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dressy土力学 英译汉

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2021-01-19 15:14
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东倒西歪的意思-village是什么意思

2021年1月19日发(作者:严灏景)
Soil mechanics is concerned with the use of the laws of mechanics and
hydraulics in engineering problems related to soils . soil is natural aggregate of
mineral grains , with or without organic constituents formed by the chemical and
mechanical weathering of rock . it consists of three phases : solid mineral
matter , water , and air or other gas . soil are extremely variable in composition ,
and it was this heterogeneity that long discouraged scientific studies of these
deposits . gradually , the investigation of failures of retaining walls , foundations ,
embankments , pavements, and other structures resulted in a body of
knowledge concerning the nature of soils and their behaviour sufficient to give
rise to soil mechanics as a branch of engineering science .
土力学是一门在工程上与土有关的科学
,
它使用了力学和水力学的定律。土是含或 不含有
机质的矿物颗粒自然的堆积
,
是由岩石受到化学和力学机械风化而成。它由三种 成分构成
:

体矿物、水和空气或其他气体。土在成分上有很大变化
,
它很复杂
,
使其长时间对这种材料的
研究受到阻碍。
由于对残墙、基础、< br>堤坝、
道路和其他建筑物破坏的不断调查产生了与土自
然状态和它的特性有关知识的集合 体
,
且演义为土力学作为工程科学的分支。

1 history

一、历史

Little progress was made in dealing with soil problems on a scientific basis
until the latter half of the 18th century , when the french physicist
charles-augustin de coulomb published his theory of earth pressure ( 1773 ). in
1857 the scottish engineer william rankine developed a theory of equilibrium of
earth masses and applied it to some elementary problems of foundation
engineering . these two classical theories still form the basis of current methods
of estimating earth pressure , even though they were based on the
misconception that all soils lack cohesion , as does dry sand . twentieth-century
advances have been in the direction of taking cohesion into account;
understanding the basic physical properties of soils in general and of the
plasticity of clay in particular and systematically studying the shearing
characteristics of soils--that is , their performance under conditions of sliding . 直到
18
世纪后半叶以科学为依据的土力学有关的问题才得到一些进展
,
这时法国物理学家

Charles- Augustin de coulomb
发 表了他的土压力理论
(1773)


1857
年苏格兰工程师
William
rankine
提出了土体平衡理论并用于基础工程的一些基 本问题。尽管这两个理论有着错误
,

所有土缺少黏结力类似干砂
,
但它们依然构成了估算土压力常用方法。
20
世纪的进步是在计
算中考虑了黏结力;
知道了土总的基本物理特性和在特定条件下的塑性
;
系统研究了土的剪切
特性
,
即在滑动条件下的表现。


Both coulomb's and rankine's theories assumed that the surface of rupture of
soil subjected to a shearing force is a plane . while this is a reasonable
approximation for sand, cohesive soils tend to slip along a curved surface . in
the early 20th century , swedish engineers proposed a circular arc as the
surface of slip . during the last half century considerable progress has been
made in the scientific study of soils and in the application of theory and
experimental data to engineering design .
Coulomb


Rankine
理论假定土受到剪切破坏面是一 个平面。这对砂土基本可行
,
黏土滑
动沿着曲面。在
20
世纪早期< br>,
瑞典工程师提出滑动面是一个圆弧。在最近半个世纪为了工程
设计在土的科学研究、理 论应用和实验资料方面取得不少进步。

a significant advance was made by the german engineer karl terzaghi , who
in 1925 published a mathematical investigation of the rate of consolidation of
clays under applied pressures . his analysis , which was confirmed
experimentally , explained the time lag of settlements on fully waterlogged clay
deposits . terzaghi coined the term soil mechanics in 1925 when he published
the book
一个重要成就就是由德国工程师

Karl terzaghi
得到的
,
他在
1925
年发表了在加
压条件下
,
黏土固结速率的 数学分析。他的分析由实验证实并解释了饱水黏土沉
陷时间滞后效应。他于
1925
年 出版了《土一建筑力学》一书并提出土力学这一
术语。

Research on subgrade materials , the natural foundation under pavements ,
was begun about 1920 by the u.s. bureau of public roads . several simple tests
were correlated with the properties of natural soils in relation to pavement
design . in england . the road research Board was set up in 1933 . in 1936 the
first international conference on soils was held at Harvard university .
在路基材料研究方面
,
道路下的天然地基大约是在
1920
年由 美国垦务局开始研
究的。有几种试件实验涉及到路基设计天然土的性质。在英国
,
道路 研究委员会

1933
年成立。
1936
年关于土的第一次国际会议 在哈佛大学举行。

Today ,the civil engineer relies heavily on the numerical results of tests to
reinforce experience and correlate new problems with established solutions .
obtaining truly representative samples of soils for such tests , however , is
extremely difficult hence there is a trend toward testing on the site instead of in
the laboratory , and many important properties are now evaluated in this way.
今天
,
土木工程师多依赖于试验成果增加经验并把新问题与建立 的解联系起来。
对试验来说获得有代表性的土样是非常困难的
;
由此趋于现场试验替代 室内试验
,
许多重要特性以这一方式评价。

2 engineering properties of soils

二、土的工程性质

The properties of soils that determine their suitability for engineering use
include internal friction , cohesion , compressibility , elasticity , permeability ,
and capillarity .

对土的性质来说
,
决定用于工程使用的指标包括摩擦系数、黏结力、压缩性 、
弹性、渗透性和毛细现象。

Internal friction is the resistance to sliding offered by the soil mass . sand and
gravel have higher internal friction than clays in the latter an increase in
moisture lowers the internal friction . the tendency of a soil to slide under the
weight of a structure may be translated into shear that is , a movement of a
mass of soil in a plane , either horizontal vertical , or other . such a shearing
movement involves a danger of building failure .
摩擦系数是土体滑动所产生的抗滑现象。砂和砾石比黏土摩擦 系数要大
;
在黏
土中增加水分会降低摩擦系数。
在建筑物自重作用下土的滑动 趋势以剪切的方式

东倒西歪的意思-village是什么意思


东倒西歪的意思-village是什么意思


东倒西歪的意思-village是什么意思


东倒西歪的意思-village是什么意思


东倒西歪的意思-village是什么意思


东倒西歪的意思-village是什么意思


东倒西歪的意思-village是什么意思


东倒西歪的意思-village是什么意思



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