naive什么意思完整word版英文Summary写作方法范例及常用句式word文档良心出品

2021年1月19日发(作者：explain的用法)


它用最简洁的语言概括了摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。
）< br>32
）写作；
（写摘要主要包括三个步骤：原文的主题。
（
1
）阅读；
（修
改成文。


第一步：阅读









．认真阅读给定的原文材 料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅
A
读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。


．给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或
B
主题句 往往出也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。短句子作为标题。
现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于 确定文章的中心思想。


．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了 。对重
C
要部分的主要观点进行概括。


主题、标题、细节等你认 为对概括摘要．简要地记下主要观点——
D
重要的东西。


第二步：动手写作









摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原
A.

文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数
字，但是千万不 能超过这个数字。


摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。
B.


应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
C.


摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需
D.

翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。





/
1


19


写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：
E.


删除细节。只保留主要观点。
1)


个或更多的例子，
你只需
52)
选择一至两个例子。
原文中可能包括从
中筛选一至二个例子。


把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某
3)

事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。


可能会重复论证说明。为了强调某个主题，避免重复。在原文中，
4)

但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。


压缩长的句子。如下列两例：
5)


like.
”
“
His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion
-


”
He was very brave in battle.
”可以概括为：


“
He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.
”


“
He was in financial difficulties.
”可以概括为：


你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：
6)


“
Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount

Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better
wages,

holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and

bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought

of visiting them ten years ago.
”



/
2


19


”
Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a
可以概括为：


few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid

holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.
”


使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：
7)


“
She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of

Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of

them during the winter vocation.
”


”
She brought home a lot of books to read during the
可以概括为：
vocation.
”


，使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用
but, then, thus, yet, though
）
8

at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the
不能使用等
较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词
other hand
的
效果。


文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把
9)

大段的对白简化，比如：


Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use too much salt on your food,

it's not good for you!
”

Paul put down his knife and

—

Paul

frowned:
”
Why on earth not! If you didn't have salt on your food it would


just imagine bread without taste awful
…

like eating cardboard or sand
…
salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!
”

Kate was patient. She

didn't want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said


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3


19




firmly:
”
But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and

latter on, heart
-
attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes

which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the

sensitivity to appreciate any more.
”


可以用第三人称概括为：


Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating

too much salt would do harm to Paul's health and that it could reduce the

real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt

would be tasteless.


第三步：修改成文










草稿拟好以后，对它进行 修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要
的观点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其 次，如
果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。第三，检
查拼写、语法和标点 符号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。


经过上述步骤和方法，一篇摘要就可以完成了。










Article

Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong

William Kilpatrick

Many of today's young people have a difficult time seeing any

) to their actions. There are a number of

道德层面
moral dimension (
/ 4

19

reasons why that's true, but none more prominent than a failed



system of education that eschews (
回避
) teaching children the

traditional moral values that bind Americans together as a society

and a culture. That failed approach, called
“
decision
-
making,
”

was

introduced in schools 25 years ago. It tells children to decide for

themselves what is right and what is wrong. It replaced
“
character

education. (
品格教育
)
”

Character education didn't ask children to

reinvent the moral wheel (
浪费时间重新发明早已存在的道德标
准
); instead, it encouraged them to practice habits of courage,

justice and self
-
control.

In the 1940s, when a character education approach prevailed,

teachers worried about students chewing gum; today they worry

about robbery and rape.

Decision
-
making curriculums pose thorny (
棘手的
) ethical

dilemmas to students, leaving them with the impression that all

morality is problematic and that all questions of right and wrong

are in dispute. Youngsters are forced to question values and virtues

they've never acquired in the first place or upon which they have

only a tenuous (
薄弱的
) hold. The assumption behind this method

is that students will arrive at good moral conclusions if only they are

given the chance. But the actual result is moral confusion.


5
/
19




For example, a recent national study of 1,700 sixth
-
to



ninth
-
graders revealed that a majority of boys considered rape to

be acceptable under certain conditions. Astoundingly, many of the

girls agreed.

This kind of moral illiteracy is further encouraged by

values
-
education (
价值观教育
) programs that are little more than

courses in self
-
esteem (
自尊
). These programs are based on the

questionable assumption that a child who feels good about himself

or herself won't want to do anything wrong. But it is just as

reasonable to make an opposite assumption: namely, that a child

who has uncritical self
-
regard will conclude that he or she can't do

anything bad.

Such naive self
-
acceptance results in large part from the

non
-
directive (
无指导性的
), non
-
judgmental (
无是非观的
),

as
-
long
-
as
-
you
-
feel
-
comfortable
-
with
-
your
-
choices mentality (
思想
)

that has pervaded (
渗透
) public education for the last two and

one
-
half decades. Many of today's drug education, sex education

and values
-
education courses are based on the same 1960s

philosophy that helped fuel the explosion in teen drug use and

sexual activity in the first place.


6
/
19




Meanwhile, while educators are still fiddling with (
胡乱摆弄
)

outdated
“
feel
-
good
”

approaches, New York, Washington, and Los



Angeles are burning. Youngsters are leaving school believing that

matters of right and wrong are always merely subjective. If you pass

a stranger on the street and decide to murder him because you

need money
—
if it feels right
—
you go with that feeling. Clearly,

murder is not taught in our schools, but such a conclusion
—
just

about any conclusion
—
can be reached and justified using the

decision
-
making method.

It is time to consign (
寄出
) the fads (
风尚
) of
“
decision
-
making
”


and
“
non
-
judgmentalism
”

to the ash heap of failed policies, and

return to a proved method. Character education provides a much

more realistic approach to moral formation. It is built on an

understanding that we learn morality not by debating it but by

practicing it.

Sample

Summary of
“
Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong
”


In his essay
“
Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong,
”



William Kilpatrick argues fervently that the
“
decision
-
making
”





approach to the moral education of American youth, which


7 / 19



replaced
“
character education
”

25 years ago, has prevented

juveniles from behaving and thinking in accordance with the



traditional moral principles that are fundamental to American

society.



According to Kilpatrick, decision
-
making methods instill in students



a wrong belief that all norms of morality are subjective constructs

with only relative truth in them and therefore can be interpreted

flexibly and even questioned. This belief deprives them of the


chance to secure solid moral standards and induces misconceptions

about what should be clearly right or wrong.



In parallel with this inadequacy of the
“
decision
-
making
”

approach


are the unexpected outcomes of those values
-
education programs


focusing on students' self
-
esteem that subscribe to the


“
non
-
judgmental
”

mindset dominating
“
decision
-
making
”



curriculums. Their mistaken assumption that feeling good warrants



morality excuses students from criticizing and disciplining their own

behaviors.




8
/
19






Basing his conclusion on his analysis of the fundamental flaws of


the decision
-
making approach, Kilpatrick finally proposes an



immediate shift back to character education which he believes

teaches morality more effectively by emphasizing practice instead

of discussion.




常用句式
Summary


……
1.

This article/ passage mainly tells (a story) about
……
2.

This passage mainly deals with/discusses/explores/
……
In this
passage (about
……
), the author 3.



……

, the author 4.

In this passage about
……
telling/
passage by began The author the essay/ 5.



presenting
……
author the first beginning/In the part, 6.

First/Firstly/ In the


……
argues/ explains/ mentions/ states/ points out (that)the
part/ In next Further on/ Then/ In the

ly/ Next/


main part, the author goes on with
……
adds/ concludes/ the
author conclusion/,

y/ As a


stresses that
……

……
9.

Finally, the author summarizes that


/ 9

19



二、常见句型