虔诚的专业英语翻译第一章.doc

2021年1月19日发(作者：begin是什么意思)

PART 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC ENGINEERING
Chapter 1 Circuit Fundamentals
第
1
部分的电气工程基础

第
1
章电路原理

1.1 Electrostatic Charges
1.1
静电荷

Protons and electrons are parts of atoms that make up all things in our world.
The positive charge of a proton is similar to the negative charge of an electron.
However, a positive charge is the opposite of a
negative charge. These charges
are
called electrostatic charges. Each charged particle is surrounded by an
electrostatic field.
质子和电子部件的原子构成一切事物在我们的世 界。正电荷的质子是类似于负电荷的电子。然而
,
一个
正电荷的反面是一个负电荷。这 些指控被称为静电荷。每个带电粒子周围是一个静电场。

The
effect
that
electrostatic
charges
have
on
each
other
is
very
important.
They
either
repel
(move
away)
or
attract
(come
together)
each
other.
It
is
said
that
like
charges repel and unlike charges attract.
这个效应
,
静电指控对方是非常 重要的。
他们要么排斥
(
离开
)
或吸引
(
一起)
每个其他。
据说
,
同种电荷排
斥和异种电荷吸引。

The
atoms
of
some
materials
can
be
made
to
gain
or
lose
electrons.
The
material
then becomes charged. One way to do this is to rub a glass rod with a piece of silk
cloth. The glass rod loses electrons ( - ) , so it now has a positive ( + ) charge.
The
silk
cloth
pulls
electrons
(
-
)
away
from
the
glass.
Since
the
silk
cloth
gains
new
electrons,
it
now
has
a
negative
(
-
)
charge.
Another
way
to
charge
a
material
is to rub a rubber rod with fur.
原子的一些材料可以获得或失去电子。材料然后变成带电。
一个办法是摩擦玻璃棒用一块丝绸。 玻璃棒
失去电子
(-),
所以它现在有了一个积极的
(+)
费用。丝 绸布拉电子
(-)
远离玻璃。因为丝绸布获得新电子
,
现在有一个负
(-)
费用。另一种方式收取材料是磨橡胶棒带毛皮。

It
is
also
possible
to
charge
other
materials
because
some
materials
are
charged
when they are brought close to another charged object. If a charged rubber rod is
touched
against
another
material,
the
second
material
may
become
charged.
2
Remember
that materials are charged due to the movement of electrons and protons. Also,
remember that when an atom loses electrons ( - ), it becomes positive ( + ). These
facts are very important in the study of electronics.
也有可能收取其他材料
,因为一些材料费用当他们带来了接近另一个带电物体。如果一个带电橡胶棒是
感动与另一个材料,
第二材料可能成为带电。
2
记住材料被指控由于电子和质子的运动。同时
,
也要记住
,
当
一个原子失去电子
(-),
它成为积极的
(+)
。这些事实是非常重要的在学习电子产品。

Charged
materials
affect
each
other
due
to
lines
of
force.
These
imaginary
lines
cannot be seen. However, they exert a force in all directions around a charged
material.
Their
force
is
similar
to
the
force
of
gravity
around
the
earth.
This
force
is called a gravitational field.
带电材料互相影响由于力线。这些假 想的线不能被看到。然而
,
他们施加一个力向四面八方围绕一个带
电材料。他们的力量 是类似于重力围绕地球。这个力称为引力场。


Most people have observed the effect of static electricity. Whenever objects
become charged, it is due to static electricity. A common example of static
electricity
is
lightning.
Lightning
is
caused
by
a
difference
in
charge
(
+
and
-
)
between the earth's surface and the clouds during a storm. The arc produced by
lightning
is
the
movement
of
charges
between
the
earth
and
the
clouds.
Another
common
effect
of
static
electricity
is
being

by
a
doorknob
after
Walking
across
a
carpeted
floor.
Static
electricity
also
causes
clothes
taken
from
a
dryer
to
cling
together and hair to stick to a comb.
大多数人已经观察到效果的静电。每当对象成为带电
,
这是由于静电。一个常见的例子
,
静电是闪电。
闪电是由一个不同的电荷
(+,-)
在地球表面和云在风暴。
电弧产生的闪电是运动和地球之间的指控的云。< br>另
一个常见的效应的静电被
“
震惊
”
,
一个门把手走 在铺着地毯的地板。
静电也导致衣服是从一个干燥机抱在一
起
,
头发坚持一个 梳

Electrical charges are used to filter dust and soot in devices called
electrostatic filters. Electrostatic precipitators are used in power plants to
filter the exhaust gas that goes into the air. Static electricity is also used in
the manufacture of sandpaper and in the spray painting of automobiles. A device
called an electroscope is used to detect a negative or positive charge.
大多数人已经观察到效果的静电。每当对象成为带电
,< br>这是由于静电。一个常见的例子
,
静电是闪电。闪
电是由一个不同的电荷
(+,-)
在地球表面和电荷是用来过滤灰尘和烟尘在设备称为静电过滤器。
静电除尘器用于发电厂来过滤废气
,
进入空气。
静电也用于制造砂纸和喷漆的汽车。
了一种叫做验电器是用来检测一个
消极或积极的电荷。


1.2 Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors
1.2.1 Conductors
1.2
导体、绝缘体和半导体

1.2.1
导体

A
material
through
which
current
flows
is
called
a
conductor.
A
conductor
passes
electric current very easily. Copper and aluminum wire are commonly used as
conductors.
Conductors
are
said
to
have
low
resistance
to
electrical
current
flow.
Conductors
usually
have
three
or
fewer
electrons
in
the
outer
orbit
of
their
atoms.
Remember that the electrons of an atom orbit around the nucleus. Many metals are
electrical conductors. Each metal has a different ability to conduct electric
current. Materials with only one outer orbit or valence electron (gold, silver,
copper) are the best conductors. For example, silver is a better conductor than
copper, but it is too expensive to use in large amounts. Aluminum does not conduct
electrical current as well as copper, but it is commonly used, since it is cheaper
and lighter than other conductors. Copper is used more than any other conductor.
一个材料电流流经它叫做导体。一个导体通过电流很容易。铜和铝丝通常用作导 体。导体是低电阻对
电流流动。
通常有三个或更少的导体中电子的原子外层轨道。
记住
,
一个原子的电子绕原子核。许多金属电
导体。
每种金属都有不同的能力进行 电流。
材料只有一个外轨道或价电子
(
金
,
银
,
铜
)
是最好的导体。
例如
,
银是一种更好的导体比铜、但它太贵了在大 量使用。铝不进行电流以及铜
,
但它是常用的
,
因为它是更便宜
和更 轻的比其他导体。铜是使用比其他任何导体。


1.2.2 Insulators
1.2.2
绝缘体

There
are
some
materials
that
do
not
allow
electric
current
to
flow
easily.
The
electrons of insulation materials are difficult to release. In some insulators,
their
valence
shells
are
filled
with
eight
electrons.
The
valence
shells
of
others
are
over
half-filled
with
electrons.
The
atoms
of
insulation
materials
are
said
to
be
stable.
Insulators
have
high
resistance
to
the
movement
of
electric
current.
Some
examples of insulators are plastic and rubber.
有一些材料
,
不允许电流流动很容易。电子绝缘材料难以释 放。在某些绝缘体
,
他们的价壳层充满了八
个电子。别人的价壳层是装在与电子。原子 的绝缘材料是稳定的。绝缘体有高阻流动的电流。一些例子是
塑料和橡胶的绝缘体。

1.2.3 Semiconductors
1.2.3
导体

Materials called semiconductors have become very important in electronics.
Semiconductor
materials
are
neither
conductors
nor
insulators.
Their
classification
also depends on the number of electrons their atoms have in their valence shells.
Semiconductors have 4 electrons in their valence shells. Remember that conductors
have
outer
orbits
less
than
half-filled
and
insulators
ordinarily
have
outer
orbits
more than half-filled. Some common types of semiconductor materials are silicon,
germanium, and selenium.
材料称为半导体已经成为非常重要的电 子产品。半导体材料是导体还是绝缘体也。他们的分类也取决于数
量的电子原子的价壳层。半导体有4
电子在他们的价壳层。记住
,
导体的外轨道不到客栈和绝缘体通常有外
层轨道超过装。一些常见的类型的半导体材料硅、锗和硒。

1.3 Current, Voltage Resistance
1.3
电流，电压，电阻

We
depend
on
electricity
to
do
many
things
that
are
sometimes
taken
for
granted.
There
are
three
basic
electrical
terms
which
must
be
understood,
current,
voltage,
and resistance.
我们依靠电力来做许多事情
,
有时是理所当然。有三种基本的电气条件
,
必须 理解
,
电流、电压、电阻。

1.3.1 Current
1.3.1
电流

Static
electricity
is
caused
by
stationary
charges.
However,
electrical
current
is the motion of electrical charges
from
one point to another. Electric
current is
produced when electrons ( - ) are removed from their atoms. Some electrons in the
outer
orbits
of
the
atoms
or
certain
elements
are
easy
to
remove.
A
force
or
pressure
applied
to
a
material
causes
electrons
to
be
removed.
The
movement
of
electrons
from
one atom to another is called electric current flow.
静电是由固定费用。
然而< br>,
电流是电荷的运动从一个点到另一个。
时产生的电流是电子
(-)
被 从他们的原子。
一些电子在原子的外层轨道或某些元素很容易去除。一种力量或压力应用到材料促使电子 被删除。这场运
动的电子从一个原子到另一个叫做电流流动。

1.

Current Flow
1
．电流

The
usefulness
of
electricity
is
due
to
its
electric
current
flow.
Current
flow
is the movement of electrical charges along a conductor. Static electricity, or
electricity at rest, has some practical uses due to electrical charges. Electric
current flow allows us to use electrical energy to do many types of work.
电的用处是由于它的电流流动 。电流是电荷的运动沿着导体。静电
,
或电力在休息
,
有一些实际使用由于电荷。电流流允许我们使用电能做很多类型的工作。

The movement of valence shell electrons of conductors produces electrical
current.
The
outer
electrons
of
the
atoms
of
a
conductor
are
called
free
electrons.
Energy released by these electrons as they move allows work to be done. 3 As more
electrons move along a conductor, more energy is released. This is called an
increased electric current flow.

运动的价 电子层电子导体电流的产生。外层电子的原子一个导体被称为自由电子。能量释放这些电子移动
时允许工 作要做。
3
随着越来越多的电子沿着导体
,
更多的能量被释放。这就是所谓的 增加电流流动。

To understand how current flow takes place, it is necessary to know about the
atoms of conductors. Conductors, such as copper, have atoms that are loosely held
together. Copper is said to have atoms connected together by metallic bonding. A
copper
atom
has
one
valence
shell
electron,
which
is
loosely
held
to
the
atom.
These
atoms
are
so
close
together
that
their
valence
shells
overlap
each
other.
Electrons
can easily move from one atom to another. In any conductor the outer electrons
continually move in a random manner from atom to atom.
了解当前流发生
,
有必要了解原子的导体。
导体
,
如铜
,
有原子
,
松散结合在一起。
据说
,
铜原子通过金属键连
接在一起。一个铜原子有一个价电子层电子
,
这是松散的原子举 行。这些原子是如此接近
,
他们的价壳层相
互重叠。电子从一个原子可以轻松地移动到 另一个。在任何导线外层电子不断地移动在一个随机的方式从
原子原子。

The
random
movement
of
electrons
does
not
result
in
current
flow,
since
electrons
must
move
in
the
same
direction
to
cause
current
flow.
If
electric
charges
are
placed
on each end of a conductor, the free electrons move in one direction. Current flow
takes
place
because
there
is
a
difference
in
the
charges
at
each
end
of
the
conductor.
Remember that like charges repel and unlike charges attract.