sholesAPA正文格式样例

2021年1月19日发(作者：潇洒)
正文中的
一级标题
用
14
号
times New Roman
加粗
，标题在某一页的开始，段前就不再另
1. Introduction

外空行，只段后一行即可。
所有标题左对齐

Idioms are thought of as the core and essence of language and culture. Any language which
has
a
long
history
is
abundant
in
idioms.

Many
of
the
words
often
contain
enough
philosophical and incisive theories for people to study and they become an important part
of modern English (Zhang, 2009, p.
8). For example: “As a man sows, so he shall reap”
APA
格式：
每级标题
can be translated into “
种瓜得瓜，
种豆得豆
”
,
“To strike while the iron is hot” is translated
下的正文
首段不缩进

as “
趁热打铁
”
,
“
A long road tests a horse
’
s strength and a long task proves a man
’
s heart
”


can
be
translated
into
“
路遥知马力
,
日久见人心
”
.
Nowadays,
with
the
prospering
of
international
communication,
the
activity
of
idiom
translation
has
become
especially
frequent
and
important.
However,
idioms
are
strongly
combined
with
specific
culture,
which
often
leads
to
great
difficulty
in
translation.
Thus,
studying
the
relations
between
idioms and a few important cultural aspects such as historical backgrounds, geographical
conditions,
social
customs,
religious
beliefs,
etc.
will
help
us
to
understand
the
cultural
elements in idioms.





Since culture plays so important a role in intercultural communication, the cultural
factors
in
different
languages
have
been
attracting
more
and
more
attention
of
linguistic
scholars.
In
order
to
make
intercultural
communication
more
successful,
many
scholars
have
become
interested
in
the
study
of
cultural
similarities
and
differences
encoded
in
different languages. The study of cultural factors in different languages is of significance in
正文中的一级标题用
14
号
times New Roman
intercultural
communication
as
well
as
other
disciplines
such
as
linguistics,
language
全
部
正
文
内
容
使
用
加粗
，段前两行，段后一行。所有标题左对
acquisition, etc.
word1.5
倍行距，
12
号
Times New Roman

从
引
will
expound
the
cultural
differences
齐。
正文中
所有标题
中
只有第一个词的首字
This
paper
between
Chinese
and
English
言那页开始标页码
，页
母，
冒号和破折号后第一个 词的首字母，及
idioms and explore the role of culture plays in understanding of idioms.

码居中对齐。

专有名词
必须大写，其余小写


APA
格式：
每级标题下
的正文
第二段
开始，以后每段都
缩 进
五个字符。

2.
T
he
c
ultural
b
ackgrounds
i
n
i
dioms

Idioms as a special form of language carry a large amount of cultural information. They are
the heritage of history and the product of cultural evolvement. Generally speaking, Idioms

1
come
from
society,
culture
and
history;
they
are
included
in
everything
and
related
to
二级标题
及以下标题使用
12

号
times
New Roman
加粗，
段前一行，然后回车
正常行距书写正文
。

society’s life and play an important role in culture.

2.1 The definition of culture
Culture is a large and extremely complex concept. Some foreign scholars estimate that no
less than 200 definitions for “culture” h
ave already been cited in the academic field, some
of
which
are
concerned
with
the
material
products
of
the
people;
others
deal
with
those
正文不出现作者姓，
spiritual aspects shared by people living in certain communities; still others focus both on
则在括号中，
作者姓，
beliefs
and
practices
of
a
society.
He
defines,
“culture
is
that
complex
whole
which
年份，
p.
页数

includes
knowledge,
belief,
art,
morals,
custom
and
any
other
capabilities
and
habits
acquired by man as a member of society”
(Luo, 2005, p. 27).






Chinese scholar
Ke (2000, pp. 142-143)
states in his article
Cultural Pesuppositions
and Misreading

“that most anthropologists agree on the following features of culture:
1)
Culture is socially acquired instead of biologically transmitted.
2)
Culture is shared among
正文出现作者姓，括
the
members
of
a
community
instead
of
being
unique
to
an
individual.
3)
Culture
is
号中写（年份，
p.
页码）或（年份，
pp.
symbolic. Symbolizing means assigning to entities and events meanings which are external
起止页码）

to
them
and
not
able
to
be
grasped
by
themselves
alone.
Language
is
the
most
typical
symbolic system within culture;
4)
Culture is integrated. Each aspect of culture is tied in
with the other aspects”.

2.2 The definition of idiom
Idioms
are
the
crystallization
of
language.
Without
idioms,
our
language
would
become
dull and dry, whereas an appropriate use of them in our speech and writing will add to the
strength and vividness of our language.
以后内容已省略
.......
The definition of idiom in
The Oxford English Dictionary

is that idiom is a form of
expression, grammatical construction, phrase, etc, peculiar to a language; a peculiarity of
phraseology approved by the usage of a language, and often having a signification other
than its grammatical or logical one
(2004, p. 873 )
.
These definitions indicate that some English idioms are composed of several words
(from
two
words
to
many
words)
and
some
are
even
made
of
a
complete
sentence.

2
Therefore,
English
idioms,
in
a
broad
sense,
may
include
idiomatic
phrases,
proverbial
sayings, and some slang expressions
(Yu & Guo, 1999, p. 170).
括号中两个作者中间加
&
2.3 The relationship between idiom and culture


Language is closely related to culture and can be said as a part of culture. From a dynamic
view, language and culture interact with each other and shape each other. Language is the
carrier of culture, which in turn is the content of language.

Idioms
have
their
own
cultural
intention.
Learning
idioms
without
considering
the
cultural factors will be futile and even misunderstanding, since we can not get the exact
information it conveys.
以后内容已省略
.......
间接引用格式如下：

One
researcher
(
Grayson
,
as
cited
in
Murzynski
&
Degelman
,
1996,
p.
135)
identified
four
components
of
body
language
that
were
related
to
judgments
of
vulnerability.



在找不到作 者原书无法进行直接引用时，
可间接引用。
如
Grayson
的原书找
不到，但是
Murzynski
&
Degelman
在他们书中引用过，则可以在括号中标出（原作
者，
as cited in
后再写引用过原作者话的作者名字（即
Murzynski & Degelman
）
，年
份，
p.
页码）即可，在文章最后的参考文献中要写你能找到书的学者名字，即
Murzynski & Degelman
。



3. The cultural differences between English and Chinese idioms
As an essential part of the language and culture, idioms are characterized by their concise
一级标题（如
3.
）和二级标
expressions,
rich
and
vivid,
involving
geography,
history,
religious
belief,
living
题
（如
3.1
）
后可以是一段内
容，但至少三行。三级标题
conventions and so on.

（如
3.1.1
）后至少两段内
容。

3.1 From living surroundings

每级标题之间必须有内容

Culture is a complicated system of knowledge, beliefs and customs, etc. However, natural
environment
including
geographical
position,
climate,
and
ecological
condition
is

3
something
that
plays
a
contributory
role
in
the
formation
of
a
culture.
Idioms
maintain
close ties with people
’
s living surroundings and the culture where they are created.

3.1.1 Geographical environment
Idioms
are
closely
related
to
people’s
labor
and
life,
people
in
particular
culture
need
words
to
name
and
explain
objects
in
their
culture
(Zhang,
1997,
p.
45)
.

Britain
is
an
island country. Its navigation was in the lead in history
(Zhang, 1999, p. 67)
.

On
the
other
hand,
Chinese
people
live
in
the
Asian
continent.
Most
people
can
’
t
lead their lives without land.
以后内容已省略
.........
按
APA
规范，
同一作者的
不同文献
可用出版年份来
3.1.2 Climate
区别
，如：

Climate is another factor in the living surrounding. In Britain,
“
east wind
”
comes from the
northern
part
of
the
European
continent.
It
symbolizes
“
chilly
”

and
“
unpleasant
”
.
So
Englishmen hate it. However, Englishmen like
“
west wind
”
. It brings spring to Britain. The
west
wind
blows
from
the
Atlantic
Ocean
as
warm
as
Chinese
east
wind
and
brings
voluminous rain to this area.

In a word, different living surroundings may produce different idioms and different
cultures.


APA
格式中
3
到5
个作者的作品，引用格式如下：









第一次引用：






According
to
educational
psychologists,
raising
children
is
a
responsibility
of
the
entire community (
Franklin, Childs, & Smith,
1995).






以后的引用，不用每个姓都写，只第一个就可

To
be
successful,
“
communities
must
be
willing
to
take
this
responsibility
”

(
Franklin et al.,
1995, p. 135).

3.2 From religious belief
后几段已省略。本页只为说明论文的结构，故省略了其中很
多段落。

As a cultural phenomenon, religious beliefs produce an impact on people
’
s life and mind.
Different religious beliefs have different reflections in different idioms.


4
Most
of
westerners
are
Christians,
who
believe
that
the
world
is
created
by
God.
They
think
that
God
is
omnipotent
and
sacred.
以后内容已省略
.......And
many
phrases
and stories in
the Holy Bible
have also functional as important sources of English idioms.
e.g:
(1)
As they sow, so they reap.
种瓜得瓜
,
种豆得豆
. (Galatians 6)
Paul
wrote
in
his
letter
to
Galatians
that,
“
Do
not
be
deceived:
God
can
not
be
mocked. A man reaps what he sows.
”

(2)
Judas’s kiss
.
犹大之吻

( Matthew 26)
Judas, one of the Twelve, agrees to betray Jesus that the chief Priests counted out for
him only thirty silver coins.

(3)
the salt of the earth
社会中坚

(Matthew 5)
This idiom comes from the Bible.
以后内容已省略
.......
3.3 From custom

Every nation has its own customs.
One nation’s custom is formed through a long history
and firmly rooted in people’s mind.
Custom differences between English and Chinese are
in many aspects. Due to that, a lot of idioms turn out with varied dress.

Among English idioms, we often compare people’s action to the figure of dog
such
as
“you are a lucky dog”
(
你是一个幸运儿
), “every dog has his day”
(
凡人皆有得意日
),
“
love me, love my dog
”
(
爱屋及乌
),
“A good dog deserves a good bone.”
(
有功者受赏
)
and so on. Contrary to this, the dog is a kind of petty and low animal in Chinese.

3.4 From value orientation

From people
’
s working and living experience of one country, different values have been
abstracted,
accumulated
and
handed
down
from
generation
to
generation.
Because
of
different experience between countries, values originate from it also turns out to be largely
varied and even totally opposite, which idioms are built on, therefore also differ greatly.
Take
praise
for
example.
Praise
is
a
means
to
get
a
harmonious
interpersonal
ship,
and
frequently used in communication.



5
3.4.1

Modesty

Britain as a developed capitalist country is covered with fierce social competition so that
people
in
there
emphasize
individual
behaviors,
achievement,
and
value.
Their
value
orientations appear to be in contrast with Chinese in this aspect.

On
the
contrary,

Chinese
people
often
make
self-negation
to
show
modesty.
Therefore, the Chinese have more modest language than English in the social activities.

3.4.2 Individualism
Being guided and influenced by the spirit of competition, western people think highly of
individualism.
In
the
eyes
of
Westerners,
individualism
means
a
pursuit
of
freedom
and
diversity,
there
are
differences
of
people’s
behavior,
speech,
thinking,
which
are
a
lmost
synonymous with individualism.
以后内容已省略
.......
The social
conditions
of
western developed countries leads many people to
accept
this kind of faith, “Every man for himself and god for us all”
(
人人为自己，上帝为大家
),
“
God helps those who help
themselves”
(
自助者天助
),
“Every man is the architect of his
own future”
(
自己的命运自己掌握
)
,
“Self is our centre”
(
自我是我们的中心
).
3.5 From different views on colors

The idiomatic phrases can reflect the change of outside world, the development of people’s
thoughts and the progress of an era, and it can also reflect the colorful world. The words
related to color are an important part of idiomatic phrases; they have specific functions and
abundant meanings.
以后内容已省略
.......

Different
nations
have
different
feelings
on
colors
because
they
have
different
living
environment
and
visual
angles.
This
文章的各级标题和内容要放
leads
to
the
idiomatic
phrases
have
different
在同一页上。如果标题在某
meanings. It is obvious that English and Chinese have different words to describe colors.
页的最下面，要挪到下一页。
标题之间需有文字内容，
且
For example, Chinese people love red all the time, because the sun and the fire can bring
不能只是一两行，太少了。

people light and warmth.

3.6 From different dialectical thoughts

Idioms
are
usually
closely
related
to
distinctive
dialectical
thoughts.
Idioms
from

6