蜈蚣山新托福阅读长难句120句(分析+译文)

2021年1月19日发(作者：季方)
新托福阅读长难句
120
句（分析
+
译文）









1.
Totally
without
light
and
subjected
to
intense
pressures
hundreds
of
times
greater
than
at
the
Earth’s
surface
，
the
deep
—
ocean
bottom
is
a
hostile
environment to humans
，
in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer
space.













(
定语后置
in some ways…)














由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底
部对人类而言是一个充 满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。
















分句
1
：
Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures













分句
2
：
hundreds of times greater than at the
Earth’s surface














分句
3
：
the deep
—
ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans













分句
4
：
in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer
space















分句
2
修饰分句
1
结尾的短语
intense pressures
，














分句
1
是分句
3
的原因状语














分句
3
是整个长句子的主句














分句
4
是分句
3
的后置定语，修饰分句
3
的
a
hostile
environment
to
humans















整个句子结构是：














原因状语
+
主句
+
后置定语














这是主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分，但是本句其实不是复合句 。
句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。
















to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the













Second World War is the country's impressive population growth
．














(
倒装结构
Basic to any understanding…is…)














要理解二战之后
20
年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。
















分句
1
：
Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the













Second World War













分句
2
：
is













分句
3
：
the country's impressive population growth













分句
1
，
2
，
3
共同构成倒装句，正常的语序应该是
3
，
2
，
1
，即：该句的
正常语序是
The country's impressive













population growth is basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20













years after the Second World War
．














本句是一个简单句，只不过使用了倒装，谓语动词是
is.















a result
，
claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of













organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other













benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the basis













for folklore
．














(
同位语从句
claims that…)














结果，
那些认为只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康的观点广为人知，
并成为一些 民间说法的基础。














分句
1
：

that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown













foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health













分句
2
：
claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for













folklore













分句
2
嵌套分句< br>1
，
分句
1
作为分句
2
主语的同位语从句嵌套在分句
2
中。
因此本句的主句是
claims have become widely













publicized and form the basis for folklore.













那些观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。同位语从句是
that
eating a diet consisting entirely













of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides













other benefits to health
：只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康
















are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins













are superior to synthetic ones
，
that fertilized eggs are













nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs
，
that untreated grains












are better than fumigated grains and the like
．
















(
并列同位语从句
reports that…
，
that…
，
that…)














关于天然维生素优于人造维生素，受精蛋比未受精蛋的营养价值更高，未
经熏蒸消毒 处理的谷物比经过处理的好等等报道屡见不鲜，但都没有得到证实。
















分句
1
：
There are numerous unsubstantiated reports













分句
2
：
natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones













分句
3
：
that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized













eggs













分句
4
：
that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and
the













like













分句
1
是整个长句 的主句，分句
2
、分句
3
和分句
4
是并列关系，共同构成分句
1
的同位语从句。本句的意思是有很多没有经过证实的报道，然后并列了三个未经过证实的报道的从句。
















5·
The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that













reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North
，
though less













spectacularly
．














(
同位语从句
fact that…)














南方极为严重的困境使北方同样需要开始重建
(
尽管不像南方那么引人注
目< br>)
这一事实显得不太重要。
















分句
1. The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact













分句
2. reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North













分句
less spectacularly
（省略）
















1
和
2
嵌套














1
和
3
并列
















6·
The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every













major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and













fueled what we now know as urban sprawl
．














(
宾语从句
what we now know as)













现在可以获得这些环绕几乎每个大城市边缘地区的土地，这一可能性激发
了一场房地 产开发的热潮并造成了我们现在称为城区无计划扩展的现象。
















分句
1
：
The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost













every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and













fueled













分句
2
：
what we now know as urban sprawl













分句
1
嵌套分句
2< br>，即分句
1
是主句，分句
2
是宾语从句，主句结构经过
精简应 该是
The new accessibility of land













sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled urban













sprawl
。














本句的理解困难还来自于 抽象词
fuel
，它作为名词的含义广为人知，是能
源、燃料，作为动词的时候的意思 就可以引申为促使、造成。
















these factors do not account for the interesting question of












how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs













in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth
．














(Of
结构作定语：
of
how
there
came
to
be
such
a
concentration
of
pregnant












ichthyosaurs…)














但这些因素并 不能解释这个有趣的问题：为何在一个特定的地点会如此集
中地出现即将临产的怀孕鱼龙群。
















分句
1
：
But these factors do not account for the interesting question













分句
2
：
of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant













ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of













giving birth













分 句
1
嵌套分句
2.
分句
2
是
Of
结构作后 置定语修饰说明
question
的内容。
















8.
Amid
rumors
that
there
were
prehistoric
mammoths
wandering
around













the unknown region and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of













rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent
，
the two captains set out
．














(
同位语从句
rumors that…)














当时有一些传言，说有史前的猛犸在这一陌生的区域活动，而且在这一区
域的某个地方有一座巨 大的盐石山，其面积达
80
英里长
50
英里宽。就在这些传言中，
两 位上尉出发了。
















分句
1
：
Amid rumors













分句
2
：
that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the













unknown region













分句
3
：
and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80













by 45 miles in extent













分句
4
：
the two captains set out













分句
1
和分句
4
构成倒装，正常的语序应该是 分句
4+
分句
1
，即
the
two
captains set out Amid













rumors
。分句
1
嵌套分句
2
和分句
3
，分句
2< br>和分句
3
是修饰分句
1
的
rumors
的同位语从句 ，用来说明谣言的具体内容。分句
2
和分句
3
构成并列关系。
















9. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord
，
and the













harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group
，
a












supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end













of the eighteenth century
．














(
同位语
a supremacy)













17
世纪时风琴、敲弦琴和拨弦琴成为键盘乐器类的主要成员，这种至高无
上的地位一 直由它们保持，直到
18
世纪末被钢琴所取代。
















分句
1
：
In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord
，
and the













harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group
，














分句
2
：
a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them
at













the end of the eighteenth century













分句
2
是分句
1的同位语从句，用来修饰说明分句
1
中的
the
chief
instruments of the keyboard group















10
．
A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the













nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain













tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire













of the finest quality
，
finally produced an instrument capable of













myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost













orchestral fullness of sound
，
from a liquid
，
singing tone to a sharp,













percussive brilliance
．














(
介词结构
from…to…
作定语
)













持续到
19
世纪的一系列机械上的改进，
包括引入踏板以维持音调 或使其柔
和，改善金属框架，以及使用最佳牲能的钢丝，最终产生了一种具备无数音调效果的乐
器
——
这些效果涵盖了从最精致的和声到几乎全部的管弦乐音响，从明快流畅的吟唱音
调到尖锐的打击乐器的恢弘气氛。
















分句
1
：
A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the













nineteenth century













分句
2
：
including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to













soften it













分句
3
：
the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest













quality













分句
4
：
finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects













分句
5
：
from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral













fullness of sound
，














分句
6
：
from a liquid
，
singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance















本句的真正的主句结构其实是由分句
1
和分句
4
构成，即
A
series
of
mechanical improvements













continuing well into the nineteenth century finally produced an













instrument capable of myriad tonal effects
，
，分句
2
和分句
3
并列修
饰说明分句
1
中的
A












series of mechanical impro vements
，而分句
5
和分句
6
并列，
修饰说明
了分句
4
中的
an instrument













capable of myriad tonal effects















11
．
The
largest
later
named
Pueblo
Bonito(Pretty
Town)by
the
Spanish,













rose in five terraced stories
，
contained more than 800 rooms
，
and












could have housed a population of 1
，
000 or more
．














最大的一座后来被西班牙人称为
Pueblo Bonito(
美丽的城镇
)
，是一个五层
梯式楼，有
800
多间房子，能够容纳
1 000
人以上。
















分句
1
：
The largest rose in five terraced stories
，
contained more than













800 rooms
，
and could have housed a population of 1
，
000 or more













分句
2
：
later named Pueblo Bonito(Pretty Town)by the Spanish













分句
1
嵌套分句
2
，
分句
2
用来修饰分句
1
的主语
the largest,
分句
1
内部
是由三个并列的谓语构成的句子。
















12
．
Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before













1927 as “silent”
，
the film has never been
，
in the full sense of the













word, silent
．














(
倒装
accustomed though we are…=though we are accustomed…)














虽然我们习惯于将
1927
年以前的电影叫做
“
无声电影
”
，
但是就
“
无声
’’
这个
词的完整意义上说，电影 从未真正的无声过。
















分句
1
：
Accustomed
though
we
are
to
speaking
of
the
films
made
before












1927 as “silent”














分句
2
：
the film has never been silent













分句
3
：
in the full sense of the word













本句的难点是在分句1
内部有一个倒装，
正常的语序应该是
though we are
accustomed to speaking of













the films made before 1927 as













silent.
分句
3
是一个插入语，嵌套在分句
2
中，所 以本句的真正强调的核
心是
the film has never been

silent
。
















a number of years the selection of music for each film













program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of













the orchestra
，
and very often the principal qualification far holding













such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a













large personal library of musical pieces
．














(
特殊结构
not…SO much as…——
与其说
…
不如说
…)














在好些年内，
为各部影片选择配乐的权力完全掌握在乐队指挥或队长手中，
而通常担任 这种职位的资格与其说是技巧或鉴赏品位，不如说是个人拥有音乐作品的丰
富收藏。
















分句
1
：
.For a number of years the selection of music for each film













program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of













the orchestra













分句
2
：
and very often the principal qualification far holding such a













position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large













personal library of musical pieces













分句
1
和分句
2
构成并列关系，分句
2
的难点在于
not…… so much as
的
结构。
















14·
Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species













and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of













biological diversity
，
the number of species in a particular













ecosystem
，
to the health of the Earth and human well- being
．














(
倒装
coincident with concerns…has been…=…has been coincident with













concerns…)














在对物种和动物栖息地加 速消失表示关注的同时，人们也越来越认识到生
物多样化，即一个特定生态系统中物种的数量对地球的健 康以及人类幸福的重要性。
















分句
1
：
Coincident
with
concerns
about
the
accelerating
loss
of
species













and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of













biological diversity













分句
2
：
the number of species in a particular ecosystem













分句
3
：
to the health of the Earth and human well-being













分句
1
内部构成倒装，正常语序应该是
concerns about the accelerating
loss of species and













habitats has been coincident with a growing appreciation of the













importance of biological diversity to the health of the Earth and













human well-being













所以真正的主句经过精简之后是
concerns
has
been
coincident with
a
growing













appreciation













分句
2
是一个插入语，用来解释说明分句
1
结尾的
biological diversity















fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit













the world's rain forests does not seem surprising
，
considering the













huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species
．














(
同位语从句
fact that…
；定语从句
that comprise the bulk…)














考虑到组成大部分物种的昆虫的巨大数量，认为半数的已知物种栖息在 世
界的雨林中这一事实看起来并不令人吃惊。
















分句
1
：
The fact does not seem surprising













分句
2
：
that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the













world's rain forests













分句
3
：
considering the huge numbers of insects













分句
4
：
that comprise the bulk of the species













分句
1
嵌套分句
2< br>，分句
2
解释说明分句
1
的主语
the












fact,
是同位语从句，分句
3
作为分句
1
的 原因状语，分句
4
是定语从句，
修饰分句
3
的
the huge numbers of insects















appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the













sea
，
it helps to think small
．
















(
特殊结构
it helps to…
做
…
有帮助
)













要充分认识海洋生命的多样性和丰富性，从小的角度思考有帮助。
















目的状语：
To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in
the













sea,













主句：

it helps to think small
．
（这里的
it
是形式主语，没有实际意义）


















1 e is built with facts just as a house is built with













bricks
，
but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more













than a pile of bricks can be called a house
．














(
特殊结构
not any more than
像
…
一样不
…)














科学建立在事实上，就像房子用砖砌成一样。但收集的事实不能被叫做科
学，就像一 堆砖不能被称为房子一样。
















分句
1.

Science is built with facts just as a house is built with













bricks,













分句
2.

but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more













than a pile of bricks can be called a house.















1
和
2
是并列分句


（转折关系）


















variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side













of the body is used to perform specific activities
．














(
从句
which side…is used…
作
corresponds to
的宾语














两个半球之间的不同与身体的哪一部分用于进行特定的活动是对应的。
















分句
1.

The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to













分句
2.

which side of the body is used to perform specific activities
．
















1
和
2
是嵌套














1
是主句，
2
做主句的宾语
















a period characterized by the abandonment of so much of the













realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth
，
Donald












Barthelme
，
and Thomas Pynchon, Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at
times













determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence OD the essentially













mimetic quality of her fiction
．














(
特殊结构
characterized by…——
以
…
为特征
)













尽 管处于一个以抛弃大量现实主义传统
(
以作家约翰
·
巴思、唐纳德
·
巴塞尔
姆和托马斯．品钦为代表
)
为特征的时代，乔伊斯
·
卡罗尔
·
欧茨因为坚持自己小说本质上
模仿的特点，有时候看起来是一个坚定的守旧派 。
















分
句
1.

characterized
by
the
abandonment
of
so
much
of
the
realistic













tradition
by
authors
such
as
John
Barth
，
Donald
Barthelme
，
and
Thomas













Pynchon,













分句
2.

Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly













old-fashioned in her insistence OD the essentially mimetic quality













of her fiction
．
















分句
1
做时间状语
“In a period”
的后置定语，补充修饰
period
，相当于省
略了

“which was”
的定语从句














分句
2
是主句
















20
．
If it were not for this faculty
，
they would devour all the food













available in short time and would probably starve themselves out of













existence
．














(
虚拟语气
)













如果不是具有这种能力， 它们就会在短时间内吞掉所有能得到的食物，而
且很可能会因饿死而灭绝。
















分句
1.

If it were not for this faculty













分句
2.

they would devour all the food available in short time













分句
3.

would probably starve themselves out of existence















分句
1
是虚拟句的条件从句














分句
2
、
3
是并列，


主句








light,
新托福
,
分析
, hundreds, without






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发
表
于

2011-8-30
11:09:51
|
只
看
该
作
者

21
．
Individualism
is
weakly
developed












in folk cultures
，
as are social classes
．














(
倒装
as are s
ocial classes)



’














个人主义和社会阶层在民间文化群体中的发展十分薄弱。
















分句
1.

Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures













分句
2.

as are social classes















1
和
2
并列，

2
采用倒装语序，
as
表示
“
也，和
…
一样
”


















22
．
People in the United States in the nineteenth century were













haunted by the prospect that unprecedented change in the nation's













economy would bring social chaos
．














(
同位语从句
prospect that…)














19
世纪的美国人因为害怕国家经济中史无前例的变化会带来 社会混乱这
一前景而提心吊胆。
















分句
1.

People in the United States in the nineteenth century were













haunted by the prospect













分句
2.

unprecedented change in the nation's economy would bring













social chaos
．
















1
和
2
嵌套，














1
是主句，

2
具体解释说明

prospect

















23
．
Accompanying that growth was a structural change that featured













increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the













nation's labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other













nonagricultural pursuits
．














(
倒装
Accompanying that growth was a structural change that…=A













structural change…was accompanying that growth)














伴随着这一增长的是一个结构变化， 它以经济的不断多样化和国家劳动力
从农业到制造业和其他非农业职业的逐渐转化为特征。
















分句
1.

Accompanying that growth was a structural change













分句
2.

featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual













shift in the nation's labor force from agriculture to manufacturing













and other nonagricultural pursuits















1
和
2
是嵌套














分句
1
是主句，且采用完全倒装的形式














分句
2
是定语从句，修饰
change.


这个定语从句结构较复杂，由
2
个
and
连接三个并列的名词性成分
















24
．
As the roles men and women played in society became more rigidly













defined, so did the roles they played in the home
．














(
倒装
so did…)














随着男人和女人在社会中扮演的角色被限定得更加严格，他们在家中的角
色也是如此。
















分句
1.

the roles



became more rigidly defined













分句
2.

men and women played in society













分句
3.

so did the roles













分句
4.

they played in the home
．
















1
和
2
嵌套，


3
和
4
嵌套














1
和
3
并列














2
和
4
分别作为定语从句修饰

roles













3
是由
so
引导的部分倒装句
















nding the column are three sepals and three













petals
，
sometimes easily recognizable as such
，
often distorted into













gorgeous
，
weird
，
but always functional shapes
．














(
倒装
Surrounding the column are…)














围绕着蕊柱的是三个萼片和三个花瓣，有时很容易辨认出来，但经常被扭
成华丽、














奇特但总是有用的形状。
















分句
1.

Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals













分句
2.

sometimes easily recognizable as such
，
often distorted into













gorgeous
，
weird
，
but always functional shapes
．














1
是主句，

采用完全倒装
















26
．
With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World
War













and the economic boom that followed it
，
young people married and













established households earlier and began to raise larger families













than had their predecessors during the Depression
．














(
倒装
than had their predecessors
—
比较结构的第二部分
)













随着二战带来的持续繁荣以及随之而来的经济增长，年轻人比大萧条中的
同龄人结婚成家更早， 而且养育的家庭比他们的前辈更大。
















分句
1.

the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War













分句
2.

the economic boom that followed it













分句
3.

young people married and established households earlier













分句
4.

began to raise larger families than had their predecessors













during the Depression
．














1
和
2
并列，
3
和
4
并列














1
和
2
是伴随状语














3
和
4
是主句


















27
．
The railroad could be and was a despoiler of













nature
；
furthermore
，
in its manifestation of speed and noise
，
it might













be a despoiler of human nature as well
．














(
关联结构
could be and was)













铁路可以，事实上也是自然的掠夺者；而且，在其速度和噪音的表现上也
可能是人性的掠夺者。
















分句
1.

The railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature













分句
2.

it might be a despoiler of human nature as well
．














1
和
2
是并列

（由分号连接的两个并列分句）
















28
．
In the railroads' prime years
，
between 1 890 and 1920
，
there
were a












few individuals in the United States
，
most of them with solid













railroading experience behind them
，
who made a profession of writing













about railroading--works offering the ambience of stations
，
yards
，
and












locomotive cabs
．














(
同位语
most of them
；定语从句
who made a profession of writing)













在
1890
年到
1920
年间铁路的黄金时期，美国有几个人
(
他们大多有丰富
的铁路经验
)
以写铁路题材为职业
——
作品围绕车 站、停车场和机车。
















分句
1.

there were a few individuals in the United States













分句
2.

most of them with solid railroading experience behind them













分句
3.

who made a profession of writing about railroading













分
句
4.

works
offering
the
ambience
of
stations
，
yards
，
and
locomotive













cabs
．
















1
是主句














2
和
3
是嵌套














2
作为
1
中
a few individuals
的同位语，对它进一步解释说明
















29
．
On the other hand
，
when it comes to substantive--particularly












behavioral-information
，
crows are less well known than many













comparably common species and
，
for that matter
，
not a few quite












uncommon ones
：
the endangered California condor
，
to cite one obvious













example
．














(
特殊结构
for that matter)













另一方面，当涉及实质性的，特别是行为方面的信息时，乌鸦就不如许多
比较而言很普通的鸟类 那样为人所知；而且，也不如许多很不寻常的鸟类，举一个明显
的例子，如像濒危的加利福尼亚大秃鹫那 样为人所知。
















分句
1.

when it comes to substantive-- particularly













behavioral- information













分句
2.

crows
are
less
well
known
than
many
comparably
common
species













and, for that matter
，
not a few quite uncommon ones
：
the endangered













California condor
，
to cite one obvious example
．
















1
和
2
是并列，

分句
1
是时间状语，

2
是主句，其中包含插入语结构

以
及冒号连接的解释说明的成分
















30
．
Keen observers and quick learners
，
they are astute about the













intentions of other creatures
，
including researchers
，
and adept at













avoiding them
．














(
并列同位语
keen observers and quick learners)













乌鸦是敏锐的观察家和快捷的学习者，它们对其 他生物
(
包括研究人员
)
的
意图感觉非常敏锐，并且善于躲开它们。
















分句
1.

they are astute about the intentions of other













creatures
，
including researchers













分句
2.

and adept at avoiding them
．
















1
和
2
是并列
















31
．
These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work
can












be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history
，
providing












flesh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people whose













existences might not otherwise be so well documented
．














(
宾语从句
demonstrate that…
；特殊结构
otherwise)













这 些研究人员已经力图证实他们的工作不仅可以成为科学而且还是历史的
宝贵工具，为了解普通人的日常生 活提供崭新的观点，否则这些普通人的生存状态不可
能被记载得这么好。


















分句
1
：
These researchers have sought to demonstrate that













分句
2
：
their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also













of history













分句
3
：
providing flesh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people













分句
4
：
whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented
．
















分句
1
是整个长句子的主句














分句
2
是分句
1
的宾语从句














分句
3
是动词同位语从句，以分词形式表示伴随状态














分句
4
补充说明，是
3
的从句。
















1
和
2
嵌套














1
和
3
并列














3
和
4
嵌套
















32
．
Legend has it that sometime toward the end of the Civil













War(1861-- 1865)a government train carrying oxen traveling through













the northern plains of eastern Wyoming was caught in a snowstorm
and












had to be abandoned
．














(
特殊结构
Legend has it that…=There is a legend that…)














传说在内战
(1861--1865)
快结束的某个时候，一列载着牛群的政府的火车
在穿过怀俄明州东部的北部平原时遇到了暴风雪，因此不得不被遗弃。


















分句
1
：
Legend has it that













分句
2
：
sometime
toward
the
end
of
the
Civil
War(1861--1865)a
government













train carrying oxen traveling through the northern plains of eastern













Wyoming was caught in a snowstorm













分句
3
：
and had to be abandoned















分句
1
是整个长句子的形式主句














分 句
2
是分句
1
的具体解释，
也是真正的主句。
这里出现了几 个分词形式，
如
“carrying oxen” “traveling













through……”
等，完全可以换成
“that/which carries……”
，但这里都作为修
饰成分，从简分析














分句
3
是
2
的并列


















1
和
2
、
3
嵌套














2
和
3
并列


















33
．
It is a lifelong process
，
a process that starts long before the













start of school and one that should be an integral part of one's













entire life
．














(
并列同位语
a process that…
，
and one that…)














教育是一个终生的过程，早在人们上学之前就开 始了。它应成为人的一生
中不可缺少的一部分。


















分句
1
：
It is a lifelong process
，
a process













分句
2
：
that starts long before the start of school













分句
3
：
and one that should be an integral part of one's entire life















分句
1
是整个长句子的形式主句














分句
2
是分句
1
的同位语从句，是对
1
的进一步解释说明














分句
3
是
2
的并列句，同为对
1
的解释说明


















1
和
2
、
3
嵌套














2
和
3
并列


















34
．
Life's transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of













an evolutionary challenge as was the genesis of life
．














(
特殊结构
as much…as
；倒装
as was the genesis of life)













生命从海洋到陆地的过渡可能是一个像生命起源那样的进化挑战。


















分句
1
：
Life's transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much













of an evolutionary challenge













分句
2
：
as was the genesis of life

















分句
1
是整个长句子的主句，虽然这一部分很长，但主谓宾只有一套，而
且顺序是正常的














分句
2
是倒装句，
按正当语序相当于
“the genesis of life was as……
（省略）
”
















1
和
2
嵌套


















35
．
In agriculture
，
the transformation was marked by the emergence
of













the grain elevators
，
the cotton presses
，
the warehouses
，
and the













commodity
exchanges
that
seemed
to
so
many
of
the
nation's
farmers













the visible sign of a vast conspiracy against them
．














(
特殊结构
marked by
；定语从句
that seemed…the visible sign…)














在 农业上，这一变化的标志是谷物升降机、皮棉打包机厂、货栈和商品交
换的出现
,
对全 国的众多农民来说它们是反对农民的大阴谋的明显标志。


















分
句
1
：
In
agriculture
，
the
transformation
was
marked
by
the
emergence of













the grain elevators
，
the cotton presses
，
the warehouses
，
and the













commodity exchanges













分句
2
：
that seemed to so many of the nation's farmers the visible
sign













of a vast conspiracy against them















分句
1
是整个长句子的主句，其中宾语部分是由几个并列短语构成的














分句
2
是分句
1
的定语从句，进一 步解释了这些东西何以成为了
“
标志
”


















1
和
2
嵌套


















36
．
And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where













individual contractors presided over what were essentially













handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a single building
．














(where
引导定语从句；
what
引导的从句作< br>presided over
的宾语
)













仍 然有像金属制造厂一类的工厂，在那里个体承包商管理在同一幢楼里的
本质上是手工艺品所有人的工场。


















分句
1
：
And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork













分句
2
：
where individual contractors presided over













分句
3
：
what were essentially handicraft proprietorships













分句
4
：
that coexisted within a single building

















分句
1
是整个长句子的主句














分句
2
是分句
1
的定语从句














分句
3
是
2
的宾语从句














分句
4
是
3
的定语从句。
















1
和
2
嵌套














2
和
3
嵌套














3
和
4
嵌套


















37
．
But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from
2.7













million in 1880 to 4.5 million in 1900 to 8
．
4 million in 1920
．
the













number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in













Philadelphia burgeoned
，
as did the size of the average plant
．














(
倒装结构
as did…)














但 随着制造业中挣工资的人数从
1880
年的
270
万上升到
1900
年的
450
万到
1920
年的
840
万，像费城的 包德温机车工厂这样的大型工厂的数量也大幅增加，
同时普通工厂的规模也剧增。


















分句
1
：
But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from
2.7













million in 1880 to 4.5 million in 1900 to 8
．
4 million in 1920













分句
2
：
the number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works
in













Philadelphia burgeoned













分句
3
：
as did the size of the average plant















分句
2
是整个长句子的主句














分句
1
是分句
2
的状语














分句
3
是
2
的并列句，同时它是一个省略句


















1
和
2
、
3
嵌套














2
和
3
并列




















38
．
What we today call American folk art
was
，
indeed, art of, by, and













for ordinary, everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and













leisure, created a market for art of all kinds
．
and especially for













portraits
．














(what
引导的从句作主语；介词结构
(art)of
，
by
，
and
for…——…
所有、
所创和所享的
(
艺术
))
















我们今天所称的美国民间艺术确实是被普通民众 所有、
所创和所享的艺术。
随着日渐繁荣和不断增加的空闲，这些民众为各种艺术，尤其是肖像 艺术创造了一个市
场。

































分句
1
：
What we today call American folk art













分句
2
：
was
，
indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks”














分句
3
：
who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market













for art of all kinds
．
and especially for portraits















分句
1
是
2
的主语从句














分句
2
是整个长句子的主句














分 句
3
是
2
的定语从句，修饰
folks
，中间虽然有多个插 入语，但仍是一
个分句
















1
和
2
嵌套














3
和
2
嵌套


















39
．
But in the heyday of portrait painting--from the late eighteenth













century until the 1850’s—
anyone with a modicum of artistic ability













could become a limner as such a portraitist was called.













(as
引导方式状语从句
)













但是在肖像画 的全盛期
——
从
18
世纪晚期一直到
19
世纪
50
年代
——
任何
一个稍有艺术能力的人都能够成为一个绘画者
(
人们当时就是这样称呼一个肖像画家
的
)
。


















分
句
1
：
But
in
the
heyday
of
portrait
painting--from
the
late
eighteenth













century until the 1850’s—
anyone with a modicum of artistic ability













could become a limner as













分句
2
：
such a portraitist was called.

















分句
1
是整个长句子的主句，中间的插入部分都是由介词引导，可见并不
能算作分句














分句
2
是分句
1
的方式状语从句，由
as
引导




















1
和
2
嵌套


















40
．
The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from













its colonial predecessors was far from a rich one
，
and in fact
，
in













1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and













craftspeople
．














(
并列句；特殊结构
far from)













新 生的美国从其殖民地时期的先辈那里继承的雕塑遗产远远谈不上丰富，
而且，实际上在
1776
年雕塑作为
—
种艺术形式仍然掌握在手艺人和工匠的手里。


















分句
1
：
The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited
from













its colonial predecessors













分句
2
：
was far from a rich one













分句
3
：
and in fact
，
in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the













hands of artisans and craftspeople















分句
2
和
3
是整个长句子的主句














分句
1
是分句
2
的主语从句














分句
3
是
2
的并列句


















1
和
2
嵌套














2
和
3
并列










举报










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发表于

2011-8-30 11:10:39 |
只看该作者

41
．
0n the rare occasion when a
fine













piece of sculpture was desired
，
Americans turned to foreign













sculptors
，
as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and













Charleston,
South
Carolina
，
commissioned
the
Englishman
Joseph
Wilton













to make marble statues of William Pitt
．














(
句子主干是
Americans turned to foreign scul ptors
；两个
when
都引导
定语从句：
occasion













when…
，
1770's when…
；
as(in the 1770's)
的意思是
“
正如
”)














在少数情况下，当需要一件精美的雕刻品时，就像
1770
年纽约与南卡罗
来纳的查尔斯顿城委托英国人约瑟夫
·
威尔顿制造威廉
·
皮特的大理 石雕像一样，
美国人求
助于外国人。

































分句
1
：
0n the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture
was desired













分句
2
：
Americans turned to foreign sculptors













分句
3
：
as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston,













South Carolina
，
commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make













marble statues of William Pitt
．


















分句
2
是整个长句子的主句














分句
1
是分句
2
的定语从句














分句
3
是分句
2
的定语从句


















1
和
2
嵌套














2
和
3
并列




















42
．
Add to this the timidity with which unschooled













artisans
—
originally trained as stonemasons
，
carpenters
，
or













cabinetmakers--attacked the medium from which they were to make













their images
，
and one understands more fully the development of













sculpture made in the United States in the late eighteenth century
．














(add to this the timidity…=add the timidity…to this
为祈使句，相当于
一个条件句：
if












one adds to this the timidity…)














这个再加上没有受过学校教育的艺人
——
他们最初是被训练为石匠、木匠< br>或家具木工的
——
对待他们要制作成雕像的媒介物的胆怯，
使人更充分地了解< br>18
世纪晚
期美国雕刻艺术的发展。


















分句
1
：
Add to this the timidity













分句
2
：
with which unschooled artisans
—
originally trained as













stonemasons
，
carpenters
，
or cabinetmakers--attacked the medium













分句
3
：
from which they were to make their images













分句
4
：
and one understands more fully the development of sculpture
made













in the United States in the late eighteenth century
．


















分句
4
是整个长句子的主句














分句
1
、
2
、
3
是分句4
的条件从句，
证据意为：
“
把这些结合起来，你就会
明白……”














分句
2
修饰
timi dity
，虽然这句的长度最大，信息最多，但仍然只是整句
话最终结论的一个支撑。














分句
3
是修饰
medium
的定语从句


















1
和
2
嵌套














2
和
3
嵌套














123
和
4
嵌套


















43
．
Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside













the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and













energy
，
desert
mammals
allow
their
temperatures
to
rise
to what
would












normally be fever height
，
and temperatures as high as 46 degrees













Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazelles
．














(what
引导的从句作
rise to
的宾语
)













沙漠哺乳动物并不试图将体温控制得很低，因为这么做将会涉及水和能 量
的消耗，而是允许体温上升到平常是高烧的温度
——
有人在格兰特羚羊身上曾测到高 达
46
摄氏度的体温。


















分句
1
：
Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep
inside













the body













分句
2
：
which would involve the expenditure of water and energy













分句
3
：
desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to













分句
4
：
what would normally be fever height













分句
5
：
and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been













measured in Grant's gazelles
．


















分句
3
、
5
是整个长句子的主句














分句
2
是分句
1
的定语从句














分句
4
是
3
的宾语从句。
















1
和
2
嵌套














1
、
2
和
3
嵌套














3
和
4
嵌套














3
、
4
和
5
并列
















44
．
Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells













building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent.













(whereby=by which
，引导定语从句，表示手段
)













租金管制是政府借以告诉房主他们可以收取多少租金的系统。


















分句
1
：
Rent control is the system













分句
2
：
whereby the local government tells building owners













分句
3
：
how much they can charge their tenants in rent.

















分句
1
是整个长句子的主句














分句
2
是分句
1
的定语从句，
whereby< br>相当于我们熟悉的
by which













分句
3
是
2
的宾语从句，修饰
tell
的内容宾语（因为
tell
有双宾语）


















1
和
2
嵌套














2
和
3
嵌套


















45
．
They
were
spurred
by
the
inflation
of
the
1970's
，
which
，
combined












with California's rapid population growth
，
pushed housing prices
，
as












well as rents, to record levels
．














(which
引导非限定性定语从句
)













它 们受到了
20
世纪
70
年代通货膨胀的刺激，
这次通货膨胀与加利福 尼亚
人口的迅速增长结合在一起，将房价与租金推到了创纪录的水平。


















分句
1
：
They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's













分句
2
：
which
，
combined with California's rapid population growth













分句
3
：
pushed housing prices
，
as well as rents, to record levels

















分句
1
是整个长句子的主句














分句
2
是分句
1
的定语从句，修饰
inflation













分句
3
同样是分句
1
的定语从句， 主语仍然是上一句中的
which

















1
和
2
、
3
嵌套














2
和
3
并列
















46
．
Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well
：
that the medium













has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which













sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony
．














(
倒装结构
Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well=An aesthetic













principle is implicit in it as well
，
th at
引导的句子做
principle
的同位语
)













其中也蕴涵一个美学原则：用于雕刻的媒介物有一定的美和富于表现力的
特性，雕刻 家必须使他们自己的审美感与这些特性融为和谐的
—
体。
















分句
1
：
Implicit in it is…














分句
2
：
that
the medium has…














分句
3
：
which sculptors must bring…














3
和
2
嵌套














1
和
2
嵌套
















47
．
With the turn-of- century Crafts movement and the discovery of













nontraditional sources of inspiration
，
such as wooden African figures













and masks
，
there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution
of













art and an interaction with the medium
．














(there arose…
是一个存在句
)













随着世纪之交 的手工艺运动和非传统灵感源泉
(
像非洲形体和面具
)
的发
现，出现 了一种亲自实践、亲手制作艺术和与媒介物直接接触的新要求。
















本句为单句，
with
引导并列的两个短语作为伴随状态，真正的主语为
a new
surge















48
．
The common kestrel roosts and hunts alone
，
but the lesser kestrel













roosts and hunts in flocks
，
possibly so one bird can learn from













others where to find insect swarms
．














(possibly so=possibly so that)













普通红隼单独栖息和狩猎 ，但较小的红隼群栖群食，很可能因此一只鸟可
以从其他鸟那儿了解到在哪儿可以找到成群的昆虫。















分句
1
：
the common kestrel…














分句
2
：
but













分句
3
：
possibly so…














分句
4
：
where to…














1
，
2
和
3
并列














3
和
4
嵌套
















49
．
In the 1500s when the Spanish
moved into what later was to
become













the southwestern United States
，
they encountered the ancestors of
the













modern day Pueblo
，
Hopi
，
and Zuni peoples
．














(when
引导定语从句，
what
引导的从句作
moved into
的宾语
)













16
世纪西班牙 人进入后来成为美国西南部的地方时，
他们遇到了今天皮艾
布鲁人、霍比人和株尼人的祖先。< br>













分句
1
：
in the 1500s…














分句
2
：
when…














分句
3
：
what…














分句
4
：
they encountered…














2
、
3
和
1
嵌套














1
和
4
并列
















50
．
During the 1940's electron microscopes routinely achieved













resolution better than that possible with a visible light













microscope
，
while the performance of x-ray microscopes resisted













improvement
．














(that
指代前面的
resolution
，
possible with a visible
．
1ight













microscope
作
that
的定语
)













20
世纪
40
年代，电子显微镜通常比可见光显微镜的分辨能力更 强，而
X
光显微镜的表现却没有改进。














分句
1
：
During the 1940…














分句
2
：
that…














分句
3
：
while..













1
和
2
嵌套














1
和
3
并列
















5 1
．
What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective













that makes these conditions seem foolish
，
harmful or affected
．














(what
引导主语从句；
that
引导定语从句
)













它们所做的就是从这样一个角度来看待熟悉的环境，使这些环境看上去愚
蠢、有害或做作。














分句
1
：
what…














分句
2:is













分句
3
：
that makes













1
和
2
嵌套














2
和
3
嵌套
















52
．
Satire jars US out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked













realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are












false
．














(out of…int o…
摆脱
…
，进入
…
；
that
引导的从句
many of the values…are













false
作
realization
的同位语；
we unquestioningly accept
作
values
的定
语
)













讽刺作品使我们摆脱了自满情绪，并在愉快与震惊之中认识到：许多我们
毫无疑问地 接受的价值观是错误的。














分句
1
：
Satire jar
s…














分句
2
：
that many…














分句
3
：
we unquestioningly…














2
和
3
嵌套














1
和
2
嵌套
















53
．
With spontaneous irreverence
，
satire rearranges













perspectives
．
scrambles familiar objects into incongruous













juxtaposition and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract













platitude
．














(and
连接并列句
)













讽刺作品用自 然流露的嘲讽态度再设了视角，将熟悉的事物自相矛盾地置
于一起，使用个性化语言，而不是抽象的陈词 滥调。














本
句
为
单
句 ，
主语
是
satire,
谓
语
为
3
个平行
的动
词：
rearranges,
scrambles, speaks…














With
引导介词短语为伴随状态。
















54
．
It has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus
，
an













irreverent reminder that they lived in a world of platitudinous













thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy
．














(that
引导的从句作
reminder
的同位语
)













它之所以存在，是因为读者欣赏它使人耳目一新的刺激，它毫不客气地提
醒：他们活在一个充满陈腐思想、廉价的道德说教与荒谬哲学的世界里。














分句
1
：
it has lived…














分句
2
：
because readers…














分句
3
：
that they lived…














1
和
2
为并列














2
和
3
为嵌套
















55
．


Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to













them
。
nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish













service of humanity
．














(
特殊结构
attribute to
——
赋予，归因于；
nor
放在句首引起倒装
)













军人很少拥有人们在电影中赋予他们的那种理想，普通公民也很少奉献他
们的生命为人类无私地服务。














分句
1
：
soldiers…














分句
2
：
that movies…














分句
3
：
nor do ordinary citizens…














1
和
3
并列














1
和
2
嵌套
















56
．
In addition to having to be a generalist while specializing in













what may seem to be a narrow field
，
the researcher is faced with the













problem of primary materials that have little or no documentation
．














(what
引导的从句作
specializing in
的宾语
)













除了在专攻似乎是一个狭窄领域时不得不成为多面手以外，研究人员还 面
临着关于原始材料的文献很少或者根本没有这一问题。


















































































































naturally





















好的。
























































分句
1
：
in addition to…

分句
2
：
what may seem …

分句
3
：
the researcher is…

分句
4
：
that has little…

1
和
2
嵌套

1
和
3
并列

3
和
4
嵌套

er
，
the degree to which cones are naturally slightly open or
tightly closed helps determine which bill design is the best
．

(
句子主干是
the degree…helps determine…
，从句
to which cones are
slightly open or tightly closed
作
degree
的定语
)
而且球果自然地轻微开口或紧紧关闭的程度有助于确定哪种喙的设计是最
Hygiene
was she
，
a Baltimore printer
，
who published the first official
copies of the Declaration
，
the first copies that included the names

of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen

colonies
．

















































(It was…who
为强调句；
the first copies
为前面
the first official copies
的同位语
)













就是她，一位巴尔的摩的印刷商，
出版了
《独立宣言》
的最早的官方版本，< br>即包括《独立宣言》签署者名字并因此预告所有
13
个殖民地的支持的早期版本。














分句
1
：
it was
…














分句
2
：
who publish…














分句
3
：
the first













1
和
2
嵌套














2
和
3
嵌套
















comparison with these familiar yardsticks
，
the distances to the













galaxies are incomprehensibly large
，
but they too are made more













manageable by using a time calibration
，
in this case the distance













that light travels in one year.













与这些熟悉的尺度相比，到太空的距离远得难以理解，但它们也通过使用
一个时间的标尺而变得更加容易对付了，在这种情况下是光在一年内走过的距离。














分句
1
：
the distance…














分句
2
：
but they too













分句
3
：
that…














1
和
2
并列














2
和
3
嵌套
















primary reason was skepticism that a railroad built through













so challenging and thinly settled a stretch of desert
，
mountain
，
and













semiarid plain could pay a profit
．














(that
引导的从句作
skepticism
的同位语
)













主要原因是存在一种怀疑主义，人们怀疑途经如此富于挑战性、人口稀 疏
的大片沙漠、山脉和半干旱平原的一条铁路能否获得利润。














分句
1
：
the primary…














分句
2
：
that a railroad…














1
和
2
嵌套










举报










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发表于

2011-8-30 11:12:19 |
只看该作者

argument that humans
，
even
in













prehistoric times
，
had some number sense
，
at least to the extent of













recognizing the concepts of more and less when some objects were













added to or taken away from a small group
，
seems fair
．
for studies













have shown that some animals possess such a sense
．














(
复合句，主句的主干是
the
argument…seems
fair
，其中从句
that
humans…had some number













sense
做
argument
的同位语
)













人类甚至在史前已经有数字感，至少到有些物体被加到一小组里或者被拿
走时能够辨 别出
“
多了
”
还是
“
少了
”
的程度，这一观点似乎很合理，
因为研究已经表明有些
动物就有这样的意识。














分句
1. The argument seems fair













分句
2. humans
，
even in prehistoric times
，
had some number sense
，














分句
3. at least to the extent of recognizing the concepts of more and













less