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primeminister大学体验英语课文翻译及课后翻译(完整版)

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2021-01-19 09:41
tags:

umts是什么意思-primeminister

2021年1月19日发(作者:傲气)

1
课文


On our first
movie Toy Story. We enjoyed it, but afterward my husband asked,
first, it seemed petty to criticize an entertaining family movie because of one small point. The
more I thought about it, however, the more glaring an omission it seemed. Not only was dad
not around, he wasn't even mentioned

despite the fact that there was a baby in the family,
so dad couldn't have been that long gone. It was as if the presence


or absence


of a
father is a minor detail, not even requiring an explanation.



在我们的孪生女儿出生后的第一次

约会”时,我和丈夫一起去看了一部名为《玩具故
事》的电影。我们很喜欢这部片子, 但随后我丈夫问道:

父亲在哪儿呢?”起初我还
认为因为一个小小的失误而批评一部很 吸引人的家庭影片似乎是太偏狭了。
可后来越想
越觉得这一疏忽太严重了。
父亲不仅没 有出现,
他甚至没有被提到——尽管家中有婴儿,
说明他不可能离开太长时间。
影片给 人的感觉是,
父亲出现与否似乎是个极次要的细节,
甚至不需要做任何解释。



This
is
only
one
example
of
the
media
trend
toward
marginalizing
fathers,
which
mirrors
enormous
social
changes
in
the
United
States.
David
Blankenhorn,
in
his
book
Fatherless
America, refers to this trend as the

新闻媒体倾向于把父亲的边缘化,这只是一个例子,它反映了在美国发生的巨 大的社会
变化。大卫
?
布兰肯霍恩在《无父之国》一书中将这种倾向称之为
< br>无需父亲”观念。



We
are
bombarded
by
stories
about
the
struggles
of
working
mothers
(as
opposed
to
non-working
mothers,
I
suppose).
Meanwhile,
a
high
proportion
of
media
stories
about
fathers
focus
on
abusive
husbands
or
deadbeat
dads.
It
seems
that
the
only
time
fathers
merit
attention
is
when
they
are
criticized
for
not
helping
enough
with
the
housework
(a
claim
that
I
find
dubious
anyway,
because
the
definition
of

rarely
includes
cleaning the gutters, changing the oil in the car or other jobs typically done by men) or when
they
die.
When
Mr.
Blankenhorn
surveyed
fathers
about
the
meaning
of
the
term

family man,




职业母亲
(我想这应是与无职业母亲相对 而言的)
奋斗的故事从媒体上无尽无休地轰击
着我们。
与此同时,
媒体上绝大 多数有关父亲的故事又集中表现暴力的丈夫或没出息的
父亲。
看起来似乎父亲惟一值得人们提及 的时候是因为他们做家务太少而受到指责的时
候(我怀疑这一说法的可靠性,因为

家务 ”的定义中很少包括打扫屋顶的雨水沟、给
汽车换机油或其它一些典型地由男人们做的事)
,或 者是在他们去世的时候。当布兰肯
霍恩先生就

顾家的好男人”一词的词义对父亲们进行 调查时,许多父亲都回答这一词
语只有在葬礼上听到。



One
exception
to
the

father
syndrome
is
the
glowing
media
attention
that
at-home
dads
have
received.
I
do
not
mean
to
imply
that
at-home
dads
do
not
deserve
support for making this commitment. I only mean to point out the double standard at work
when
at-home
dads
are
applauded
while
at-home
mothers
and
breadwinner
fathers
are
given little, if any, cultural recognition.



这种

无需父亲”综合症的一个例外是家庭全职父亲所 受到的媒体的赞扬。我并非暗指
这些家庭全职父亲作出的承诺不值得人们的支持,
我只是想指出 在实际生效的双重标准:
家庭全职父亲受到人们的赞扬,
而家庭全职母亲和养家活口的父亲,所 得到文化上的认
同却很少,甚至完全得不到。




The
very
language
we
use
to
discuss
men's
roles
(i.e.,
deadbeat
dads)
shows
a
lack
of
appreciation
for
the
majority
of
men
who
quietly
yet
proudly
fulfill
their
family
responsibilities. We almost never hear the term
more workplace flexibility are considered to be for men as much as for women. Our society
acts as if family obligations are not as important to fathers as they are to mothers


as if
career satisfaction is what a man's life is all about.



我们用来讨论父亲角色
(即没出息的父亲)的话语本身就显示出人们对大多数男人默默
无闻而 自豪地履行对家庭承担的责任缺乏赏识。我们几乎从来没听到

职业父亲”这一
说法,< br>在人们呼吁应该考虑给予工作者在工作地点上更大的灵活性时,
很少有人认为这
种呼吁不 但适用于女子,
同样也适应于男子。
我们这个社会表现出似乎家庭职责对父亲
来说并不 象对母亲那么重要——似乎事业上的满足就是男人生活的全部。



Even
more
insulting
is
the
recent
media
trend
of
regarding
at-home
wives
as

symbols


like an expensive car


flaunted by the supposedly few men who can afford
such
a
luxury.
The
implication
is
that
men
with
at-home
wives
have
it
easier
than
those
whose
wives
work
outside
the
home
because
they
have
the

of
a
full-time
housekeeper. In reality, however, the men who are the sole wage earners for their families
suffer
a
lot
of
stresses.
The
loss
of
a
job


or
even
the
threat
of
that
happening


is
obviously much more difficult when that job is the sole source of income for a family. By the
same
token,
sole
wage
earners
have
less
flexibility
when
it
comes
to
leaving
unsatisfying
careers because of the loss of income such a job change entails. In addition, many husbands
work overtime or second jobs to make more money needed for their families. For these men,
it is the family that the job supports that makes it all worthwhile. It is the belief that having a
mother at home is important to the children, which makes so many men gladly take on the
burden of being a sole wage earner.



更让人感到侮辱的是最近媒体的这种倾向,即把家庭 主妇看成是一种

地位的象征”—
—就像一辆名贵的汽车,
只有据说少数男人才 享受得起这种奢侈与豪华。这暗示家里有
家庭主妇的男人比那些妻子在外工作的男人日子过得更舒适,< br>因为他们拥有全职管家这


奢侈品”
。然而,实际上作为家庭惟一挣钱 者的男人要承受很多压力。当他们的那份
工作是家庭收入的惟一来源的时候,失业,或者甚至只不过是受 到失业的威胁,对他们
来说显然构成更大的困难。同样,家庭惟一的工资收入者在想辞去不太满意的工作 时,
其灵活程度也要小一些,因为这种工作变换会使他们失去收入。此外,为了给家庭挣更
多的 钱,许多丈夫超时工作或兼做第二职业。对于这些男人来说,正是这份工作所支撑
的家庭,使得他们值得 付出努力。很多男人相信母亲呆在家里对小孩十分重要,这种信
念使得他们乐意地担起家里惟一挣钱人的 担子。



Today, there is widespread agreement among researchers that the absence of fathers from
households causes serious problems for children and, consequently, for society at large. Yet,
rather than holding up
too often society has thrown up its hands and decided that traditional fatherhood is at best
obsolete and at worst dangerously reactionary. This has left many men questioning the value
of their role as fathers.




目前,
研究者们普遍认为家庭中没有父亲会对小孩——因此对整个社会——带来严重的
问题。
然而,
我们这个社会并没有把

普通”
父亲作为正面角色为未来 的父亲树立榜样,
相反地,却常常持放弃态度,认为传统的父道从最好的方面说是已经过时,从最坏的方
面讲就是危险的反动。这使得许多男人对他们作为父亲的角色的价值提出疑问。



As a society, we need to realize that fathers are just as important to children as mothers are


not only for financial support, but for emotional support, education and discipline as well.
It
is
not
enough
for
us
merely
to
recognize
that
fatherlessness
is
a
problem


to
stand
beside the grave and mourn the loss of the
to
replace
him
(ask
anyone
who
has
lost
a
father
to
death
if
that
is
possible).
We
must
acknowledge how we have devalued fatherhood and work to show men how necessary, how
important they are in their children's lives.



作为一个社会,我们需要认识到 对于孩子来说,父亲是与母亲同等重要的,不仅仅在经
济支持上,而且在感情依靠、教育和纪律训导方面 都是如此。我们仅仅意识到没有父亲
是一个问题是不够的,也不能只是站在坟墓旁边哀悼

顾家好男人”的去世,随后又找
一个人来替代他(请问一问已失去父亲的人,这是否可能)
。 我们必须承认我们是如何
贬低了父道的价值,
我们必须努力向男人们显示,
他们在孩子 们的生活中是多么不可缺
少,多么重要。



Those fathers who strive to be good family men by being there every day to love and support
their families


those unsung heroes


need our recognition and our thanks for all they
do. Because they deserve it.

那些每天都在努力去爱和支撑他们的家庭,力求做一个顾家好男人的父亲,
那些无名英
雄,需要我们的承认,他们所付出的一切需要我们的感谢,因为他们值得我们的认同和
感激。


课后翻译:


1.
随着职务的提升,他担负的责任也更大了。

(take on)
With his promotion ,he has taken on greater responsibilities.
2.
他感到他再没有必要对约翰承担这样的责任。
(make a commitment)
He felt he did not have to make such a commitmentto John any more .
3.
闲暇时玛丽喜欢外出购物,与她相反,露茜却喜欢呆在家里看书。
(as opposed to)
Mary likes go to shopping in her spare time ,as opposed to Lucy, who prefers to stay at home
reading.
4.
充其量可以说他有抱负,用最糟糕的话来说,他 是一个没有良心
(conscience)
或没有资格
的权力追求者。
(at best, at worst)
At best he's ambitious,at worst a power-seeker without conscience or qualifications .
5.
我们已尽全力说服他,但是却毫无进展。
(strive

make no headway)
We have striven to the full to convince him,but we have made no headway.





2
课文


Why Digital Culture Is Good for You?



The news media, along with social and behavioral scientists, have recently sent out a multitude
of
warnings
about
the
many
dangers
that
await
us
out
there
in
cyberspace.
The
truth
of
the
matter is that the Web is no more inherently dangerous than anything else in the world. It is not
some amorphous entity capable of inflicting harmful outcomes on all who enter. In fact, in and of
itself, the Web is fairly harmless. It has no special power to overtake its users and alter their very
existence. Like the old tale that the vampire cannot harm you unless you invite it to cross your
threshold, the Internet cannot corrupt without being invited. And, with the exception of children
and the weak-willed, it cannot create what does not already exist...



最近,新闻媒体以及社会学家和行为学家们都发出大量警告指出:
网络空间危险重重。
其实,万维网与世界上其它任何事物一样并非天然地有害。
它并非某种看不见摸不着的实体,
能使
危险降临进入它的每一个人。
实际上,
网络就其本身而言是相当无害的,
它没 有超越其使用
者并改变他们的存在的特殊功能。
正如古老的传说指出的一样,
吸血鬼不 请不会自入家门来
伤害你,
互联网也不会不请自来地使你堕落。
除孩子和意志薄弱者外 ,
它不可能造成本来就
不存在的东西?



(1) Like alcohol, the Web simply magnifies what is already there: Experts are concerned that
the masking that goes on online poses a danger for everyone who is a part of the Digital Culture.
Before we know it, the experts tell us, we will all use fake identities, become fragmented, and will
no longer be sure of just who we are. Wrong. The only people who feel compelled to mask, and
otherwise misrepresent themselves online are the same people who are mysterious and unfrank
in
s them one more tool to practice their deceit.




1
)如同酒精的作用一样,网络仅仅是将已有的事物放大:



专家们担心,网上盛行的隐藏装假对参与数字文化的人来说是危险的。他们告诉我们,
我们不知不觉地全都会使用假身份,
一个个变得残缺不全面目全非,
以至于连自己都不敢肯< br>定自己究竟是谁。全错。只有那些在

现实生活”中表现得诡秘莫测,毫不坦诚的人,才感
到被迫要在网上伪装自己并用其它方法提供虚假情况。
网络只不过为他们增添了一种实施欺骗的工具。




As for the rest of us, getting taken in by these people is a low probability. We know who these
folks are in the

. The Internet does not


people to disguise as something they
are not. As for the Digital Culture getting cheated by these dishonest folks, well, there are just as
many

online
to
decipher
deception
as
there
are
in
the

world”.
The
competent
WebHead can recognize many red flags given off by the online behavior of others. Oftentimes the
intentions of fellow users is crystal clear, especially over time.


因为我们了解现实生活中的这些人 ,
所以被这些人欺骗的可能性很小。
因特网并不会

引起”
人们去装扮 成另一些人。
至于数字文化中人被这些不诚实的家伙欺骗的问题,
就如同

现实 ”
生活中一样,网上同样有许多

信号”会揭露他们的骗术。有水平的网迷能识别在线人 行为
所发出的很多危险信号。尤其是经过一段时间之后,别的用户的意图常常是非常清楚的。


When someone is trying to deceive us online, inconsistencies, the essence that they are trying



or are just plain unbelievable, often come through loud and clear. Likewise, just like in
the

world

,
a
host
of
other
unacceptable
tendencies
can
be
readily
recognized
online.
Narcissism (it’s all about
eople who have nothing but negativity or unpleasant
things to say about others, and those who feel compelled to undermine others and who think
they
must
blow
out
the
other
guys’

candles
in
order
for
their
own
to
shine
can
be
spotted
a
cybermile away.





有人试图在网上欺骗我们时,
常常会明白无误地表现为自我矛 盾,
这是力求取信而过分涂抹,
甚至说话虚假、令人难信的必然迹象。同样,与在
现实世界”中一样,许多其它令人讨厌
的倾向在网上也都能很容易地识别出来。孤芳自赏
( 一切围绕

我我我”
)在网络上也老远就
会被发现,
因为他们都是些只 说别人反话或坏话的人,
认为只有吹灭他人的蜡烛自己才能闪
光的人。



(2) The Web can bring out the best in people: Gregarious, frank folks in


usually carry
these same traits over to their online life. Most are just as fun-loving online if not more so, as
they are at a party, at work, or at the local bar. Though admittedly, some are not quite as much
fun to be around without a stiff drink.




2
)网络能让人展现其最好的一面:


现实生活”中爱好 交往和直率的人在网上也会展现相同的个性。多数人网上和网下都一样
爱找乐趣,
即使不是有过 之而无不及,
也与他们平时在聚会上、
在工作中和在当地的酒吧里
一样喜欢寻找乐趣。
然而无可否认,
有些人没有烈性酒作伴,
你和他们在一起就不会那么欢
乐。< br>


Shy folks have a


environment online than in the


and can learn to express
themselves
more
freely
on the
Net (you

ve
never
seen
anyone
stutter
on
e-mail,
have you?)
allowing
them
to
gain
confidence
and
communication
skills
that
can
eventually
spill
over
into
other
aspects
of
their
lives.
Helpful
people
in

life


are
often
just
as
willing
to
come
to
someone

s assistance online as anywhere else.





害羞的人在网上 比在

现实世界”中会得到更为

安全的”环境,并且在网上能学会更自由地表达自己(你从未见到过有人会在电子邮件上结结巴巴地说话,对吗)
,网络会使他们增强
信心,
获得交际技能,
而这些又最终会扩大到他们生活的其它方面。
现实生活中喜欢帮 助他
人的人常常在网上也愿意尽力帮助他人。



(3)
People
are
judged
differently
on
the
Web:
On
the
Internet
people
are
judged
by
their
personality, beliefs and online actions, NOT by their physical appearance. This is good. It not only
gives ugly folks an aid, but causes Beautiful People to have to say something worth listening to in
order to get attention.



3
)网上评价人的方式不同:

在互联网上 ,对人的评价是看他们的个性、信念和网上行为,
而不是看他们的外表长相。这
很好,
因为它不仅会给其貌不扬的人机会,
也会使长相漂亮的人必须要说话值得一听才会引
起别人注意 。



(4) People open up more: Many people are opening up a whole lot more these days since they
are not required to use their real name and provide their real identity in the Internet.



4
)人们更加坦率:




由于在互联网上不必使用真名并提供真实身份,许多人近日来更加坦诚,畅吐心曲。



(5) We

re connected: Members of the Digital Culture know full well that there is a wealth of
important
information
and
life-changing
opportunities
out
there
in
cyberspace.
The
Web
has
opened
doors
for
many
of
us
that
otherwise
would
never
have
been
an
option.
Research
possibilities and networking are just two such opportunities.




5
)我们联到一起了:

参与数字文化的人都非常了解,网上有大 量重要信息,并能提供许多改变他们生活的机遇。
网络为我们中间的许多人打开了许多大门,
这 种选择是他们在其它面所不能得到的。
从事研
究的可能和上网与人联系就是两个这样的机会。< br>

?
(6) We Learn the Power of Words and to be Better Listeners: With no facial expressions, body
language, or physical appearance to distract us, members of the Digital Culture have learned the
power of words ... both their own, and others

. We know very well how a simple string of words
can
harm,
hurt
and
offend,
or
how
they
can
offer
humor,
help,
support
and
encouragement.
Most experienced members of the online culture have learned to become wordsmiths, carefully
crafting the words they use to convey exactly what they mean so as not to be misunderstood.




6
)我们懂得了语言的威力并学会了更善于倾听:没有面部表 情、身体语言或外表长相的
干扰,
数字文化的成员已学会了词语的威力?,
包括他们自 己的和他人的词语。
我们透彻地
懂得将词语简单地组合起来就能损害、
伤害和冒犯他人 ,
也可以表现幽默和提供帮助、
支持
和鼓励。
多数富有经验的网络成员已经修 炼成为语言大师,
他们慎重地措词,
准确地表达自
己的意思以避免被人误解。

?

Many of us have also learned to become far better listeners thanks to the Internet. Not only do
we
choose
our
words
more
carefully
but
we
(especially
those
who
communicate
via
email
as
opposed to chat rooms) are forced to wait until the other person finishes before we can speak or
respond.

由于互联网的缘故,
我们中的许多人已经学会更好地倾听。
我们不但要更慎重地斟词酌
句,我们(尤其是那些通过电子邮件而不是聊天室交流的人)
还必须等待,
等待他人结 束后
我们才能说话或者回答。




1.
要是他适合当校长,那么哪个学生都可以当。
(no more...than)
He is no more fit to be a headmaster than any schoolboy would be.
2.
至于她的父亲,她不敢肯定是否会接收她和她的小孩。
(as for)
As for her father, she is not sure whether he will accept her and her baby.
3.
晚睡会损害健康而早睡早起有益于健康。
(undermine)
Staying up late will undermine one's health while going to bed early and getting up early
will benefit it.
4.
大使亲自向总理转达了总统的问候。
(convey)


The ambassador personally conveyed the president's message to the premier.
5.
这个女孩决定敞开心扉,把她看见的一切都告诉警方。
(open up)
The girl decided to open up and tell the police what she had seen.



3
课文

1)
today almost all major nations follow the Berne copyright convention. For
example, in the
USA, almost everything created privately and originally after April 1, 1989 is copyrighted and
protected whether it has a notice or not. The default you should assume for other people’s
works is that they are copyrighted and may not be copied unless you know otherwise. There
are
some
old
works
that
lost
protection
without
notice,
but
frankly
you
should
not
risk
it
unless you know for sure.



1 )
如果没有版权标识,就不会受到版权保护。这在过去是事实,但现在情况就有所不同
了,几乎 所有大国邮遵循伯尔尼版权协定,比如,在美国,自
1989

4

1
日后,几
乎所有个人创作以及原创的作品,不管它是否有版权标识,都受到版权保护。大家默 认
的是他人的作品已受到版权保护,不能随意复制,除非你能确信它不受版权保护:有些
年代久 远的作品如果没有标识,就不受到版权保护,但坦白地说如果这一点不能肯定,
你就不应冒这个风险。< br>


2)

t charge for it, it

s not a violation.


False. Whether you charge can affect the
damages awarded in court, but that

s the main difference under the law. It

s still a violation
if
you
give
it
away


and
there
can
still
be
serious
damages
if
you
hurt
the
commercial
value of
the
property. There
is an
exception
for personal copying
of music, which
is not
a
violation,
though
courts
seem
to
have
s
aid
that
doesn’t
include
wide
-scale
anonymous
personal
copying
as
Napster.
If
the
work
has
no
commercial
value,
the
violation
is
mostly
technical and is unlikely to result in legal action.

2)
如果我没有为此收费,就不算侵权。错。你是否收费可能对法 庭上判罚金的额度有所
影响,但那只是在这一法律条文下量刑的主要区别。即使你免费分发他人的作品, 仍然
是侵权。而且如果危及到他人财产的商业价值,仍然会被罚以大额赔偿金。个人的音乐
拷贝 是唯一的例外,不被列入侵权行为。不过法庭上似乎有这种说法,个人拷贝不包括
像纳帕斯特那样的大规 模匿名复制行为。
如果该作品没有向业价值,
侵权多是技术性的,
不会受到起诉。


3)

s posted to Usenet it

s in the public domain.


False. Nothing modern is in the
public domain anymore unless the owner explicitly puts it in the public domain. Explicitly, as
you have a note from the author/owner saying,
lic domain.”


3)
如果已被发送到世界性的新闻组网络系统
(Usenet)
的材料,
那就不受版权限制。
错。
现代社会里任何东西都 要受到版权限制,除非所有者明确表示它不受版权限制。要确定
它是否受到版权限制,
必须得要 作者/所有者的书面证明:

我准予某某不受版权限制。




4)


The


exemption to (U.S.) copyright law was
created to allow things such as commentary, parody, news reporting, research and education
about
copyrighted
works without
the
permission
of
the
author. That

s
important
so
that
copyright law doesn’t block your freedom to express your own works. Intent and damage to
the
commercial
value
of
the
work
are
important
considerations.
Are
you
reproducing
an
article from the New York Times because you couldn’t f
ind time to write your own story, or
didn

t want your readers to have to pay for the New York Times web site? They aren

t
use

. Fair use is usually a short excerpt.




4 )
我的帖子只是合理使用。

合理使用”
可以免除版权限制,
它的设立 使人们可以使用某
些作品,而不必经过作者的同意,这些作品包括解说词、模仿诗文、新闻报道以及那些
对受版权保护的著作的研究和宣传的作品。这一规定非常重要,
有了这一规定版权法就
不会成为妨碍你自由地发表作品的绊脚石。
但涉及到故意侵权和损害具有商业价值的作
品时就要 慎重考虑了。你做过这样的事吗
?
由于你自己没有时间写文章,或是为了让你
的读者免 受给《纽约时报》网站缴费之累,于是就从《纽约时报》上复制一篇。这种行
为不是

合 理使用”
。合理使用通常只是一条简短的摘录。



5)

you
don

t
defend
your
copyright
you
lose
it.
”–


has
that
name
copyrighted!


False.
Copyright
is
effectively
never
lost
these
days,
unless
explicitly
given
away. You also can

t


or anything short like that, such as almost all titles.
You may be thinking of trademarks, which apply to names, and can be weakened or lost if
not
defended.
Like
an

computer.
Apple
Computer

that
word
applied
to
computers, even though it is also an ordinary word. Apple Records owns it when applied to
music. Neither owns the word on its own, only in context, and owning a mark doesn

t mean
complete control.



5)
如果你不保护好你的版权你就会失去它——有人就可以取

得那个名字的 版权。错。现在,版权是一直有效的,除非它明确被出让。你也不能取得
某个名字或类似的缩略词的版权 ,几乎所有标题本身都不可以有版权。
你或许会设想某
些与名字有关的商标,如果不加以保护是 否会削弱或者丧失。例如

苹果”电脑,虽然
苹果只是一个普通的单词,但只有用于电脑 时,苹果电脑才拥有它。而苹果唱片则只有
用于音乐时才拥有它。没有特定的上下义,两者都不能单独拥 有这个单词的版权保护,
因此拥有一个标记并不意味着拥有完全的支配权。



6)
me.


False. U.S. Copyright law is quite explicit that the making of what are called
works
”–

works based on or derived from another copyrighted work


is the exclusive
province of the owner of the original work. This is true even though the making of these new
works
is
a
highly
creative
process.
If
you
write
a
story
using
settings
or
characters
from
somebody else

s work, you need that author

s permission.



< br>6)
如果基于另外一部作品,我自己编撰了一个故事,那么这部新作品就属于我所拥有。
错。美国的版权法十分明确地指出那些所谓

派生作品”的编撰,即以另一部受版权保
护 的作品为素材或从中演纤出来的作品,是原著作者独有的,即使那些新作品的编撰经
过高度创作加工,< br>原著的所有权是不能改变的。因此如果你撰写的故事要用他人作品中
的背景或人物。你就需要征得 作者的同意。



7)
can’t
get
me,

defendants
in
court
have
powerful rights!”
Copyright
law
is mostly
civil
law.
If
you
violate
copyright
you
would
not
be
charged
with
a
crime,
but
usually
get
sued.




7)
他们不可能把我怎么样 ,在法庭上被告也有特权。版权法主要是民事法。如果你违反
了版权法,你不会以—个罪犯的名义遭到起 诉,但通常会受到民事诉讼。


8)

t a crime or anything?


Actually, recently in the USA
commercial
copyrightviolation
involving
more
than
10
copies
and
value
over
$$2500
was
made a felony. So watch out. On the other hand, this is a fairly new, untested statute. In one
c
ase an operator of a pirate BBS that didn’t charge was acquitted because he didn’t charge,
but congress amended the law to cover that.

8)
因而版权侵犯不能算作犯罪?事实上,美国法律最新规定,复制超 过
10
册,价值超

2 500
美元的商业版权侵犯就会被定为重罪 。因此,你得小心。不过,这是一条相当
新的法规,还未在实际案例中得到应用。曾有这样一个案例:— 个未收费的
BBS
盗版者
被宣告无罪,就因为他没有收费。在此之后,国会修正了过去 的法规以堵塞这个漏洞。



9)

t hurt anybody


in fact it

s free advertising.


It

s up to the owners to
decide if they want the free ads or not. If they want them, they will be sure to contact you.
Don

t rationalize whether it hurts the owners or not, ask them. Usually that

s not too hard
to do. Even if you can

t think of how the author or owner gets hurt, think about the fact that
piracy on the net hurts everybody who wants a chance to use this wonderful new technology
to do more than read other people

s flamewars.




9)
它不会伤害任何人,事实上这是免费广告。是否需要免费的广告,这 应由所有者来决
定。如果他们需要,他们肯定会与你联系。不要凭空设想免费广告是否会伤害业主,最< br>好问问他们。
通常这样做并非太难。即使你不能想像作者或作品的所有者会受到怎样的
伤 害,只要想想这个事实,就会一日了然:网上盗版作品无疑对每一个使用者都会造成
伤害,人们使用网络 这种奇妙的新技术,希望能干番事业,决非仅仅为了阅读他人在网
上的论战。

?

10)


To have a copy is not to have the copyright.
All the E-mail you write is copyrighted. However, E-mail is not unless previously agreed. So
you can certainly report on what E-mail you are sent, and reveal what it says. You can even
quote
parts
of
it
to
demonstrate.
Frankly,
somebody
who
sues
over
an
ordinary
message
would almost surely get no damages, because the message has no commercial value, but if
you want to stay strictly in the law, you should ask first. On the other hand, d
on’t go nuts if
somebody
posts
E-mail
you
sent
them.
If
it
was
an
ordinary
non- secret
personal
letter
of
minimal commercial value with no copyright notice (like 99.9% of all E-mail), you probably
won’t get any damages if you sue them.


10)
他 们通过电子邮件发给我—个副本,所以我可以将它张贴出去。有一个副本并不意
味拥有版权。你自己写的 所有的电子邮件都是有版权的。然而除非事先行约定,电子邮
件不受版权保护。
所以收到别人给 你发送的邮件你当然可以报道和公开它的内容。
你甚
至可以进行部分引有。坦率地说,由于普通 信件没什么商业价值,那些对此提起诉讼的
人通常是不会得到赔偿金的,
但如果你想要在法律上 站得住脚,
最好事先征得邮件发送
人的同意。当然,如果有人把你发的邮件张贴出来,也不必大 发雷霆。如果是普通的、
没有秘密可言的私人信件,是不会有什么商业价值和版权标识意义的
(

99.9
%的电子
邮件那样
)
,即使提起诉讼,也不会得 到任何赔偿金的。


1.
他理个发就要收
500
元,简直不可思议。
(charge)
It is simply unbelievable for him to charge 500 dollars for a haircut.
2.
人民赋予你特权,你就应该全心全意为人民服务。
(grant)
People grant you the privilege, so you should serve the people wholeheartedly.

3.
天气预报很重要,依据它我们才能决定什么时候出航。
(so that)
The weather forecast is very important so that we can decide when to go to sea.
4.
炮声打破了往常周日早晨的宁静,人们强烈预感到战争就要来临。
(violate)


The
sound
of
guns
violated
the
usual
calm
of Sunday
morning,
and
people
had
a
strong
feeling that the war was coming.
5.
即使你每分钟看
3
页,到本周末你无论如何也看不完这本书。
(even though)
Even though you read three pages per minute, you will by no means finish the book by the
end of this weekend.



4
课文


The
study
of
literature
is
not
only
civilized
and
civilizing


encompassing,
as
it
does,
philosophy,
religion,
the
history
of
events
and
the
history
of
ideas


but
popular
and
practical. One-
sixth of all those who receive bachelor’s degrees from the College of Arts and
Sciences
are
English
majors.
These
graduates
qualify
for
a
surprising
range
of
jobs.
Their
experience puts the lie to the popular superstition that English majors must choose between
journalism and teaching: in fact, English majors also receive excellent preparation for future
careers in law, medicine, business, and government service.


文学的研究——包含对哲学、
宗教、
历史事件的发展和观念由来的研究,< br>不仅是文明的
,
并且有教化作用,
而且是流行的和实际的。在所有从文理学院毕 业并获得学士学位的人
中,
有六分之一的人主修英语。
让人惊异的是,
这些毕 业生能胜任范围相当广泛的工作。
他们的经验表明,
这种广泛流行的偏见是错误的,
即 英语专业的学生只能从事新闻或教
学工作:事实上,主修英语的学生也为未来从事法律、医学、商业和公 职等职业做了相
当好的准备。


Undergraduates
looking
forward
to
law
school
or
medical
school
are
often
advised
to
follow a strict regimen of courses considered directly relevant to their career choices. Future
law-school
students
are
advised
to
take
courses
in
political
science,
history,
accounting,
business
administration


even
human
anatomy,
and
marriage
and
family
life.
Future
medical
school
students
are
steered
into
multiple
science
courses


actually
far
more
science
courses
than
they
need
for
entrance
into
medical
school.
Surprisingly,
many
law
schools


and
medical
schools
indicate
that
such
specialized
preparation
is
not
only
unnecessary, but undesirable. There are no
law” courses: the best preparation for law
school

and for the practice of law

is that preparation which makes a student capable of
critical
thinking;
of
clear,
logical
self-expression;
of
sensitive
analysis
of
the
motives,
the
actions, and the thoughts of other human beings. These are skills which the study of English
is designed to teach.
有人时常劝告期望上法学院或医学院的大学生要学习与他们的择业有直接联系的严格
制定的课程。有 人还建议未来法学院的学生应该选修政治、历史、会计、商业管理,甚
至人体解剖学、
婚姻和家 庭生活等课程。
未来医学院的学生被引导去学习多种理科课程,
实际上,这些课程比他们考入医 学院所需要的理科课程要多得多。令人惊讶的是,许多
法学院和医学院却指出,如此专门化的准备不但没 有必要,而且并不可取。没有什么

法律预科”
课程:上法学院和从事法律行业的最好的 准备是培养学生能够进行批判性的
思考;能够进行清晰的合乎逻辑的自我表述;能够对他人的动机、行动 和想法进行敏锐
的分析。这些技能也正是英语专业要教给学生掌握的技能。



Entrance
into
law
school,
moreover,
generally
requires
a
bachelor

s
degree
from
an
accredited institution, a minimum grade point average, and an acceptable score on The Law
School Admission Test (LSAT). This test has three parts. The first evaluates skills in reading
comprehension, in figure classification, and in the evaluation of written material. The second
part of the test evaluates control of English grammar and usage, ability to organize written
materials, and competence to edit. The third part evalu
ates the student’s general knowledge
of literature, art, music, and the natural and social sciences. Clearly an undergraduate major
in English is strong preparation for the L.S.A.T.


此外,要进入法学院就读,通常需要具有合格院校颁发的学士 学位,还需要拿到最低限
度的各课平均积分点,并和在法学院录取考试
(L.S.A.T.)< br>中取得一个通得过的分数。这项
测试包括三个部份:首先是测试阅读理解、图型分类和书面材料评 估等能力。测试的第
二个部份是考核对英语语法和词汇用法的掌握能力,
组织书面材料的能力和 文字编辑的
能力。第三个部份是检测学生的文学、艺术、音乐、自然科学和社会科学的一般知识。
显而易见,主修英语的学生参加法学院录取考试会得心应手。



As
for
medical
schools,
the
main
requirement
for
admission
is
only
thirty-two
hours
of
science courses. This requirement is certainly no impediment to a major in English. Moreover
many
medical
schools
require
a
minimum
score
on
the
Medical
College
Admission
Test,
another test which offers an advantage to the well-rounded liberal arts student. The M.C.A.T.
evaluates four areas of competence: skill with synonyms, s, and word association; knowledge
of basic mathematics from fractions through solid geometry; general knowledge of literature,
philosophy,
psychology,
music,
art,
and
the
social
sciences;
and
familiarity
with
those
fundamentals
of
biology,
chemistry,
and
physics
taught
in
high
school
and
in
introductory
college courses. The English major with a solid, basic grounding in science is well prepared
for this test and for medical school, where his or her skills in reading, analysis, interpretation,
and
precise
communication
will
equip
him
or
her
to
excel.
The
study
and
practice
of
medicine can only benefit from the insights into human behavior provided by the study of
literature.


至于医学院,入学要求主要的一条只是修满
32
个学时的理科课程。这一要求对主修英
语的学生来说肯定不成问题。
另外,许多医学院校要求学生必须在医学院入学考试中取
得规定的最低分,
这一测试对全面发展的文科学生来说又十分有利。医学院入学考试检
测四方面 的能力:同义词、反义词和词语联想能力;从分数到立体几何学的基本数学知
识;文学、哲学、心理学、 音乐、艺术和社会科学的常识;以及熟悉中学和大学初始阶
段教过的生物学、
化学和物理学基本 原理的程度。
理科基础扎实的主修英语学生完全有
能力参加这一考试和医学院入学考试,他们的 阅读、分析、阐述和准确交流的能力使他
们更胜一筹。
学医和行医只会从对人的行为的洞察中受 益无穷,
而这种洞察却是文学研
究才能提供的。




Such insights are obviously also valuable to the student who plans a career in commerce.
Such
students
should
consider
the
advantages
of
an
English
major
with
an
emphasis
in
business:
this
program
is
designed
to
provide
a
liberal
education,
as
well
as
to
direct
preparation
for
a
business
career.
The
need
for
such
a
program
is
clear:
graduates
with
merely technical qualifications
are
finding
jobs
in
business,
but often
failing
to
hold
them.
Both
the
Wall
Street
Journal
and
the
Journal
of
College
Placement
have
reported
that
increasing
numbers
of
graduates
from
reputable
business
schools
find
themselves
drifting
from one job or firm to another, unable to hold a position for longer than twelve months.
Employers complain that these apparently promising young men and women are simply not
competent
communicators:
because
they
are
not
sufficiently
literate,
they
cannot
absorb
managerial
training;
they
cannot
make
effective
oral
presentations;
they
cannot
report
progress or problems in their writing; they cannot direct other workers. Skill in analysis and
communication is the essence of management.


很明显,
如此的洞察力对计划以经商为业的学生来说也是很有价值的。< br>这样的学生应该
考虑的是,
挑选主修对商科有侧重的英语课程是有优势的:这种课程的目 的在于在提供
文科教育的同时,也为从商职业做准备。对这种教育计划的需求是显而易见的:只有技术性资格的毕业生能找到从商工作,但却经常难以居其位。
《华尔街杂志》
)和《大学生< br>就业杂志》
都有报道,
说越来越多的著名商学院的毕业生发现他们自己经常从一种工作< br>或一家公司跳槽到另一个工作或另一家公司,
在一个工作岗位上干不了十二个月。
雇主< br>们抱怨说,
这些表面上年轻有为的男女们根本不会有效地交流,
因为他们的文字能力不< br>够强;他们不能够从管理人员培训中学到东西;他们不能够进行有效的口头表达;他们
不能用书面 形式报告他们的工作进展或问题;他们不能够指导其他工作人员。然而,分
析和交流的技能却是管理的最 根本的需要。


Consequently the English major with an emphasis in business is particularly well prepared
for a future in business administration. Nearly four hundred companies in fields ranging from
banking and insurance to communications to manufacturing were asked whether they hired
college graduates with degrees in English, even when those graduates lacked special training
in
the
industry:
Eighty- five
percent of
the
companies
said that
they
did. College
graduates
with
degrees
in
English
are
working
successfully
in
marketing,
in
systems
engineering,
in
personnel management, in sales, in programming, in project design, and in labor relations.





因此,偏重商业经营管理 的主攻英语的学生为未来从事商业管理作好了充分准备。
对涉及从银行、保险到通信乃至制造业等众多领 域的将近
400
家公司进行了有关调查,
针对是否聘用具有英语学位文凭的毕业生,< br>甚至没有受过行业领域的专门培训的毕业生
这一问题,
百分之八十五的公司说他们聘用过 。
拥有英语学位文凭的大学毕业生在营销、
系统工程、人事管理、销售、编程、项目设计和劳资 关系等领域都工作得十分出色。


English majors are also at work in the thousand occupations provided by government at all
levels. Consider, for example, the federal government


by a very wide margin, America’s
biggest employer. In organizations ranging from the Marine Corps to the Bureau of Mines,
from
the
Commerce
Department
to
the
National
Park
Service,
the
federal
government
employs a work force of nearly three million men and women. English majors may qualify for
many of these jobs. Recently, 51 federal agencies were asked the same question: whether
they
hired
college
graduates
with
English
degrees
but
without
special
job
training,
88
percent
of
these
federal employers
said
yes. The
list
of
federal positions
for
which
English
majors may qualify ranges from Claims Examiner to Foreign Service Officer to Highway Safety
Management
Specialist.
Again,
those
who
seek
positions of
high
reward
and
responsibility
may
be
asked
to
take
a
test


the
federal
government
uses
the
Professional
and
Administrative Career Examination, or P
.A.C.E., to evaluate applicants for about 10 000 jobs
each
year


and
again,
the
test
focuses
on
language
skills:
comprehension,
analysis,
interpretation, the ability to see logical relationships between ideas, and the ability to solve
problems expressed in words. Not surprisingly, competent English majors often receive very
high scores on the P
.A.C.E.



主修英语的学生也正在各级政府提供的上千种岗位上工作。
就 拿可以算得是美国最
大的雇主的联邦政府来说吧。从海军陆战队到矿务局,从商业部到国家公园服务处, 联
邦政府各种机构雇佣的劳动大军近三百万人。主修英语的学生适合做其中的许多工作。
最近, 向
51
个联邦政府机构调查了同一个问题:是否聘用有英语学位文凭而却没有受
过专门 行业训练的大学毕业生,
88%
的这些联邦政府单位的回答是肯定的。主修英语的
毕业 生能胜任联邦政府的一系列工作,从索赔审议到外交官到公路安全管理专家等等。
再说,那些要求高薪高 位的人可能还需要参加一种考试,也就是说,联邦政府每年都要
举行

业务和管理职业考 试”对大约

10 000
种工作岗位的求职者进行考核,而测试的焦
点仍然 侧重语言技能:理解、分析、阐述、理解概念间逻辑关系的能力,以及解决用文
字表述问题的能力。毫不 奇怪,主修英语的学生时常在这一考试中获得高分。


In
short,
a
major
in
English
is
neither
restricting
nor
impractical:
the
study
of
English
is
excellent preparation for professional life.

简而言之,英语的课程既无局限性又很实用:学习英语是对职业生涯的绝好准备。

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umts是什么意思-primeminister


umts是什么意思-primeminister


umts是什么意思-primeminister


umts是什么意思-primeminister


umts是什么意思-primeminister


umts是什么意思-primeminister


umts是什么意思-primeminister



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