方孝孺翻译四级语法知识点总结(下)

2021年1月19日发(作者：泥垢)




四级语法知识点总结


一：时 态
：
所谓的

时态

，就是时间
+
状态。谓语 动词的时态见下表：

1
．主动形式



2
．被动形式



一般

进行


完成

？
'

现在

do

am/is/are doing


have/has done


have/has been doing

…
将来


will/shall do

~
过去将来


should/would do

/

should/would have
done
用于虚拟语
气

/

过去

did

was/were doing

had done

will/shall be doing

will/shall have done

完成进行



一般

进行

完成

had been doing

/

过去


was/were given

was/were being
given

'

had been given


现在

am/is/are given

【
将来

will/shall be given

/

will/shall have been
given

am/is/are being given

have/has been given

过去将来



should/would be
given


/

should/would have
been given


完成进行

-


/

/


CET-4
常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在
/
过去）完成进行时。


时间状语从句当中的时态：


一般过去时



所有的过去


/

|

用


一般现在时

现在完成时

表示



现在和将来


现在完成和将来完成




二：非谓语动词


1
．不定式：

一）不定式的常考形式：

1)

一般形式：
He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.

~

被动形式
: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.


语法功能：

表示与谓语动词同步发生

2)

完成形式：
He pretended
not
to have seen me.

被动形式：
The book is said to have been translated into many languages.


语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前


二）不定式常考的考点：

1
）不定式做定语
----
将要发生

…

2
）不定式做状语
----
目的


3
）不定式充当名词功能
---To see is to believe.


三
)
不定式的省略


感官动词
see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel

+ do


表示动作的完整性，真实性；

+ doing

表示动作的连续性，进行性


I saw him
work
in the garden yesterday.





昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。
(
强调

我看见 了

这个事实
)



I saw him
working
in the garden yesterday.




昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调

我见他正干活
这个动作）


感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：
The cake tastes
good
; It feels
comfortable
.

使役动词

have bid make let
等词后不定式要省略但同
1)
一样被动以后要还原
to

I ‘d like to have John do it.

I have my package weighed.

.

Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn.

help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do

四
)
有些动词后只跟不定式如：


want
，< br>wish
，
hope
，
manage
，
promis e
，
refuse
，
pretend
，
plan
，
offer
，
decide
，
agree
，
expect allow
sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do

force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do

be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do


！

五
)
有的时候
to
后面要接
-ing
形式

accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to;
resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be
dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.


2.
动名词：

具有动作性特征的名词


1)
是名词
seeing is believing

2)
具有动词性特征可以带宾语
starving troops is necessary.

一
)
动名词的形式
:

（

一般形式：
I don't like you smoking.



完成形式：
I regret not having taken your advice.

被动形式：
This question is far from being settled.

二
)
动名词常考的点

1)
动名词做主语谓语动词为单数


2)
在动名词和不定式中
,
做为介词的宾语是动名词

3)
动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词
,
通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语
.

~

I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon
．



A
．
you to call B
．
you call C
．
you calling D
．
you're calling
（
Key
：
C your calling
也对）

I regret not having taken your advice.

4)
有些词后只能接动名词

admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike;
dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves;
keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist;
risk; suggest; understand...

另外还有一些接
-ing
形式的常用说法：


it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time;
there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point...

{

5)
有些词后加不定式和动名词均可

remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean
后面用不定式和
-ing
形式，意义截然不容。

I
remembered to post
the letters. (
指未来
/
过去未来的动作
)

I
remembered posting/having posting
the letters (
我记得这个动作
)

forgot
与
remember
的用法类似。

I
regret to inform

you that…
我很遗憾地通知你
…


`

I
regretted having left
the firm after twenty years.
为了

二十年前的离开

而遗
憾。

try to
努力
You really must
try to
overcome your shyness.

try
–
ing
试验

Try practicing
five hours a day.

I
mean to
go, but my father would not allow me to. [
打算、想
]
我想去，但我父亲不让我去。

To raise wage
means increasing
purchasing power. [
意味着
]
赠加工资意味着增加购买力。

prefer
的用法：

我宁愿在这里等。

I
prefer
to wait here.
（所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。）

,

I
prefer
waiting here.
（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。）

I
prefer
swimming to cycling.
（这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。）


3
分词：

现在分词主动进行
,
过去分词被动状态

现在分词的形式
:

1)
一般式
: Do you see the man talking to the dean
（主任）

(
与谓语动词同步发生
)

?

2)
完成形式：
Not having made adequate preparations, they failed.
(
发生谓语动词之前
)


3)
完成被动形式：
Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.(

发生谓语动词之前且表示被动
)

过去分词

1)

过去分词表示被动：
Fight no battle unprepared.

2)
过去分词的进行形式：
You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (
强调正在被做
)
< br>这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们< br>之间的一致关系
——
主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与 他前面的逻辑主语之
间的主动被动的关系。




}


三：虚拟语气
情态动词所表达的可能性程度：
must/can't
should/shouldn't
might/may (not)


另外两个

类情态词的形式：



最自然的虚拟状态 ：由
should/would+
原型时态（不含时间只含状态）

本质上是过去将来时：即，时间固定在过去将来，状态不同：一般、进行、完成、完成进行。

这时

虚拟语气

的产生往往是因为我们要表达

本来应 该
……
（而现在却还没有
……
）

（本来可以
……
，本来能
……
）

<

I should go!
(… but I
'm still here!)


(
一般
)

I should be working now!




(
进行
)


I should have practiced more (than I did)!


(
完成
)

我应该多多练习！（言下之意，现在我练习得不多。）

I shouldn't dream away my time too much!
(
完成的否定
)

(actually I did dream away my time too much!)

*

It shouldn't have been leaking for such a long time!
(
完成进行
)

I may/might/could have finished!



(
完成
)

一些常见的句型中，就会出现这种虚拟语气，而处于从句之中，
should
常常被省略掉

o

suggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan;

o


o

demand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide;

o

require, request;

o

think, expect, believe, insist, suspect.

，

由于他们的含义中包含
< br>建议，假设，应该

这类的含义，所以，由他们引起的从句中，就会包含有
sho uld+
原
型时态构成的虚拟语气。

这些动词（以及他们的名次形式，分词形式）引起的从句还有其他的变形：

主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句

It's suggested that…

My suggestion is that…


The only suggestion that...

The only suggestion I can give you now is that…

】

一些形容词引起的表语从句中，也会有同样的情况


important; necessary; essential

It's
natural
; strange; incredible

that


a pity; a shame; no wonder


由
lest, for fear that, in case
引起的从句中多使用
should


表达与事实相反


1.
与现在相反：使用
[
过去时
]
：

@

I
wish
I
were not
here!


(
一般现在
一般过去
)

Suppose
we
were not
here.

He loved me
as if
I
were
his own son.
(
一般现在
一般过去
)

Hope
I
weren't
always
losing
things!
(
现在进行
过去进行
)

If only/If
I
hadn't been
there!

(
现在完成
过去完成
)

What if
I
hadn't been waiting
right here!
(
现在完成进行
过去完成进行
)

常考句型：
It's (high) time (that)…; would rather (that)…