福字图英文段落组织方式

2021年1月19日发(作者：胡亮)
英语短文段落写作方法

段落是扩展中心思想的一组意义密切相关的句子
,
它是介
于句子和篇章之间的一个写作单位
,
是连句成篇的一个必
经阶段。

一、段落的结构

一个段落一般由三部分组成
:
主题句
(Topic
Sentence),
扩
展句
(Development Sentence)
和结论句
(Concluding
Sentence)
。

例如：

（主题句）
Reasons for the growing popularity of
fast-food
chains
appear
obvious
enough.
（扩展句）
For
one
thing,
the
food
is
generally
cheap.
A
hamburger
at
McDonald's, for example, costs about one-half as much
as a similar meal at a regular 'sit down' restaurant.
（扩展句）
Another advantage of the chains is their
convenience. For busy working couples who don't want
to spend the time or effort cooking, fast-food
restaurants offer an attractive alternative.
（结论
句）
And, judging by the fact that customers return in
increasing numbers, many Americans like the taste of
the food.
从上面的例子来看，快餐连锁店日益普遍的原因非常 明显，
这是段落的主题句。原因主要反映在快餐的廉价、方便两个
方面，
这是段落的两 个扩展句。
结论句起到与主题句相呼应，
小结全段文字的作用。

(1)
主题句。
主题句是英文段落的典型特点
,
顾名思义
,
主
题句就是提出段落主题的句子。它是一个段落的中心，要求
全段其他所有的文字都围绕它展开。
它指出了这段内容的主
导思想。
主题句既可以用在段落的开始或中间
,
也可以用在
段落的末尾
,
但是对于考试来说
,
我们应该尽量把主题句
放置于一个段落的开始
,
这既有助于组织材料
,
也可以使
文章结构清楚。
主题句是一篇文章的灵魂
,
文章的所有材料
和论述都是围绕主题句展开的
,
因此
,
写好段落的主题句
是写好作文的关键
,
一个好的主题句首先应该紧扣文章的
中心思想
,
把该段落的内容限定在文章的中心内容之内。
例
如
:
Physical Exercise
More
and
more
people
today
are
realizing
the
importance
of
regular
physical
exercises.
In
the
past,
most
people
were involved in manual labor out in the fresh air of
the fields. Nowadays a lot of people work in offices,
spending most of their time indoors. In the evenings
they usually sit watching TV or reading newspapers.
Their
daily
lives
don't
provide
them
with
the
exercises
needed to keep them healthy. Therefore, they must
devote part of their time to doing regular physical
exercise.
There are many different forms of physical exercises
suiting different tastes. Some people enjoy
competitive sports and find others to share their
interest. For example, they play table tennis or
football together. Others prefer to exercise alone.
They
do
some
running
or
practice
qigong
in
parks
in
the
morning. Clearly, different people are fond of
different forms of physical exercise to improve their
health.
As for me, I like running in the morning. And I have
benefited a lot from it. It does a lot of good to my
health. So I will persist in doing it in the future.
上文的标题“Physical Exercise”是一个比较大的题目
,
一篇
100
多字的短文根本不可能容纳它的全部内容
,
但是
,
聪明的作者通过各个段落的主题句把内容限定在一定的范
围之内
,
各段的主题句都是该段落的第一句。
我们不难看出
,
上文中三个段落的主题句都紧扣文章的标题
,
并很好地限
定了段落的内容。

其次
,
好的段落主题句必须完整，
即能表达一个完整的思想
,
该段落将围绕这一主题句逐步展开
,
或定义
,
或论述
,
或
分类
,
或解释
,
或举例说明。
因此
,
段落主题句中必须包含
段落的主旨
,
必须包含一个等待发展的思想。
例如在上面我
们所例举的“Physical
Exercise” 一文中的第二段的主题
句为“There are many different forms of exercises
suiting different tastes”, 其主导思想为“different
forms of physical exercise”, 下面该段的内容也是围绕
这一主导思想而展开的。

另外
,
一个好的段落主题句应该具有一定的限定性
,
它应
该限定该段落的内容不至于偏离全文的中心内容
,
而且
,
一个段落的容量是很有限的
,
如果主题句限定的范围太宽
,
主题句的内容就无法在该段落内得以阐述清楚。

例如以
Cheating on the Campus
为题的作文为例
,
用
Cheating is
popular,
或者
Cheating is bad
或者
Cheating is
understandable
就过于笼统了
, Cheating
指的是什么
?
即
便是在大学校园里
, cheating
可以表现在考试
,
爱情
,
图
书馆等各个方面
,
不确定具体的范围
,
主题句就形同虚设
,
等于还是停留在题目上。
因此
,
一个好的主题句
,
不仅要表
达作者的态度
,
还需要根据内容和字数方面的要求
,
对题
目的范围进行控制和确定
,
例如
:
例
1. Whatever pressures, academic or professional,
experienced by students, cheating on the exam is not
allowed.
例
2. Academic and professional pressures make it
understandable
that
cheating
on
the
exam
is
widespread
on the campus today.
例
3.
Cheating
on
the
exam
is
popular
on
the
campus
today
because of academic and professional pressures.
当然
,
主题句也不能太具体
,
如果主题句太具体
,
作者就
无法在文字上加以展开。例如
:
American
food
is
tasteless
and
greasy
because
Americans
use
too
many
canned,
frozen,
and
prepackaged
foods
and
because everything is fried in oil or butter.
上述句子作主题句显然不合适
,
因为它讲述得太具体了
,
最好应改为
:
American food is tasteless and greasy.
另外
,
我们在设计主题句时还应该注意不要把太多不相关
的观点包括在一个主题句中
,
否则
,
整个段落就会缺乏统
一性。例如
:
Shanghai
is
famous
for
its
temperate
climate,
its
large
population, and its rapid industrial development.
上句包括了三个方面的内容
,
难以在一个段落中同时讲述
,
因此
,
最好只是取其中之一
,
三个观点放在三个段落中论
述。


(2)
发展句。
段落主题句给出段落的主题思想
,
发展句则用
来发展、
证明或支持这一主题思想。
发展句必须切题
,
明确
,
层次分明
,
例如
:
(1)
Women
are
generally
believed
to
be
less
intelligent
than men. (2) For thousands of years they have been
thought to be inferior to men. (3) Those who believe
in
this
idea
argue
that
few
women
have
made
remarkable
achievements in the history. (4) Even now, there are
still far less women professors, women scientists and
women doctors. (5) All these factors show that women
can't compete with men.
上面一段共有五个句子
,
其中句
(1)
是该短的主题句
,
句
(2), (3), (4)
为发展句
,
它们从各自不同的角度对段落主
题句的主题思想进行说明。

发展句是对主题 句进一步的引申与发展，
然而引申与发展的
方法是多种多样的，下面我们讲一种最为实用的方法 ，即设
问→解答法

(Why→Because), 按照这种方法就是要在句子展开之前先加以设问，也就是提出一个问题，然后再针对这
一问题进行解答，例如：

主题句：
To
most
visitors,
New
York
is
both
a
fascinating
and a frightening city.
设

问：
Why do we say New York is both a fascinating
and a frightening city?
解

答：
Because: It is a city of great wealth and of
great poverty. There are many rich people, but there
are many poor people too. There are many luxury
apartment buildings and there are slum tenements.
Because: There is a great deal of beauty and a great
deal
of
ugliness.
The
parks
and
the
shops
are
beautiful,
but the dirty streets and subways are ugly.
Because:
Most
things
are
expensive,
but
some
things
are
free.
The
cost
of
entertainment
is
generally
high,
but
there
are
usually
many
free
lectures,
concerts,
and
art
exhibits.
Because: There are people who work all day and people
who work all night.
上述设问→解答法为我们提供一种考虑问题的方法，
我们把
上面的思考的结果加以整理，就得到了下面一个段落：

To most visitors, New York is both a fascinating and
a frightening city. It is a city of great wealth and
of
great
poverty.
There
are
many
rich
people,
but
there
are many poor people too. There are many luxury
apartment
buildings
and
there
are
slum
tenements.
There
is
a
great
deal
of
beauty
and
a
great
deal
of
ugliness.
The parks and the shops are beautiful, but the dirty
streets
and
subways
are
ugly.
There is
a
great
deal
of
beauty
and
a great
deal
of
ugliness.
The
parks
and
the
shops
are
beautiful,
but
the
dirty
streets
and
subways
are
ugly. There are
people
who
work
all
day and
people
who work all night.

(3)
结论句。
结论句位于全段的末尾
,
是对全段的 内容进行
总结、归纳或提出结论性观点的句子。结论句不仅仅是重复
主题句提出的段落主题,
更为重要的是
,
它可以进一步强调
段落的中心思想
,
以引起读者的重视和注意。
在撰写结论句
时我们应该注意
,
结论句的结构形式没有必要与主题句保
持一致
,
但结论句所表达的内容必须要和主题句的内容保
持一致
,
不能相互矛盾。
当然
,
并非每个段落都需要结论句
,
对于一些描述性段落也可以不使用结论句。
例如
,
在下面这
一段中
,
由于该段的内容具有很强的描述性
,
作者就没有
使用结论句
:
In fact, there are lots of better things to do in our
leisure
time.
Going
to
concerts
or
theater
is
pleasant
experience.
Visiting
parks
or
art
exhibition
brings
us
great joy. And there are more entertainment in
interesting books or pleasant music than in everyday
TV programs.
下面我们再通过两个文章的三个段落从整体上说明段落的
组成
:
例
1. Wherever one lives, in the city or the country,
there are some good reasons for owing a car. (
主题句
)
First, cars provide the most convenient form of
transportation.
(
发展句
)
Second,
a
car
is
a
comfortable
way to travel, especially in winter time. (
发展句
)
Finally, a driver is usually safe in his car when he
is
out
at
night.
(
发展句
)
Therefore,
many
people
favour
owing a car. (
结论句
)
例
2.
Computer
is
a
wonder
of
this
era.
(
主题句
)
Because
of
it
our
work
and
life
have
changed
dramatically.
(
发
展句
)
At
the
moment
it
plays
an
extremely
important
role
in
our
life.
(
发展句
) Computers
are
able
to
do
a
great
variety of jobs. (
发展句
) They are widely used in
offices,
laboratories,
banks,
airports,
etc.
(
发展句
)
Businessmen
use
them
to
make
more
money;
policemen
use
them
to
find
criminals;
scientists
use
them
to
make
new
discoveries. (
发展句
) Many modern families are
equipped with it. (
发展句
) It has become so important