accident是什么意思Grammar Term语法相关术语

2021年1月19日发(作者：站坡)
Grammar Terms
语法相关术语

A glossary of English grammatical and linguistic terms, with definitions, explanations and
example sentences.
Term

active voice

主动语态

Definition

one of two
voices
in English; a direct form of expression where the subject
performs or
passive voice

（反义词）

eg:
eat
rice
adjective

形容词

part of speech
that typically describes or
eg:
big
dog.
adjective clause
定语
从句

adjunct
修饰语

word or phrase that adds information to a sentence and that can be
removed from the sentence without making the sentence ungrammatical
eg: I met John
at school
.
adverb

副词

word that modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb
eg: quickly, really, very
adverbial clause
状语
从句

dependent clause
that acts like an adverb and indicates such things as
time, place or reason
eg:
Although we are getting older
, we grow more beautiful each day.
affirmative
肯定

statement that expresses (or claims to express) a truth or
opposite of
negative

（否定）

eg: The sun is hot.
affix
附加词

language unit (
morpheme
) that occurs before or after (or sometimes
within) the root or stem of a word
eg:
un-
in unhappy (
prefix

前缀
),
-ness
in happiness (
suffix

后缀
)
agreement
一致

(also known as

antecedent
先行词

logical (in a grammatical sense) links between words based
on
tense
,
case
or
number

eg: this phone, these phones
word, phrase or clause that is replaced by a pronoun (or other substitute)
when mentioned subsequently (in the same sentence or later)
eg:
Emily
is nice because she brings me flowers.
appositive
同位语

noun phrase
that re-identifies or describes its neighbouring noun
eg:
a multicultural country
, is recognized by its maple leaf
flag.
article

冠词

determiner
that introduces a
noun phrase
as definite (
the
) or indefinite
(
a
/
an
)
aspect

方面

feature of some verb forms that relates to duration or completion of time;
seldom-used term for
relative clause

关系从句

verbs can have no aspect (simple), or can have
continuous
or progressive
aspect (expressing duration), or have
perfect
or perfective aspect
(expressing completion)
auxiliary verb


助动词

verb used with the
main verb
to help indicate something such as tense or
(also called
verb
bare infinitive
原形

voice
eg: I
do
not like you. She
has
finished. He
can
swim.
unmarked form of the verb (no indication of tense, mood, person, or
aspect) without the particle
see also
infinitive

eg:
come

swim

base form

基础形式

basic form of a verb before conjugation into tenses etc
eg:
be
,
speak

case

form of a pronoun based on its relationship to other words in the sentence;
case can be
subjective
,
objective
or
possessive

eg:
I
love this dog
me

my
dog
causative verb
使役动
词

verb that causes things to happen such as
subject does not perform the action but is indirectly responsible for it
eg:
made
me go to school
had
my nails painted
clause
从句

group of words containing a subject and its verb
eg:
when he arrived

comparative,
比较级

comparative
form of an adjective or adverb made with
show differences or similarities between two things (not three or more
eg:
colder
,
more quickly

complement
补足语

part of a sentence that completes or adds meaning to the
predicate

eg: Mary did not say
where she was going
.
compound noun
复合
noun that is made up of more than one word; can be one word, or
名词

hyphenated, or separated by a space
eg: toothbrush, mother-in-law, Christmas Day
compound sentence
并
sentence with at least two
independent clauses
; usually joined by a
列句

conjunction
eg:
concord
一致

conditional

条件

another term for
agreement

structure in English where one action depends on another (

1st
,
2nd
, and 3rd conditionals
eg:
conjugate

同源词

to show the different forms of a verb according
to
voice
,
mood
,
tense
,
number
and
person
; conjugation is quite simple in
English compared to many other languages
eg: I walk, you walk, he/she/it walks, we walk, they walk; I walked, you
walked, he/she/it walked, we walked, they walked
adjective

形容词比较级

things)
conjunction

连词

word that joins or connects two parts of a sentence
eg: Ram likes tea
and
coffee. Anthony went swimming
although
it was
raining.
content word

实义词

word that has meaning in a sentence, such as a verb or noun (as opposed
to a
structure word
, such as pronoun or auxiliary verb); content words are
stressed in speech
eg:
BRING
my
GLASSES
because I've
LEFT
them at
HOME

continuous

连续的（进行
verb form (specifically an
aspect
) indicating actions that are in progress or
时）

continuing over a given time period (can be past, present or future); formed
with
eg:
are watching
TV.
(also called

contraction

缩略形式

shortening of two (or more) words into one
eg:
isn't
(is not),
we'd've
(we would have)
countable noun

可数名
thing that you can count, such as apple, pen, tree (see
uncountable noun
)
词

eg: one
apple
, three
pens
, ten
trees

dangling participle
垂悬
illogical structure that occurs in a sentence when a writer intends to modify
分词

one thing but the reader attaches it to another
eg:
Running to the bus
, the flowers were blooming.
sentence it seems that the flowers were running.)
declarative sentence
sentence type typically used to make a statement (as opposed to a
question or command)
eg:
defining relative clause
relative clause
that contains information required for the understanding of
(also called
the sentence; not set off with commas; see also
non
-
defining clause

relative clause
限定性关
eg:
who was wearing a blue shirt
was the winner
系从句

demonstrative
pronoun

指示代词

demonstrative
adjective
pronoun
or
determiner
that indicates closeness to (this/these) or distance
from (that/those) the speaker
eg:
This
is a nice car
those
cars?
dependent clause
独立
part of a sentence that contains a subject and a verb but does not form a
从句

complete thought and cannot stand on its own; see also
independent
clause

eg:
determiner

限定词

word such as an
article
or a
possessive adjective
or other adjective that
typically comes at the beginning of noun phrases
eg:
an
excellent film
my
new shirt?
buy
some
eggs
direct speech
直接引语

saying what someone said by using their exact words; see also
indirect
speech

eg:
I am tired
.'
direct object
直接宾语

noun phrase in a sentence that directly receives the action of the verb; see
also
indirect object

eg:
the car

it

the man wearing a
pink shirt and waving a gun in the air
?
embedded question
间
question that is not in normal question form with a question mark; it occurs
接疑问句

within another statement or question and generally follows statement
structure
eg:
where he went
,
where it is
before you
go?
whether they should come

finite verb
限定动词

verb form that has a specific tense, number and person
eg: I
work
, he
works
, we
learned
, they
ran

first conditional

第一条
件句


conditional
structure used for future actions or events that are
seen as realistic possibilities
eg:
fragment
片段

incomplete piece of a sentence used alone as a complete sentence; a
fragment does not contain a complete thought; fragments are common in
normal speech but unusual (inappropriate) in formal writing
eg:
In December

Probably
not

function
功能

purpose or
eg: The function of a subject is to
perform the action
. One function of an
adjective is to
describe a noun
. The function of a noun is to
name things
.
future continuous

将来
tense* used to describe things that will happen in the future at a particular
进行时

time; formed with WILL + BE + VERB-ing
eg:
will be graduating
in September.
(also called
progressive
future perfect

将来完成
tense* used to express the past in the future; formed with WILL HAVE +
时

VERB-ed
eg:
will have graduated
by then
future perfect
行时

tense* used to show that something will be ongoing until a certain time in
eg:
will have been living
there for three months by the time the baby
is born
future simple

一般将来
tense* used to describe something that hasn't happened yet such as a
时

prediction or a sudden decision; formed with WILL + BASE VERB
eg:
will be
late
will answer
the phone
genitive case
属格

case expressing relationship between nouns (possession, origin,
composition etc)
eg:
John's dog

door of the car

children's songs

pile of sand

gerund

动名词

noun form of a verb, formed with VERB-ing
eg:
Walking
is great exercise
continuous

将来完成进
the future; formed with WILL HAVE BEEN + VERB-ing
gradable adjective

可
分级形容词

adjective that can vary in intensity or grade when paired with a
grading
adverb
see also
non
-
gradable adjective

eg: quite
hot
, very
tall

grading adverb

分级副
adverb that can modify the intensity or grade of a
gradable adjective

词

hanging participle
悬
挂分词

helping verb
助动词

imperative

祈使句

another term for
auxiliary verb

form of verb used when giving a command; formed with BASE VERB only
eg:
Brush
your teeth!
indefinite pronoun

不定
pronoun
does not refer to any specific person, thing or amount. It is vague
代词

and
eg:
anything
,
each
,
many
,
somebody

independent clause
独
group of words that expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as
立分句

eg:
quite
hot,
very
tall
another term for
dangling participle

a sentence; see also
dependent clause

eg:
Tara is eating curry.

Tara likes oranges
and
Joe likes apples
.
(also called
clause
indirect object
间接宾
noun phrase representing the person or thing indirectly affected by the
语

action of the verb; see also
direct object

eg:
me
her book collection
his wife
a new
car
indirect question
间接
疑问句

indirect speech
间接引
saying what someone said without using their exact words; see
direct
语

(also called
speech
infinitive

不定式

base form of a verb preceded by


see also
bare infinitive
（原形）

eg:
to study
harder
To be
, or not
to be
: that is the question
inflection
change in word form to indicate grammatical meaning
eg:
dog
,
dogs
(two inflections);
take
,
takes
,
took
,
taking
,
taken
(five
inflections)
interjection

感叹词

common word that expresses emotion but has no grammatical value; can
often be used alone and is often followed by an exclamation mark
eg:
interrogative

疑问句

(formal) sentence type (typically inverted) normally used when asking a
question
eg:
interrogative
pronoun
that asks a question.
speech

eg:
she was tired

another term for
embedded question

pronoun

疑问代词

intransitive verb

不及
物动词

inversion
倒装

eg:
who
,
whom
,
which

verb that does not take a
direct object
; see also
transitive verb

e.g.
working
hard
live
?
any reversal of the normal
word order
, especially placing the auxiliary verb
before the subject; used in a variety of ways, as in question formation,
conditional clauses and agreement or disagreement
eg:
wouldn't have gone to the beach
irregular verb

不规则动
verb that has a different ending for past tense and past participle forms
词

than the regular
regular verb

see
irregular verbs list

eg: buy,
bought
,
bought
; do,
did
,
done

lexicon, lexis
词语

all of the words and word forms in a language with meaning or function
lexical verb
词汇动词

another term for
main verb

linking verb

系动词

verbs that connect the subject to more information (but do not indicate
action), such as
main clause
主句

main verb

主动词

(also called
verb
modal verb

情态动词

(also called
another term for
independent clause

any verb in a sentence that is not an
auxiliary verb
; a main verb has
meaning on its own
eg:
like
Mary?
arrived
by 4pm
auxiliary verb
such as can, could, must, should etc; paired with the bare
infinitive of a verb
eg:
should
go for a jog
modifier
修饰语

word or phrase that modifies and limits the meaning of another word
eg: the house => the
white
house, the house
over there
, the house
we
sold last year

mood

语态

sentence type that indicates the speaker's view towards the degree of
reality of what is being said, for example subjunctive, indicative, imperative
morpheme
词素

unit of language with meaning; differs from
stand alone
e.g.
un
-,
predict
and -
able
in unpredictable
multi
-
word verb

多词动
verb that consists of a basic verb + another word or words (preposition
词

and/or adverb)
eg:
get up
(
phrasal verb
),
believe in
(
prepositional verb
),
get on
with
(phrasal-prepositional verb)
negative
否定

form which changes a
of
affirmative

eg:
not
come
never
seen her
nominative case
主格

another term for
subjective case

non-defining relative
clause
relative clause
that adds information but is not completely necessary; set
off from the sentence with a comma or commas; see
defining relative