临沂翻译-金刚锥
A
stereotype
is
a
cognitive
structure
containing
the
perceiver’s
knowledge,beliefs,and experiences about some human social groups.
A
being
orientation
refers
to
spontaneous
expression
of
the
human
personality.
Beliefs
serve
as
the
storage
system
for
the
content
of
our
past
experiences,including thoughts,memories,and interpretations of events.
Cultural
patterns
are
a
useful
umbrella
term
that
allows
us
to
talk
about
values,beliefs,and other orientations collectively.
Context
is the information that surrounds an event;it is inextricably bound up
with the meaning of the event.
Co-cultures
are cultures discussing groups or social communities exhibiting
communication
characteristics,perceptions,values,beliefs,and
practices
that
are sufficiently different to distinguish them from other groups and communities
and from the dominant culture.
Communication
is a dynamic process in which people attempt to share their
internal states with other people through the use of symbols.
Culture
is a set of human-made objective and subjective elements that in the
past have increased the probability of survival and resulted in satisfaction for
the participants in an ecological niche,and thus became shared among those
who
could
communicate
with
each
other
because
they
had
a
common
language and they lived in the same time and place.
Cultural identity:
the identification of communications of a shared system of
symbolic verbal and nonverbal behavior that are meaningful to group members
who
have
a
sense
of
belonging
and
who
share
traditions,heritage,language,and similar norms of appropriate al
identity is a social construction.
Collectivism
is
a
kind
of
thought
that
people
primarily
view
themselves
as
members of groups and collectives rather than as autonomous
such
cultures
people
emphasize
community,collaboration,shared
interest,harmony,tradition,the
public
good,and
maintaining
tivism
means greater emphasis on the ,and goals of the in-group rather
than
oneself;social
norms
and
duty
defined
by
the
in-group
rather
than
behavior
to
get
pleasure;beliefs
shared
with
the
in-group
rather
than
beliefs
that distinguish
the
self from
in-group;and
great
readiness
to
cooperate
with
in-group members.
(1)Culture shock
is a mental state that comes from the transition that occurs
when
you
go
from
a
familiar
environment
to
an
unfamiliar
one
and
find
that
your old,established patterns of behavior are ineffective.
Culture shock
is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all your
familiar signs and symbols of social signs or cues include
the
thousand
and
one
ways
in
which
we
orient
ourselves
to
the
situation
of
daily
life:how
to
give
orders,how
to
make purchases,when
and
where not to
these
cues,which
may
be
words,gestures,facial
expressions,customs,or
norms,are
acquired
by
all
of
us
in
the
course
of
growing up and are as much as a part of our culture as the language we speak
or the beliefs we of us depend for our peace of mind and efficiency
on hundreds of these cues,most of which we are not consciously aware of.
All human interaction is influenced to some degree by the cultural,social,and
physical
settings
in
which
it
settings
are
called
the
communication context
.
Ethnocentrism
is the notion that
one’s own culture is superior to any is
the idea that other cultures should be measured by the degree to which they
live
up
to
our
cultural
are
ethnocentric
when
we
view
other
cultures through the narrow lens of our own culture or social position.
Ethics
refers
to
judgments
that
focus
om
degrees
of
rightness
and
wrongness,virtue and vice,and obligation in human behavior.
Family
is
a
group
of
intimates,who
generate
a
sense
of
home
and
group
identity,complete with strong ties of loyalty and emotion,and an experience of
a history and a future.
Globalization
is
worldwide
interconnectedness,evidenced
in
global
movements
of
natural
resources,trade
goods,human
labour,finance
capital,information,and infectious diseases.
History
is
the
witness
that
testifies
to
the
passing
of
time;it
illumines
reality,vitalizes memory,provides guidance in daily life,and brings us tidings of
antiquity.
Individualism
is a kind of thought that involves self-motivation,autonomy,and
independent
thinking,which
takes
in
the
following
’s
personal
goals
take
priority
over
their
allegiance
to
groups
like
the
family
or
the
loyalty of individualists to a given group is very weak;they feel
they belong to many groups and are apt to change their membership as it suits
to
them,switching
churches,for
example,or
leaving
one
employer
for
thought
stresses
personal
rights
and
responsibilities,privacy,voicing
one’s
own
opinion,freedom,innovation,and
self- expression.
Identity
is the reflective self-conception or self-image that we each derive from
our family,gender,cultural,ethnic,and individual socialization process.
Intercultural
communication
is
communication
between
people
whose
cultural
perceptions
and
symbol
systems
are
distinct
enough
to
alter
the
communication event.
Intercultural communication competence
is the overall internal capability of
an
individual
to
manage
the
key
challenging
features
of
intercultural
communication:namely,cultural
differences
and
unfamiliarity,inter-group
posture,and the accompanying experience of stress.
Masculinity and feminity
refer to the degree to which masculine or feminine
traits are valued and revealed.
Nonverbal
communication
involves
all
those
nonverbal
stimuli
in
a
communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her
use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source
or receiver.
Objectivity
is the state of being objective,just,unbiased and not influenced by
emotions or personal prejudices.
Prejudices
are
deeply
held
negative
feelings
associated
with
a
particular
group.
Prejudice
amounts to a rigid and irrational generalization about a category of
ice is irrational to the extent that people hold inflexible attitudes
supported
by
little
or
no
direct
ice
may
target
people
of
a
particular
social
class,sex,sexual
orientation,age,political
affiliation,race,or
ethnicity.
(1)Perception
is the means by which
you
make sense of your physical and
social world.
(2)Perception
is the process of selecting,organizing,and interpreting sensory
data in a way that enables us to make sense of the world.
(3)Perception
is
the
process
whereby
people
convert
external
events
and
experiences into meaningful internal understanding.
Power distance
is a characteristic of a culture defining the extent to which the
less powerful person in society accepts inequality in power and considers it as
normal.
Racism
is the belief in the inherent superiority of a particular denies the
basic
equality
of
humankind
and
corelates
ability
with
physical
it assumes that success or failure in any societal endeavor
will depend upon genetic endowment rather than environment and access to
opportunity.
Stereotypes
are a collection of false assumptions that people in all cultures
make about the characteristics of members of various groups.
Social organizations
or
social institutions
are the groups that members of a
culture turn to for lessons about the meaning of life and methods for living that
life.
The dominant culture
is a type of culture that one group possesses the power
to speak for the entire culture while setting the tone and agenda that others will
usually follow.
The
being-in-dong
orientation
stresses
the
idea
of
development
and
emphasizes the kind of activity that contributes to the development of
all aspects of the self as an integral whole.
The
doing
orientation
describes
activity
in
which
accomplishments
are
measurable by standards external to the individual.
Uncertainty avoidance
defines the extent to which people within a culture are
made
nervous
by
situations
which
they
perceive
as
unstructured,unclear,or
unpredictable,situations which they therefore try to avoid by maintaining strict
codes of behavior and a belief in absolute truths.
Values
are
culturally
defined
standards
of
desirability,goodness,and
beauty
that serve as broad guidelines for social living.
Values
are shared ideas about what is true,right,and beautiful which underline
cultural
patterns
and
guide
society
in
response
to
the
physical
and
social
environment.
of communication has given rise to differences in language, in thinking,
in
systems
of
belief
and
culture
generally.
These
differences
have
made
hostility among societies endemic and seemingly eternal.
语言，思维以及信仰
和文化体制的差异通常源于匮乏的交流。
这些差异使社会的敌意根深蒂固 ，
似乎
无穷无尽。
y is philosophy teaching by example.
历史是提供实例讲解的哲学。
particular human chain we’re part of is central to our individual identity.
独特的人
类联
系是
获< br>取个人
认
同的
关键
。
value of identity of course is that so often with it comes purpose.
我们寻
求认同感的过程，其意义常常带有目的性。
beliefs become your thoughts. Your thoughts become your words. Your
words
become
your
actions.
Your
actions
become
your
habits.
Your
habits
become your values. Your values become your destiny.
a group of theories one can find a school; but on a group of values one
can find a culture, a civilization, a new way of living together among men.
信仰
决定思想。
思想 决定语言。
语言决定
(
形成
)
行动。
行动决定习惯。
习惯决定价值。
价值决定命运。
one finger is sore, the whole hand will hurt.
牵一发而动全身。
are times when silence has the loudest voice.
有时沉默往往具有爆发
力。
know what people think, pay regard to what they do, rather than what
they say.
知人所知，观人所做，勿信人所说。
together like brothers and do business like strangers.
生活似兄弟，
经商
如异客。
history
is increasingly
a
race
between
intercultural education and
disaster. If education is not intercultural, it is probably not education, but rather
the inculcation of nationalist or religious fundamenta lism.
人类历史更多地体现
为跨文化教育和大灾难的竞赛。
教育不跨文化，
它也许算不上真正的教育，
充其
量它只是在反复灌输国家主义
(
民族主义< br>)
和基要主义
young must be taught that racial peculiarity do exist, but that beneath
the
skin,
beyond
the
differing
features
and
into
the
true
heart
of
being,
fundamentally we are more alike, my friend, than we are unlike
年 轻人必须知道
种族独特性确实存在，
姑且不论肤色，
不论各自的不同点，
单从 人们真实的内心
世界就可以看出，本质上与其说我们不同，不如说我们彼此相同。
culture can live if it attempts to be exclusive.-- Mahatma Gandhi.
任何排
外的文化终将灭亡。
cannot
expect
to
achieve
new
goals
or
move
beyond
your
present
circumstance unless you change.
惟有改变自己，一个人才能实现目标，甚至超
越自己。
22.A penny saved is a penny earned.
聚沙成塔，水滴石穿。
/
省钱即赚钱。
quacking duck is the first to get shot.
枪打出头鸟。
while the iron is hot.
趁热打铁。
who hesitates is lost.
当断不断，必受其患。
s speak louder than words.
行动胜于语言。
g ventured, nothing gained.
不入虎穴焉得虎子。
hay while the sun shines.
晒草须乘日照时。
(
乘热打铁，勿失良机
)
helps those who help themselves.
自助者天助。
yourself up by your bootstraps
你要重新振作起来啊！
Pull oneself up by one's own bootstraps“
不依靠他人，经过自己的努力来改善不
良 的处境
”
。
squeaky wheel gets the grease.
吱吱叫的轮子先上油。
/
会哭的孩子有
奶吃。
y is the spice of life.
变化是生活的调味品。变化乃是生活的情趣。
ing never strikes twice in the same place.
坏事不过二。
is
more
than
one
way
to
skin
a
cat.
解决事情的方法不止一种。
A
problem generally has more than one solution.
gave us the nuts but he doesn’t crack them.
上帝给予我们美好的未来
,
但需要我们自己去奋斗。
know the road ahead,ask those coming back.
欲知前方事
,
且问过来人。
does not make the wind,but is blown by it.
顺天者昌
,
逆天者亡。
we cannot get what we like,let us like what we get.
与其失去喜欢的，
不如喜欢拥有的。
proposes and God disposes.
成事在人，谋事在天。
seven times, stand up eight.
永不言败。永不放弃。
45.A man’s tongue is his sword.
言辞即匕首。
who know do not speak and those who speak do not know.
知者不
言，言者不慧。
in pa
radise, it’s not good to be alone.
即使在天堂，人们总是聚集在一
起。
48.A table is not blessed if it has fed no scholars.
不服务学者的桌子不值得拥
有。
49. When spider webs unite, they can tie up a lion.
蛛网联结可束缚雄狮
50.A single arrow is easily broken,but not a bunch.
一箭易折，一束难折。
51.A single hand cannot lift the calabash to the head.
单手难以提起葫芦头。
52.A harsh word dropped from the tongue cannot be brought back by a coach
and six horses.
一个人所说的难听的话即使用一辆有六匹马的马车也难以收回。
spit aimed at the sky comes back to one.
害人反害己。
a stone in anger and harm your own foot.
愤怒的踢石头反而伤害自己的
脚。
55 .Sweep only in front of your own door.
各扫自家门前雪。
who stirs another’s porridge often burns his own.
爱管闲事的人没有好下
场
57.A zebra does not despise its stripes.
知识
(
智慧
)
比珠宝更好
.
斑马不会小看它
身上的条纹。
candle of someone who lies almost always burns just to midnight.
说谎
者必半路败露其真面孔。
P31
60.A house without an elderly person is like an orchard without a well.
没有老者
(
长辈
)
的房子好比只有枯井的果园
’t beat around the bush.
不要拐弯抹角了。
it like it is.P218
实话实说
.
All
cultures
have
a
dominant
or
national
culture
that
is
normally
defined
by
examining the people who control the power within the culture.
Co-cultural communication is communication between members who hold two
or more divergent cultural experiences that might influence the communication
process.
Communication
accomplishes
many
interpersonal
needs,
helps
establish
personal identities, and has an influence on people.
Communication is a dynamic process in which people attempt to share their
internal states with other people through the use of symbols.
Communication is dynamic, symbolic, contextual, self-reflective, learned, and
has a consequence.
Culture
and
communication
are
so
intertwined
that
it
is
easy
to
think
that
culture is communication and communication is culture.
Culture is a set of human-made objective and subjective elements that in the
past have increased the probability of survival.
Culture
seeks
to
inform
its
members
what
to
expect
from
life,
and
therefore
reduces confusion and helps them predict what to expect from life.
Culture
is
learned,
shared,
and
transmitted
from
generation
to
generation,
based on symbols and a dynamic and integrated system.
Domestic
contacts
are
increasing
because
new
immigrants
and
co-cultures
are growing in numbers.
New and improved technology, growth in the worl
d’s population, and shifts in
the
global
economic
arena
have
contributed
to
increased
international
ne
worldwide
will
be
affected
by
and
need
to
communicate
about finite natural resources and the environment to help reduce and avoid
international conflict.
Intercultural
communication
presents
you
with
a
challenge
you
must
meet
if
you are to become an effective communicator in today’s world.
Intercultural communication is communication between people whose cultural
perceptions
and
symbol
systems
are
distinct
enough
to
alter
the
communication event.
13
The
elements
that
compose
a
culture
are
history,
religion,
values,
social
organizations, and language.
15
Some
of
the
problems
with
studying
intercultural
communication
involve
individual
uniqueness,
stereotyping,
lack
of
objectivity,
and
viewing
communication as a cure-all.
1
The
deep
structures
of
a
culture,
which
include
such
elements
as
family,
history (country), and religion (worldview), are important because they carry a
culture’s most
important beliefs. Their messages endure, are deeply felt, and
help supply much of a identity.
临沂翻译-金刚锥
临沂翻译-金刚锥
临沂翻译-金刚锥
临沂翻译-金刚锥
临沂翻译-金刚锥
临沂翻译-金刚锥
临沂翻译-金刚锥
临沂翻译-金刚锥
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