lamp是什么意思名词解释知识讲解

2021年1月19日发(作者：学而不思则罔思而不学则殆的翻译)




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词
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1,

The Chartist Movement
was an attempt in Britain to build an independent political
party devoted to the interests of working people.
2
the opium wa
r: The term Opium War actually refers to a pair of wars fought between
Britain and China in the early 1800s.
3 The
Boston Tea Party

(initially referred to by
John Adams
as
the Destruction of the
Tea in Boston

[2]
) was a
political protest
by the
Sons of Liberty
in
Boston, on
December 16, 1773. Disguised as American Indians, the demonstrators hurt no one
but destroyed the entire supply of tea sent by theEast India Company
in defiance of
the American boycott of tea carrying a tax the Americans had not authorized. They
boarded the ships and threw the chests of tea into
Boston Harbor, ruining the tea. The
British government responded harshly and the episode escalated into the
American
Revolution. The Tea Party became an iconic event of American history, and other
political protests such as the
Tea Party movement
after 2010 explicitly refer to it
4
westward movement: i
t in america carreid setters across america,from atlantic ocean
to the pacific ocean,it began in the early 1600
’
s with european settlements along the
alantic coast of north america,it coutinued until the late 1800
’’
s ,bythat time,the
western frontiers of united states had been conquered.
5
American civil rights movement,

mass protest movement against
racial
segregationand discrimination in the southern
United States
that came to national
prominence during the mid-1950s.
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6The
Atlantic Charter

was a pivotal policy statement issued in August 1941 that, early
in
World War II, defined the Allied goals for the post-war world. It was drafted by the
leaders of Britain and the United States, and later agreed to by all the
Allies.
7
Open Door policy,

statement of principles initiated by the
United States
(1899, 1900) for the
protection of equal privileges among countries trading with
China
and in support of Chinese
territorial and administrative integrity. The Open Door policy was received with almost universal
approval in the United States, and for more than 40 years it was a cornerstone of American
foreign
policy
8
the cairo declaration
:
on November 27, 1943.
President
Franklin Roosevelt
of the
United
States,
The declaration developed ideas from the 1941
Atlantic Charter, which was issued by
the
Allies of World War II
to set goals for the post-war order. The
Cairo Communiqué

was
broadcast through radio on December 1, 1943.
[1]
The Cairo Declaration is cited in Clause Eight (8)
of the
Potsdam Declaration, which is referred to by the
Japanese Instrument of Surrender
9
the marshall Plan

was the American initiative to aid
Europe, in which the
United
States
gave economic support to help rebuild European economies after the end
of
World War II
in order to prevent the spread of Soviet
Communism
10,
FBI:
Federal Bureau of Investigation: a bureau in the U.S. Department of Justice
charged with conducting investigations for the Attorney General and with safeguarding
national security.
11,
President-elect of the United States

is the title used for an incoming
President of
the United States
in the period between the general election on
Election Day
in
November and
noon
eastern standard time on
Inauguration Day, January 20, during
which he is not in office yet. The title is used for the apparent winner
[1]

and is finalized
when votes of theElectoral College, cast in December, are counted by a
joint session
of Congress
in early January. If a sitting President has won re-election, he is not
referred to as a
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become president. If a new President is scheduled to enter, then the current-standing
one is said to hold the office on alame-duck
basis.
12The
Cabinet of the United Kingdom

is the collective decision-making body of
Her
Majesty's Government of the United Kingdom, The Cabinet is the executive committee
of Her Majesty's
Privy Council, a body which has legislative, judicial and executive
functions, and whose large membership includes members of the
Opposition. Its
decisions are generally implemented either under the existing powers of individual
government departments, or by
Orders in Council
1
3the speaker
is the chief officer and highest authority of the House of Commons and
must remain politically impartial at all times. During debates
the Speaker
keeps order
and calls MPs to speak
14The
English Poor Laws
[2]

were a system of
poor relief
which existed in
England
and Wales
[3]

that developed out of late-medieval and Tudor- era laws being codified
in 1587
–
98.
1.
the Hardian’s Wall
:It was one of the two great walls built by the Romans to keep the
Picts out of the area they had conquered.
2.
Alfred the Great

Alfred
was a strong king of the wisemen. It was created by the
Anglo-
Saxons to advise the king. It’s the basis of the Privy Council which still exists
today.
3.
William the Conqueror:
William was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct,
1066 and defeated king Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christams
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Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal
system in England.

4.
the battle of Hastings
:In 1066, King Edward died with no heir, the Witan chose
Harold as king. William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14, the two
armies met near Hasting. After a day’s battle, Harold was killed and his army
completely defeated. So this battle was very important on the way of the Roman
conquest.
5.
Domesday Book
:Under William, the feudal system was established. William sent
officials to compile a property record known as Domesday Book, which completed in
1086. It was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085. It stated the
extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It
seemed to the English like the Book of doom on Judgement Day.
6. the Great Charter:
King John’s reign caused
much discontent among the barons. In
1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Mangna Cara, or the Great
Charter. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of
English liberities, its spirit was the limitation of the king
’s powers, keeping them within
the bounds of the feudal law of the land.

7.
the Hundred Years’ War
:It referred to the intermittent war between France and
England that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly
economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to
recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they
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were defeated and lost almost all their possessions in France. The expelling of the
English was a blessing for both countries.
8.
Joan of Arc
:
She was a national heroine of France during the Hundred Years’ War.
She successfully led the French to drive the English out of France.
9.
the Black Death
:It was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europe in
the 14th century. It swept through England without warning and any cure, and sparing
no victims. It killed between half and one- third of the population of England. Thus,
much land was left untended and labour was short. It caused far-reaching economic
consequences.
1
0. the Wars of Roses:
They referred to the battles between the House of Lancaster
and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. The former was symbolized by the red
rose, and the latter by the white one. After the wars, feudalism received its death blow
and the king’s power became supreme. Thdor monarchs ruled England and Wales for
over two hundred years.

11. Bloody Mary:
Henry VIII’s daughter and a devout Catholic. When she became
Queen, she persecuted and burnt many Protestants. So she was given the nickname
“Bloody Mary”. Mary is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of
Calais.

12.
Elizabeth I
:One of the greatest monarchs in British history. She reigned England,
Wales and Ireland for 45 years and remained single. Her reign was a time of confident
English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in
exploration and in battle.
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13. Oliver Cromwell:
The leader during the Civil War who led the New Model Army to
defeat the king and condemned him to death. Then he declared England a
Commonwealth and made himself Lord of Protector. He ruled England till the
restoration of charles II in 1660.

14.
the Bill of Rights
:In 1689, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be
crowned jointly. The bill excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession, confirmed
the principle of parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free speech within both the
two Houses. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy began.
15.
Whigs and Tories
:It referred to the two party names which originated with the
Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy
and supported the right to religious freedom for Noncomformists. The Tories were
those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The
Whigs formed a coalition with dissident Tories and became the Liberal Party. The
Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.
1
6. James Watt
:The Scottish inventor who produced an efficient steam engine with
rotary motion that could be applied to textile and other machinery.
17.
Winston Churchill
:Prime Minister of Britain during the Second World War. He took
over Chamberlain in 1940 and received massive popular support. He led his country to
final victory in 1945. He was defeated in the general election of 1945, but returned to
power in 1951.
18. Agribusiness:
It refers to the new farming in Britain, because it’s equipped and
managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs into the farm of processes
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which occur on the farm, and outputs or products which leave the farm. The emphasis
is upon intensive farming, designes to give the maximum output of crops and animals.

1
9. the British Constitution;
There is no written constitution in the United Kingdom. The
British Constitution is not set out in any single document, but made up of statute law,
common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interpret
statues.

20.
Queen Elizabeth II
:The present Sovereign, born in 1926, came to the throne in
1952 and was crowned in 1953. The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation, the
center of many national ceremonies and the leader of society.
21. the Opposition:
In the General Election, the party which wins the second largest
number of seats becomes the offcial Opposition, w
ith its own leader and “shadow
cabinet”. The aims of the Opposition are to contribute to the formulation of policy and
legislation, to oppose government proposals, to seek amendments to government bills,
and to put forward its own policies in order to win the next general election.

22.
the Privy Council
:Formerly the chief source of executive power. It gave the
Sovereign private (“privy”) advice on the government of the country. Today its role is
mainly formal, advising the Sovereign to approve certain government decrees and
issuing royal proclamation. Its membership is about 400.
23.
common law
:A written law gathered from numerous decisions of the courts and
other sources.
24.
the jury
:A legal system established in England since king Henry II. The jury
consists of ordinary, independent citizens summoned by the court: 12 persons in
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