viper是什么意思美国文学术语

2021年1月19日发(作者：angola)
Transcendentalism:
A movement that originated in Europe but flourished particularly in the United States in the
middle
of
the
nineteenth
century.
At
first
a
religious
philosophy
emphasizing
intuition
and
individual
conscience,
transcendentalism
was
translated
into
literary
terms
by
the
so-called
American
transcendentalists,
a
loosely
formed
group
of
New
England
writers
and
intellectuals
that included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, and Henry David Thoreau.
They hold the conviction that each human being is innately divine that God
’
s essence lies
within
all
individuals.
There
are
transcendental
categories
of
knowledge
(that
is,
a
priori
categories that govern our experience and understanding, such as time and causality) by adding
other categories of knowledge (such as moral truth) and by contending that individuals have the
ability to discover higher truths intuitively or mysteriously, without recourse to the senses or logic.
Indeed,
transcendentalists
suggested
that
reliance
on
sensory
experience
and
rational
thought
may actually impede the acquisition of transcendent truth. People can discover moral truths in
nature
,
the
transcendentalists
argued,
with
the
guidance
of
their
own
conscience rather
than
dogmatic religious doctrine.
Transcendentalists kicked off the movement in 1836 by forming the Transcendental Club to
discuss this
“
new thought
”
, which extolled individual rather than ritualistic spiritual living, the
virtues
of
nature
and
manual
labor,
the
need
for
intellectual
stimulation.
They
encourage
self-reliance and self- trust .furthermore, the transcendentalists were reformers optimistic about
human potential, allying themselves with such causes as women
’
s suffrage and abolitionism.











Gothic novel
:
When applied to literature, Gothic has been used both positively and pejoratively to refer to
a genre characterized by a general mood of decay, action that is dramatic and generally violent or
otherwise disturbing, loves that are destructively passionate, and settings that are grandiose, if
gloomy
or
bleak.
To
eighteenth-century
neoclassicists,
who
valued
simplicity
and
unity,
the
appellation
Gothic
was
synonymous
with
“
barbaric
”

or
crude.
For
them,
Gothic
writing
was
untutored,
unrestrained,
and
ridiculously
extravagant,
particularly
in
its
reliance
on
foreign
ornament.
Romantics,
however,
found
in
the
Gothic
a
freedom
of
spirit,
variety,
mystery,
and
instinctual authenticity( as opposed to reasoned and therefore artificial discourse) that meshed
well with their own emphasis on individuality, imagination and sublimity.
The
Gothic
novel
arose
in
late
eighteenth-century
England
and
remained
popular
in
the
nineteenth
century
throughout
Europe
and
America;
elements
of
the
Gothic
novel
and
Gothic
literature in general have persisted up to our own day. The Gothic novel is a romance typically
written as a long prose horror narrative that exhibits the Gothic qualities of doom and gloom as
well as an emphasis on chivalry and magic. Dark and mysterious medieval castles and chock full
of secret passageways and (apparently) supernatural phenomena are common elements used to
thrill the reader. Gothic heroes and heroines tend to be equally mysterious, with dark histories
and secrets of their own. The Gothic hero is typically a man known more for his power and his
charisma than for his personal goodness; the Gothic heroine
’
s challenge is to win his love without
being destroyed in the process. Exaggeration and emotional language are frequently employed
by
Gothic
writers,
who
typically
emphasize
storyline
and
setting
over
character
and
characterization. They seek to evoke an atmosphere of terror, often from an unidentified source.
The
representative
writers
include
Horace
Walpole,
Ann
Radcliffe,
the
Bronte
Sisters,
Henry
James, Daphne du Maurier, Mary Shelley, Edgar Allan Poe, Stephen King, etc.

American Realism
Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporary life and everyday
scenes
are
represented
in
a
straightforward
of
matter-of-fact
manner.
It
stresses
truthful
treatment of material. It is anti-romantic, anti-sentimental, and without interest in nature, death,
etc. writers would describe the charm of human character reacting under various circumstances
or authors picture the pioneers of the Far West, the new immigrants, and the struggles of the
working classes.
The realists believe that the purpose of art is to produce reality, to establish a literature of
realism,
to
create
an
objective
portrayal
of
American
life.
So
they
depicted
life
around
them,
identified
their
characters
with
their
surroundings,
and
sometimes
achieved
psychological
penetration. They wrote about individual characters confronted by hardships and moral dilemma.
Their
writing
exposes
the
values
of
common
humanity.
Life
appears
as
it
is,
not
picturesque,
adventurous, heroic style characteristic of romantic writers. Realistic writers were also detached
observers of life. The narrator in their novels stands back and tries not to let their own emotions
gain
the
way
of
which
their
words
give
the
reader.
They
just
present
the
reader
what
the
characters do instead of telling the reader what it means in their writing.

Regional and Local Color Writings:
They are instances of realism insofar as they depict contemporary life, use the speech of the
common people, and avoid, in general, fantastic plotlines. There are also often a romantic flavor
in
regional
and
local
color
writings
as
they
receive
influences
from
Washington
Irving
and
the
frontier tradition of tall tales. A regional work relies on the cultural, social and historical settings.
If the setting is removed, the work is destroyed. Local color writings are just as dependent upon a
specific geographical location, but they give more emphasis to the local details by tapping into its
folklore, history, customs, beliefs and speech. Dialect peculiarities are the defining characteristic
of local color writing.

Naturalism:
is a kind of social Darwinism, which holds that the weak and stupid would fall victim
to economic forces. Literary naturalism holds that humans are controlled by laws of heredity and
environment,
and
that
the
universe
is
cold
and
hostile
to
human
desires.
American
naturalists
wrote in a daring, open, and direct manner. The literary naturalists have a major difference from
the realists. Though the naturalists describe real life but they do not look at the average, but at
the
violent,
sensational,
sordid,
unpleasant,
and
ugly
aspects
of
life.
Instead
of
reflecting
the
middle-class life, they would rather write about the life of failure, poverty and even crime.


Imagism:

It
is
a
Movement
in
U.S.
and
English
poetry
characterized
by
the
use
of
concrete
language
and
figures
of
speech,
modern
subject
matter,
metrical
freedom,
and
avoidance
of
romantic
or
mystical
themes,
aiming
at
clarity
of
expression
through
the
use
of
precise
visual
images. It grew out of the Symbolist Movement in 1912 and was initially led by Ezra Pound, Amy
Lowell, and others.

Free verse:
Free verse refers to a kind of poetry whose rhythmical lines vary in length, adhering
to no fixed metrical pattern or the usually rhyming system, such poetry may seem formless, but it
does
have
a
form
or
pattern,
often
largely
based
on
repetition
and
parallel
structure.
Walt