instantiated by four maxims
of conversation that help us establish an implicature more accurately.

See also: maxims of conversation

·

cultural coherence --
文化连贯

The way in which cultural models shape our
metaphorical expressions: The study of metaphor in relation to various cultural and
linguistic groups has assumed an important part in the field of the study of cognitive
semantics, as noted in the section on

·

declarations --
宣告性言语行为

acts used to change the status of some entity:
now pronounce you man and wife

·

defeasibility --
上下文敏感性

context-sensitivity: The defeasibility of implicatures
is the most important difference between semantic meaning and implicated meaning.

·

defining relative clause

·

definite reference --
有定指称关系

referring to a referent that is identifiable by the
hearer: Names have definite reference within a certain group of people, for instance:
Miss Wong from our team; the President of our company.

·

deixis --deixis noun the function of pointing or specifying from the perspective of
a participant in an act of speech or writing; aspects of a communication whose
interpretation depends on knowledge of the context in which the communication
occurs

2. deixis noun
指示词

a term for a word or phrase which directly relates an utterance
to a time, place, or person(s): In English, 'this' is a deixis.

·

deontic --
义务情态

modality that expresses permission and obligation: It is
possible for us to view and to categorize modalities in two broad categories of modals:
deontic (obligation) and epistemic (possibility).

2. deontic logic noun
应性逻辑

the modal logic of obligation and permissibility



·

dependent preposition --
依存介词

a preposition that habitually co-occur with
certain verbs: Dependent prepositions involve collocations, words that habitually
co-occur.

·

Discourse --

Utterances or text larger than a sentence. Our course has had strong interests in
discourse analysis, looking at sequences of sentences and interchange and their
relation to social interaction, dominance, and collaboration (see Thomas and Tchudi
84-86 for an example). A Power Point presentation on discourse is available under the
Classdat folder for our course in campus computer labs.

·

Discourse routines --

Pragmatic rules that establish normal act sequences of discourse. For example,
utterance pairs and responses in greetings and telephone conversation. Chaika argues
that such rules can force subordination, cooperation, or dominance in communicative
events. A Power Point presentation on discourse is available under the Classdat folder
for our course in campus computer labs.

·

directives --
指示性言语功能

attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do
something:

·

ditransitive verb --
双及物动词

a verb having two objects: In the sentence
gave Mary a present,

·

double negation --
双及物动词

a verb having two objects: In the sentence
gave Mary a present,

·

dynamic modals --
动态情态动词

modals that expresses certainty and probability:
Some scholars add a third category of meaning of modals, dynamic modals, also
known as

·

Dysphemism --

Purposefully unpleasant or objectionable language. For example, Jason's calling the
North Carolina statute on official state qualities

·

effect

·

ellipsis

·

empty

·

entailment --
1.
必涵

something that is inferred (deduced or implied) See also: deduction ,
implication

2.
蕴含

when X is true, Y is also true: The relationship between the sentence
to see my uncle last Sunday
called entailment, as the second sentence entails the first one.

·

epistemic --
1. epistemic adjective
知性的

of or relating to epistemology:
also: epistemological

2. epistemic noun
认识情态

modality that expresses certainty and probability: It is
possible for us to view and to categorize modalities in two broad categories of modals:
deontic (obligation) and epistemic (possibility). See also: deontic

3. epistemic logic noun
知性逻辑

the modal logic of knowledge and uncertainty and
ignorance

·

experiencer --
经历主语

the subject that experiences the emotion indicated by the
verb or adjective : The experiencer can be the subject of either an adjectival or a
passive sentence.

·

expert power --
专长

where A has superior knowledge over B: The kind of power,
where the speaker has superior knowledge over the hearer, is termed expert power.

·

explicature --
明确信息

explicit specification of information: The function of the
explicature is to
full an understanding of an utterance as possible.

·

explicit negation --
显性否定

overtly stated negation, such as in a sentence
involving not: Explicit negation is contrasted with the implicit negation.

·

explicit performative --
显性行事话语

a performative sentence that has a
performative verb.: Performatives such as 'I invite you to my party' is called explicit
performatives.

·

expressives --
表达性言语功能

acts of expressing a variety of psychological states:


·

extension --
外延

the class of objects that an expression refers to:
`satellite of Mars' is the set containing only Demos and Phobos
denotation

·

external negation --
外部否定

the first clause of the sentence negates the second
one: External negation typically involves that-clause construction, in which the first
clause of a sentence negates everything that is contained in the second clause
following the relative pronoun.

·

face
面子

·

face-threatening act --
危胁面子的行为

any act that puts face wants at risk:
Face-threatening acts are not only damaging to the hearer's face, but also the
speaker's.

·

felicity conditions --
适切条件

criteria that must be met for an illocutionary act to
be successful: The contribution of the theory of felicity conditions is that it helps to
explain the relationship between specific illocutionary acts within the same category.

·

figure of thought --
思考手法

A term used in contemporary cognitive semantics
referring to
thus views metaphor as a matter of thought, a way of human conceptualization, and
terms it a figure of thought.

·

fixed reference --
固定指称

a referring expression that refers to a unique referent:
When a referring expression has constant and unique reference, such as Tung
Chee-hwa, the Eiffel Tower, etc. we say it has fixed reference. See also: concrete
reference , definite reference

·

focus

·

force --powerful effect or influence:
them

·

form

·

fossilization

·

Function

Use or purpose of a discourse. To distinguish this concept, Hymes uses end in his
mnemonic; Burke's uses purpose in his Pentad. Halliday lists seven functions of
language. A discourse or communicative event can combine more than one of these
functions.

·


·

fuzzy meaning --
模糊意义

where the boundaries between words are blurred: The
difficulties in providing the precise definitions for words are found in many instances
of co-hyponyms (such as river and stream) in language. This is known as fuzzy
meanings, where the boundaries between words are blurred.

·

generic reference --
类指

referring to a whole set of objects or entities: In the
sentence
concrete reference , definite reference , fixed reference

·

goal --
目标

object of efforts or ambition; target: one's goal in life the goal of his
desires. See also: target , aim , objective , ambition , purpose , object , intention

·

gradable antonyms --
可分等级反义词

antonymous pair that can be 'graded' by
degree adverbs : In English, 'hot' and 'cold' are gradable antonyms, as they can be
graded by degree adverbs such as 'very'. See also: non-gradable antonyms



·

hedging of maxims --
避免说话极端

avoidance of making bold statements

·

hiding

·

highlighting

·

homograph

·

homonym

·

hyponymy

·

illocution --
言外行为

what speakers do when they utter a sentence: Illocutions are
the acts that the speakers perform while uttering sentences. See also: locution ,
perlocution

·

implicature --
隐涵

pragmatic implications of an utterance: The term
was coined by Grice, a linguistic philosopher, in 1967.

·

implicit negation

·

implicit performative --
隐性行事话语

a performative sentence without a
performative verb:

·

indefinite reference --
不定指称

referring to a referent that is not identifiable by
the hearer: In the sentence

fixed reference , generic reference

·

indirect object

·

inference --
1.
推论

a process of working out from what is said to what is implied: The process
by which the hearer uses additional knowledge to connect what the speaker says to
what the speaker is likely to be implying is called inference.

2.
推论或推断出来的结果

a conclusion that you draw about something by using
information that you already have about it:
from her letter.

3. (
根据前例的结果作出的
)
推论或推断

the reasoning involved in making a logical
judgment on the basis of circumstantial evidence and prior conclusions rather than on
the basis of direct observation :
tiny brain.