金木水火打一个字托福阅读长难句120句,新东方版

2021年1月19日发(作者：虞兆年)
托福阅读
120
句长难句分析



新东方版


1.
Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the
Earth’s surface
，
the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans
，
in some ways as
forbidding and remote as the void of outer space
．

(
定语后置
in some ways…)

由于完全没有光，
而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，
深海底部对人类而言 是一
个充满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。



分句
1
：
Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures

分句
2
：
hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface

分句
3
：
the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans

分句
4
：
in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space


分句
2
修饰分句
1
结尾的短语
intense pressures
，

分句
1
是分句
3
的原因状语

分句
3
是整个长句子的主句

分句
4
是分句
3
的后置定语，修饰分句
3
的
a hostile environment to humans


整个句子结构是：

原因状语
+
主句
+
后置定语

这是主句前后分别有 状语和定语的修饰成分，
但是本句其实不是复合句。
句子的核心意思是
深海对于人类而 言是一个充满敌意的环境。


2.
Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country's
impressive population growth
．

(
倒装结构
Basic to any understanding…is…)

要理解二战之后
20
年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。


分句
1
：
Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War

分句
2
：
is

分句
3
：
the country's impressive population growth

分句
1
，
2
，3
共同构成倒装句，
正常的语序应该是
3
，
2
，
1
，
即：
该句的正常语序是
The country's
impressive population growth is basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the
Second World War
．

本句是一个简单句，只不过使用了倒装，谓语动词是
is.

3.
As a result
，
claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or
cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the

1
basis for folklore
．

(
同位语从句
claims that…)

结果，
那些认为只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康的观点广为人 知，
并成为一些民间
说法的基础。

分句
1
：

that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease
or provides other benefits to health

分句
2
：
claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore

分句
2
嵌套分句
1
，分句
1
作为分句
2
主语的同位语从句嵌套在分句
2
中。因此本句的主句
是
claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore.
那些观点广为人知，
并
成为一些民间说法的基础。同位语从句是
that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically
grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health
：只食用绿色食品就能
防治疾病或增进健康


4.
There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones
，
that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs
，
that untreated grains are better
than fumigated grains and the like
．


(
并列同位语从句
reports that…
，
that…
，
that…)

关于天然维生素 优于人造维生素，
受精蛋比未受精蛋的营养价值更高，
未经熏蒸消毒处理的
谷物比经过 处理的好等等报道屡见不鲜，但都没有得到证实。


分句
1
：
There are numerous unsubstantiated reports

分句
2
：
natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones

分句
3
：
that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs

分句
4
：
that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like

分句
1
是整个长句的主句，分句
2、分句
3
和分句
4
是并列关系，共同构成分句
1
的同位 语
从句。
本句的意思是有很多没有经过证实的报道，
然后并列了三个未经过证实的报道 的从句。


5·

The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be undertaken
also in the North
，
though less spectacularly
．

(
同位语从句
fact that…)

南方极为严重的困境使北方同样需要开始重建
(
尽管不像南方 那么引人注目
)
这一事实显得
不太重要。


分句
1. The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact
分句
2. reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North
分句
less spectacularly
（省略）



2
1
和
2
嵌套


1
和
3
并列


6·

The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an
explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl
．

(
宾语从句
what we now know as)

现在可以 获得这些环绕几乎每个大城市边缘地区的土地，
这一可能性激发了一场房地产开发
的热潮并造成 了我们现在称为城区无计划扩展的现象。


分句
1
：
The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an
explosion of real estate development and fueled

分句
2
：
what we now know as urban sprawl

分句
1
嵌套分句
2
，
即分句
1
是主句，
分句
2
是宾语从句，
主句结构经过精简应该是
The new
accessibility of land sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled urban sprawl
。

本句的理解困难还来自于抽象词
fuel，它作为名词的含义广为人知，是能源、燃料，作为动
词的时候的意思就可以引申为促使、造成。< br>

7.
But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a
concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth
．

(Of
结构作定语：
of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs…)

但这些因素并不能解释这个有趣的问题：
为何在一个特定的地点会如此集中地出现即将临产
的 怀孕鱼龙群。


分句
1
：
But these factors do not account for the interesting question

分句
2
：
of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place
very close to their time of giving birth

分句
1
嵌 套分句
2.
分句
2
是
Of
结构作后置定语修饰说明
question
的内容。


8.

Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region and
that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent
，
the two captains
set out
．

(
同位语从句
rumors that…)

当时有一些传言，
说有史前的猛犸在这一陌生的区域活动，
而 且在这一区域的某个地方有一
座巨大的盐石山，其面积达
80
英里长
50英里宽。就在这些传言中，两位上尉出发了。


分句
1
：
Amid rumors

分句
2
：
that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region

分句
3
：
and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent


3
分句
4
：
the two captains set out

分句
1
和分句
4构成倒装，
正常的语序应该是分句
4+
分句
1
，
即the two captains set out Amid
rumors
。
分句
1
嵌套分句
2
和分句
3
，
分句
2< br>和分句
3
是修饰分句
1
的
rumors
的同位语从句 ，
用来说明谣言的具体内容。分句
2
和分句
3
构成并列关系。


9.

In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord
，
and the harpsichord became the chief
instruments of the keyboard group
，
a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them
at the end of the eighteenth century
．

(
同位语
a supremacy)

17
世纪时风琴、敲 弦琴和拨弦琴成为键盘乐器类的主要成员，这种至高无上的地位一直由
它们保持，直到
18世纪末被钢琴所取代。


分句
1
：
In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord
，
and the harpsichord became the chief
instruments of the keyboard group
，

分句
2
：
a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth
century

分句2
是分句
1
的同位语从句，
用来修饰说明分句
1
中的< br>the chief instruments of the keyboard
group


10.
A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the
introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire
of the finest quality
，
finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most
delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound
，
from a liquid
，
singing tone to a sharp,
percussive brilliance
．

(
介词结构
from…to…
作定语
)

持续到< br>19
世纪的一系列机械上的改进，包括引入踏板以维持音调或使其柔和，改善金属框
架，
以及使用最佳牲能的钢丝，
最终产生了一种具备无数音调效果的乐器
——
这些 效果涵盖
了从最精致的和声到几乎全部的管弦乐音响，
从明快流畅的吟唱音调到尖锐的打击乐器 的恢
弘气氛。


分句
1
：
A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century

分句
2
：
including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it

分句
3
：
the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality

分句
4
：
finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects

分句
5
：
from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound
，

分句
6
：
from a liquid
，
singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance


本句的真正的主句结构其实是由分句
1
和 分句
4
构成，
即
A series of mechanical improvements
continuing well into the nineteenth century finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal
effects
，
，分句
2
和分句
3
并列修饰说明分句
1
中的
A series of mechanical improvements
，而
分句
5
和分句
6
并列，修饰说明了分句
4
中的
an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects


4

11.
The largest later named Pueblo Bonito(Pretty Town)by the Spanish, rose in five terraced stories
，
contained more than 800 rooms
，
and could have housed a population of 1
，
000 or more
．

最大的一座后来被西班牙人称为
Pueblo Bonito(
美丽的城镇
)
，是一个五层梯式楼，有
800
多
间房子，能够容纳
1 000
人以上。


分句
1
：
The largest rose in five terraced stories
，
contained more than 800 rooms
，
and could have
housed a population of 1
，
000 or more

分句
2
：
later named Pueblo Bonito(Pretty Town)by the Spanish

分句
1< br>嵌套分句
2
，分句
2
用来修饰分句
1
的主语
the largest,
分句
1
内部是由三个并列的谓
语构成的句子。


12.
Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”
，
the film has
never been
，
in the full sense of the word, silent
．

(
倒装
accustomed though we are…=though we are accustomed…)

虽然我们习惯于 将
1927
年以前的电影叫做
“
无声电影
”
，但是就
“
无声
’’
这个词的完整意义上
说，电影从未真正的无声过。


分句
1
：
Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”

分句
2
：
the film has never been silent

分句
3
：
in the full sense of the word

本句的难点是在分句
1
内部有一个倒装，正常的语序应该是
though we are accustomed to
speaking of the films made before 1927 as silent.
分句
3
是一个插入语，嵌 套在分句
2
中，所以
本句的真正强调的核心是
the film has never been silent
。


13.
For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of
the conductor or leader of the orchestra
，
and very often the principal qualification far holding such
a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical
pieces
．

(
特殊结构
not…SO much as…——
与其说
…
不如说
…)

在好些年内，
为 各部影片选择配乐的权力完全掌握在乐队指挥或队长手中，
而通常担任这种
职位的资格与其说是 技巧或鉴赏品位，不如说是个人拥有音乐作品的丰富收藏。


分句
1
：
.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the
hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra

分句
2
：
and very often the principal qualification far holding such a position was not skill or taste
so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces

分句
1
和分句
2
构成并列关系，分句
2
的难点在于
not…… so much as
的结构。



5
14.
Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing
appreciation of the importance of biological diversity
，
the number of species in a particular
ecosystem
，
to the health of the Earth and human well
-
being
．

(
倒装
coincident with concerns…has been…=…has been coincident with concerns…)

在对物种和动物栖息地加速消失表示关注的同时，
人们也越来越认识到生物多样化，
即一个< br>特定生态系统中物种的数量对地球的健康以及人类幸福的重要性。


分句
1
：
Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a
growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity

分句
2
：
the number of species in a particular ecosystem

分句
3
：
to the health of the Earth and human well
-
being

分句
1
内部构成倒装，正常语序应该是
concerns about the accelerating loss of species and
habitats has been coincident with a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity
to the health of the Earth and human well
-
being

所以真正的主句经过精简之后是
concerns has been coincident with a growing appreciation

分句< br>2
是一个插入语，用来解释说明分句
1
结尾的
biological diversity


15.
The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not
seem surprising
，
considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species
．

(
同位语从句
fact that…
；定语从句
that comprise the bulk…)

考虑到组成大部分物种的昆虫的巨大数量，
认为半数的已知物种栖息在世界的雨林中这一事
实 看起来并不令人吃惊。


分句
1
：
The fact does not seem surprising

分句
2
：
that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests

分句
3
：
considering the huge numbers of insects

分句
4
：
that comprise the bulk of the species

分句
1
嵌套分句
2
，
分句
2
解释说明分句
1
的主语
the fact,
是同位语从句，分句
3
作为分句
1
的原因状语，分句
4
是定语从句，修 饰分句
3
的
the huge numbers of insects


16.
To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small
．




(
特殊结构
it helps to…
做
…
有帮助
)

要充分认识海洋生命的多样性和丰富性，从小的角度思考有帮助。


目的状语：
To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea,

主句：

it helps to think small
．

（这里的
it
是形式主语，没有实际意义）




6
17.
Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks
，
but a collection of facts cannot be
called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house
．

(
特殊结构
not any more than
像
…
一样不
…)

科学建立在事实上，
就 像房子用砖砌成一样。
但收集的事实不能被叫做科学，
就像一堆砖不
能被称为房子一样 。


分句
1.

Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks,

分句
2.

but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be
called a house.


1
和
2
是并列分句


（转折关系）





18.
The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body is used to perform
specific activities
．

(
从句
which side…is used…
作
corresponds to
的宾语

两个半球之间的不同与身体的哪一部分用于进行特定的活动是对应的。


分句
1.

The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to

分句
2.

which side of the body is used to perform specific activities
．


1
和
2
是嵌套

1
是主句，
2
做主句的宾语


19.
In a period characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such
as John Barth
，
Donald Barthelme
，
and Thomas Pynchon, Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times
determinedly old
-
fashioned in her insistence OD the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction
．

(
特殊结构
characterized by…——
以
…
为特征
)

尽管处于一个以抛弃大量现实主 义传统
(
以作家约翰
·
巴思、
唐纳德
·
巴塞尔姆和 托马斯．
品钦
为代表
)
为特征的时代，
乔伊斯
·
卡 罗尔
·
欧茨因为坚持自己小说本质上模仿的特点，
有时候看
起来是一个坚定的 守旧派。


分句
1.

characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as
John Barth
，
Donald Barthelme
，
and Thomas Pynchon,

分句
2.

Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old
-
fashioned in her insistence OD
the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction
．


分句
1
做时间状语
“In a period”
的后置定语，补充修饰
period
，相当于省略了

“which was”
的定语从句

分句
2
是主句


7

20
．

If it were not for this faculty
，
they would devour all the food available in short time and would
probably starve themselves out of existence
．

(
虚拟语气
)

如果不是 具有这种能力，
它们就会在短时间内吞掉所有能得到的食物，
而且很可能会因饿死
而灭 绝。


分句
1.

If it were not for this faculty

分句
2.

they would devour all the food available in short time

分句
3.

would probably starve themselves out of existence


分句
1
是虚拟句的条件从句

分句
2
、
3
是并列，


主句



21
．

Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures
，
as are social classes
．

(
倒装
as are social classes)



’

个人主义和社会阶层在民间文化群体中的发展十分薄弱。


分句
1.

Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures

分句
2.

as are social classes


1
和
2
并列，

2
采用倒装语序，
as
表示
“
也，和
…
一样
”



22
．

People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that
unprecedented change in the nation's economy would bring social chaos
．

(
同位语从句
prospect that…)

19
世纪 的美国人因为害怕国家经济中史无前例的变化会带来社会混乱这一前景而提心吊胆。


分句
1.

People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect

分句
2.

unprecedented change in the nation's economy would bring social chaos
．


1
和
2
嵌套，


1
是主句，

2
具体解释说明

prospect




8
23
．

Accompanying that growth was a structural change that featured increasing economic
diversification and a gradual shift in the nation's labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and
other nonagricultural pursuits
．

(
倒装
Accompanying that growth was a structural change that…=A structural change…was
accompanying that growth)

伴 随着这一增长的是一个结构变化，
它以经济的不断多样化和国家劳动力从农业到制造业和
其他非 农业职业的逐渐转化为特征。


分句
1.

Accompanying that growth was a structural change

分句
2.

featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nation's labor
force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits


1
和
2
是嵌套

分句
1
是主句，且采用完全倒装的形式

分句
2
是定语从句，
修饰
change.


这个定语从句结构 较复杂，
由
2
个
and
连接三个并列的
名词性成分


24
．

As the roles men and women played in society became more rigidly defined, so did the roles they
played in the home
．

(
倒装
so did…)

随着男人和女人在社会中扮演的角色被限定得更加严格，他们在家中的角色也是如此。


分句
1.

the roles



became more rigidly defined

分句
2.

men and women played in society

分句
3.

so did the roles

分句
4.

they played in the home
．


1
和
2
嵌套，


3
和
4
嵌套

1
和
3
并列

2
和
4
分别作为定语从句修饰

roles

3
是由
so
引导的部分倒装句


25.
Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals
，
sometimes easily recognizable as such
，
often distorted into gorgeous
，
weird
，
but always functional shapes
．

(
倒装
Surrounding the column are…)

围绕着蕊柱的是三个萼片和三个花瓣，有时很容易辨认出来，但经常被扭成华丽、

奇特但总是有用的形状。


分句
1.

Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals


9
分句
2.

sometimes easily recognizable as such
，
often distorted into gorgeous
，
weird
，
but always
functional shapes
．

1
是主句，

采用完全倒装


26
．

With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that
followed it
，
young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger
families than had their predecessors during the Depression
．

(
倒装
than had their predecessors—
比较结构的第二部分
)

随着二战 带来的持续繁荣以及随之而来的经济增长，
年轻人比大萧条中的同龄人结婚成家更
早，而且养育 的家庭比他们的前辈更大。


分句
1.

the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War

分句
2.

the economic boom that followed it

分句
3.

young people married and established households earlier

分句
4.

began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression
．

1
和
2
并列，
3
和
4
并列

1
和
2
是伴随状语

3
和
4
是主句



27
．

The railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature
；
furthermore
，
in its manifestation of speed and
noise
，
it might be a despoiler of human nature as well
．

(
关联结构
could be and was)

铁路可以，
事实上也是自然的掠夺者；
而且，
在其速度和 噪音的表现上也可能是人性的掠夺
者。


分句
1.

The railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature

分句
2.

it might be a despoiler of human nature as well
．

1
和
2
是并列

（由分号连接的两个并列分句）


28
．

In the railroads' prime years
，
between 1 890 and 1920
，
there were a few individuals in the United
States
，
most of them with solid railroading experience behind them
，
who made a profession of
writing about railroading
--
works offering the ambience of stations
，
yards
，
and locomotive cabs
．

(
同位语
most of them
；定语从句
who made a profession of writing)

在
1890
年到
1920
年间铁路的黄 金时期，
美国有几个人
(
他们大多有丰富的铁路经验
)
以写铁
路题材为职业
——
作品围绕车站、停车场和机车。


分句
1.

there were a few individuals in the United States


10
分句
2.

most of them with solid railroading experience behind them

分句
3.

who made a profession of writing about railroading

分句
4.

works offering the ambience of stations
，
yards
，
and locomotive cabs
．


1
是主句

2
和
3
是嵌套

2
作为
1
中
a few individuals
的同位语，对它进一步解释说明


29
．

On the other hand
，
when it comes to substantive
--
particularly behavioral
-
information
，
crows are
less well known than many comparably common species and
，
for that matter
，
not a few quite
uncommon ones
：
the endangered California condor
，
to cite one obvious example
．

(
特殊结构
for that matter)

另一方面，
当涉及实质性的，
特别是行为方面的信息时，< br>乌鸦就不如许多比较而言很普通的
鸟类那样为人所知；
而且，也不如许多很不寻常的鸟类 ，
举一个明显的例子，如像濒危的加
利福尼亚大秃鹫那样为人所知。


分句
1.

when it comes to substantive
--
particularly behavioral
-
information

分句
2.

crows are less well known than many comparably common species and, for that matter
，
not a few quite uncommon ones
：
the endangered California condor
，
to cite one obvious example
．


1
和
2
是并列，

分句
1
是时间状语，

2
是主句，其中包含插入语结构

以及

冒号连接的解
释说明的成分


30
．

Keen observers and quick learners
，
they are astute about the intentions of other creatures
，
including researchers
，
and adept at avoiding them
．

(
并列同位语
keen observers and quick learners)

乌鸦是敏锐的观察家和快捷的学习者，它们对其他生物(
包括研究人员
)
的意图感觉非常敏锐，
并且善于躲开它们。


分句
1.

they are astute about the intentions of other creatures
，
including researchers

分句
2.

and adept at avoiding them
．


1
和
2
是并列


31
．

These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable tool not only of
science but also of history
，
providing flesh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people whose
existences might not otherwise be so well documented
．

(
宾语从句
demonstrate that…
；特殊结构
otherwise)


11
这 些研究人员已经力图证实他们的工作不仅可以成为科学而且还是历史的宝贵工具，
为了解
普通人 的日常生活提供崭新的观点，否则这些普通人的生存状态不可能被记载得这么好。



分句
1
：
These researchers have sought to demonstrate that

分句
2
：
their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history

分句
3
：
providing flesh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people

分句
4
：
whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented
．


分句
1
是整个长句子的主句

分句
2
是分句
1
的宾语从句

分句
3
是动词同位语从句，以分词形式表示伴随状态

分句
4
补充说明，是
3
的从句。


1
和
2
嵌套


1
和
3
并列

3
和
4
嵌套


32
．

Legend has it that sometime toward the end of the Civil War(1861
--
1865)a government train
carrying oxen traveling through the northern plains of eastern Wyoming was caught in a
snowstorm and had to be abandoned
．

(
特殊结构
Legend has it that…=There is a legend that…)

传说在内战
(1861
--
1865 )
快结束的某个时候，一列载着牛群的政府的火车在穿过怀俄明州东
部的北部平原时遇到了暴风 雪，因此不得不被遗弃。



分句
1
：
Legend has it that

分句
2
：
sometime toward the end of the Civil War(1861
--
1865)a government train carrying oxen
traveling through the northern plains of eastern Wyoming was caught in a snowstorm

分句
3
：
and had to be abandoned


分句
1
是整个长句子的形式主句

分句
2
是分句
1
的具体解释，
也是真正的主句。
这 里出现了几个分词形式，
如
“carrying oxen”
“traveling through……”
等，完全可以换成
“that/which carries……”
，但这里都作为修饰成分，
从简分析

分句
3
是
2
的并列



1
和
2
、
3
嵌套



12
2
和
3
并列



33
．

It is a lifelong process
，
a process that starts long before the start of school and one that should be
an integral part of one's entire life
．

(
并列同位语
a process that…
，
and one that…)

教育是一个终生的过程，
早在人们上学之前就开始了。
它应成 为人的一生中不可缺少的一部
分。



分句
1
：
It is a lifelong process
，

a process

分句
2
：
that starts long before the start of school

分句
3
：
and one that should be an integral part of one's entire life


分句
1
是整个长句子的形式主句

分 句
2
是分句
1
的同位语从句，是对
1
的进一步解释说明
分句
3
是
2
的并列句，同为对
1
的解释说明



1
和
2
、
3
嵌套


2
和
3
并列



34
．

Life's transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an evolutionary challenge as was
the genesis of life
．

(
特殊结构
as much…as
；倒装
as was the genesis of life)

生命从海洋到陆地的过渡可能是一个像生命起源那样的进化挑战。



分句
1
：
Life's transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an evolutionary challenge

分句
2
：
as was the genesis of life



分句
1
是整个长句 子的主句，虽然这一部分很长，但主谓宾只有一套，而且顺序是正常的

分句
2
是倒装句，按正当语序相当于
“the genesis of life was as……
（省略）
”


1
和
2
嵌套



13


35
．

In agriculture
，
the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators
，
the cotton
presses
，
the warehouses
，
and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many of the nation's
farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy against them
．

(
特殊结构
marked by
；定语从句
that seemed…the visible sign…)

在农业上，这一变化的标志是谷物升 降机、皮棉打包机厂、货栈和商品交换的出现
,
对全国
的众多农民来说它们是反对农民 的大阴谋的明显标志。



分句
1
：
In agriculture
，
the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators
，
the cotton presses
，
the warehouses
，
and the commodity exchanges

分句
2
：
that seemed to so many of the nation's farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy against
them


分句
1
是整个长句子的主句，其中宾语部分是由几个并列短语构成的

分句
2
是分句
1
的定语从句，进一步解释了这些东西何以成为了
“
标志
”



1
和
2
嵌套




36
．

And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individual contractors presided
over what were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a single building
．

(w here
引导定语从句；
what
引导的从句作
presided over
的宾语
)

仍然有像金属制造厂一类的工厂，
在那里个体承 包商管理在同一幢楼里的本质上是手工艺品
所有人的工场。



分句
1
：
And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork

分句
2
：
where individual contractors presided over

分句
3
：
what were essentially handicraft proprietorships

分句
4
：
that coexisted within a single building



分句
1
是整个长句子的主句

分句
2
是分句
1
的定语从句

分句
3
是
2
的宾语从句

分句
4
是
3
的定语从句。


14

1
和
2
嵌套


2
和
3
嵌套

3
和
4
嵌套



37
．

But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1880 to 4.5 million
in 1900 to 8
．
4 million in 1920
．
the number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in
Philadelphia burgeoned
，
as did the size of the average plant
．

(
倒装结构
as did…)

但随着制造业中挣工资的人数从
1880
年的
270< br>万上升到
1900
年的
450
万到
1920
年的840
万，
像费城的包德温机车工厂这样的大型工厂的数量也大幅增加，
同时普通 工厂的规模也剧
增。



分句
1
：
But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1880 to 4.5
million in 1900 to 8
．
4 million in 1920

分句
2
：
the number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia burgeoned

分句
3
：
as did the size of the average plant


分句
2
是整个长句子的主句

分句
1
是分句
2
的状语

分句
3
是
2
的并列句，同时它是一个省略句



1
和
2
、
3
嵌套

2
和
3
并列




38
．

What we today call American folk art was
，
indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks”
who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds
．
and especially for
portraits
．

(what
引导的从句作主语；介 词结构
(art)of
，
by
，
and for…——…
所有、所创和所享的
(
艺术
))




我们今天所称的美国民间艺术确实是被普通民众所有、
所创和所享的艺术 。
随着日渐繁荣和
不断增加的空闲，这些民众为各种艺术，尤其是肖像艺术创造了一个市场。< br>




15


分句
1
：
What we today call American folk art

分句
2
：
was
，
indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks”

分句
3
：
who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds
．
and
especially for portraits


分句
1
是
2
的主语从句

分句
2
是整个长句子的主句

分句
3
是
2
的定语从句，修饰
folks
，中间虽然有多个插入语，但仍是一个分句


1
和
2
嵌套


3
和
2
嵌套



39
．

But in the heyday of portrait painting
--
from the late eighteenth century until the 1850’s—anyone
with a modicum of artistic ability could become a limner as such a portraitist was called.

(as
引导方式状语从句
)

但是在肖像画的全盛期
——< br>从
18
世纪晚期一直到
19
世纪
50
年代
— —
任何一个稍有艺术能
力的人都能够成为一个绘画者
(
人们当时就是这样称呼 一个肖像画家的
)
。



分句
1
：
But in the heyday of portrait painting
--
from the late eighteenth century until the
1850’s—anyone with a modicum of artistic ability could become a limner as

分句
2
：
such a portraitist was called.



分句
1
是整个长句子的主句，中间的 插入部分都是由介词引导，可见并不能算作分句

分句
2
是分句
1< br>的方式状语从句，由
as
引导




1
和
2
嵌套




40
．

The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its colonial predecessors was far
from a rich one
，
and in fact
，
in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and
craftspeople
．


16
(
并列句；特殊结构
far from)

新生的美国从其殖民地时 期的先辈那里继承的雕塑遗产远远谈不上丰富，而且，实际上在
1776
年雕塑作为
—
种艺术形式仍然掌握在手艺人和工匠的手里。



分句
1
：
The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its colonial predecessors

分句
2
：
was far from a rich one

分句
3
：
and in fact
，
in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and
craftspeople


分句
2
和
3
是整个长句子的主句

分句
1
是分句
2
的主语从句

分句
3
是
2
的并列句



1
和
2
嵌套


2
和
3
并列



41
．

0n the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired
，
Americans turned to foreign
sculptors
，
as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina
，
commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt
．

(
句子主干是
Americans turned to foreign sculptors
；两个
when
都引导定语从句：
occasion
when…
，
1770's when…
；
as(in the 1770's)
的意思是
“
正如
”)

在少数情况下，当需 要一件精美的雕刻品时，就像
1770
年纽约与南卡罗来纳的查尔斯顿城
委托英国人约 瑟夫
·
威尔顿制造威廉
·
皮特的大理石雕像一样，美国人求助于外国人。






分句
1
：
0n the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired

分句
2
：
Americans turned to foreign sculptors

分句
3
：
as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina
，
commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt
．



分句
2
是整个长句子的主句

分句
1
是分句
2
的定语从句

分句
3
是分句
2
的定语从句



1
和
2
嵌套



17
2
和
3
并列




42
．

Add to this the timidity with which unschooled artisans—originally trained as stonemasons
，
carpenters
，
or cabinetmakers
--
attacked the medium from which they were to make their images
，
and one understands more fully the development of sculpture made in the United States in the late
eighteenth century
．

(add to this the timidity…=add the timidity…to this
为祈使句，
相当于一个条件句：
if one adds to
this the timidity…)

这个再加上没有受过学校教育的艺人——
他们最初是被训练为石匠、
木匠或家具木工的
——
对待他们要制作成 雕像的媒介物的胆怯，使人更充分地了解
18
世纪晚期美国雕刻艺术的发
展。



分句
1
：
Add to this the timidity

分句
2
：
with which unschooled artisans—originally trained as stonemasons
，
carpenters
，
or
cabinetmakers
--
attacked the medium

分句
3
：
from which they were to make their images

分句
4
：
and one understands more fully the development of sculpture made in the United States in
the late eighteenth century
．



分句
4
是整个长句子的主句

分句
1
、
2
、
3
是分句
4
的条件从句，证据意为：
“
把这些结 合起来，你就会明白
……”

分句
2
修饰
timidity
，虽然这句的长度最大，信息最多，但仍然只是整句话最终结论的一个
支撑。

分句
3
是修饰
medium
的定语从句



1
和
2
嵌套


2
和
3
嵌套

123
和
4
嵌套



43
．

Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve
the expenditure of water and energy
，
desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what
would normally be fever height
，
and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been

18
measured in Grant's gazelles
．

(what
引导的从句作
rise to
的宾语
)

沙漠哺乳动物并不试图将体温控制得很低，
因为这么做将会涉及水和能量的消耗，
而是允许< br>体温上升到平常是高烧的温度
——
有人在格兰特羚羊身上曾测到高达
46
摄氏度的体温。



分句
1
：
Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body

分句
2
：
which would involve the expenditure of water and energy

分句
3
：
desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to

分句
4
：
what would normally be fever height

分句
5
：
and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazelles
．



分句
3
、
5
是整个长句子的主句

分句
2
是分句
1
的定语从句

分句
4
是
3
的宾语从句。


1
和
2
嵌套


1
、
2
和
3
嵌套

3
和
4
嵌套

3
、
4
和
5
并列


44
．

Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can
charge their tenants in rent.

(whereby=by which
，引导定语从句，表示手段
)

租金管制是政府借以告诉房主他们可以收取多少租金的系统。



分句
1
：
Rent control is the system

分句
2
：
whereby the local government tells building owners

分句
3
：
how much they can charge their tenants in rent.



分句
1
是整个长句子的主句

分句
2
是分句
1
的定语从句，
whereby
相当于我们熟悉的
b y which

分句
3
是
2
的宾语从句，修饰
tell
的内容宾语（因为
tell
有双宾语）



1
和
2
嵌套



19
2
和
3
嵌套



45
．

They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's
，
which
，
combined with California's rapid
population growth
，
pushed housing prices
，
as well as rents, to record levels
．

(which
引导非限定性定语从句
)

它们受到了
20< br>世纪
70
年代通货膨胀的刺激，
这次通货膨胀与加利福尼亚人口的迅速增长结< br>合在一起，将房价与租金推到了创纪录的水平。



分句
1
：
They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's

分句
2
：
which
，
combined with California's rapid population growth

分句
3
：
pushed housing prices
，
as well as rents, to record levels



分句
1
是整个长句子的主句

分句
2
是分句
1
的定语从句，修饰
inflation
分句
3
同样是分句
1
的定语从句，主语仍然是上一句中的which



1
和
2
、
3
嵌套


2
和
3
并列


46
．

Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well
：
that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and
expressiveness with which sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony
．

(
倒装结构
Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well=An aesthetic principle

is implicit in it as
well
，
that
引导的句子做
principle
的同位语
)

其中也蕴涵一个美学 原则：
用于雕刻的媒介物有一定的美和富于表现力的特性，
雕刻家必须
使他们自己的审 美感与这些特性融为和谐的
—
体。


分句
1
：
Implicit in it is…

分句
2
：
that the medium has…

分句
3
：
which sculptors must bring…

3
和
2
嵌套

1
和
2
嵌套



20
47
．

With the turn
-
of
-
century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of
inspiration
，
such as wooden African figures and masks
，
there arose a new urge for hands
-
on,
personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium
．

(there arose…
是一个存在句
)

随着世纪之交的手工 艺运动和非传统灵感源泉
(
像非洲形体和面具
)
的发现，出现了一种亲自实践、亲手制作艺术和与媒介物直接接触的新要求。


本句为单句，
with
引导并列的两个短语作为伴随状态，真正的主语为
a new surge


48
．

The common kestrel roosts and hunts alone
，
but the lesser kestrel roosts and hunts in flocks
，
possibly so one bird can learn from others where to find insect swarms
．

(possibly so=possibly so that)

普通红隼单独栖 息和狩猎，
但较小的红隼群栖群食，
很可能因此一只鸟可以从其他鸟那儿了
解到在哪儿 可以找到成群的昆虫。


分句
1
：
the common kestrel…

分句
2
：
but

分句
3
：
possibly so…

分句
4
：
where to…

1
，
2
和
3
并列

3
和
4
嵌套


49
．

In the 1500s when the Spanish moved into what later was to become the southwestern United
States
，
they encountered the ancestors of the modern day Pueblo
，
Hopi
，
and Zuni peoples
．

(when
引导定语从句，
what
引导的从句作
moved into
的宾语
)

16
世纪西班牙人进入后来成为美国西南部的地 方时，他们遇到了今天皮艾布鲁人、霍比人
和株尼人的祖先。

分句
1
：
in the 1500s…

分句
2
：
when…

分句
3
：
what…

分句
4
：
they encountered…

2
、
3
和
1
嵌套

1
和
4
并列


50
．

During the 1940's electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible
with a visible light microscope
，
while the performance of x
-
ray microscopes resisted improvement
．


21
(that
指代前面的
resolution
，
possible with a visible
．
1ight microscope
作
that
的定语
)

20
世纪
40
年代，
电子显微镜通常比可见光显微镜的分辨能力更强，
而
X
光显微镜的表现却
没有改进。

分句
1
：
During the 1940…

分句
2
：
that…

分句
3
：
while..

1
和
2
嵌套

1
和
3
并列


5 1
．

What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem
foolish
，
harmful or affected
．

(what
引导主语从句；
that
引导定语从句
)

它们所做的就是从这样一个角度来看待熟悉的环境，使这些环境看上去愚蠢、有害或做作。

分句
1
：
what…

分句
2:is

分句
3
：
that makes

1
和
2
嵌套

2
和
3
嵌套


52
．

Satire jars US out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we
unquestioningly accept are false
．

(out of…into…
摆脱
…
，进入
…
；
that
引导的从句
many of the values…are false
作
realization
的
同位语；
we unquestioningly accept
作
values
的定语
)

讽刺作品使我们摆 脱了自满情绪，
并在愉快与震惊之中认识到：
许多我们毫无疑问地接受的
价值观是错误 的。

分句
1
：
Satire jars…

分句
2
：
that many…

分句
3
：
we unquestioningly…

2
和
3
嵌套

1
和
2
嵌套


53
．
With spontaneous irreverence
，
satire rearranges perspectives
．
scrambles familiar objects into
incongruous juxtaposition and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude
．

(and
连接并列句
)

讽刺作品用自然流露的嘲讽态度再设了视角，
将熟悉的事物自相矛盾地置于一起，
使用个性化语言，而不是抽象的陈词滥调。

本句为单句，主语是
satire,
谓语为
3
个平行的动词：
rearranges, scrambles, speaks…

With
引导介词短语为伴随状态。



22
54
．

It has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus
，
an irreverent reminder that they lived
in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy
．

(that
引导的从句作
reminder
的同位语
)
< br>它之所以存在，
是因为读者欣赏它使人耳目一新的刺激，
它毫不客气地提醒：
他 们活在一个
充满陈腐思想、廉价的道德说教与荒谬哲学的世界里。

分句
1
：
it has lived…

分句
2
：
because readers…

分句
3
：
that they lived…

1
和
2
为并列

2
和
3
为嵌套


55
．

Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them
。
nor do ordinary citizens devote their
lives to unselfish service of humanity
．

(
特殊结构
attribute to——
赋予，归因于；
nor
放在句首引起倒装
)

军人 很少拥有人们在电影中赋予他们的那种理想，
普通公民也很少奉献他们的生命为人类无
私地服务 。

分句
1
：
soldiers…

分句
2
：
that movies…

分句
3
：
nor do ordinary citizens…

1
和
3
并列

1
和
2
嵌套


56
．

In addition to having to be a generalist while specializing in what may seem to be a narrow field
，
the researcher is faced with the problem of primary materials that have little or no documentation
．

(what
引导的从句作
specializing in
的宾语
)

除了在专攻似乎是一个狭窄领域时不得不成为多面手以外，< br>研究人员还面临着关于原始材料
的文献很少或者根本没有这一问题。


分句
1
：
in addition to…

分句
2
：
what may seem …

分句
3
：
the researcher is…

分句
4
：
that has little…

1
和
2
嵌套

1
和
3
并列

3
和
4
嵌套


57.
Moreover
，
the degree to which cones are naturally slightly open or tightly closed helps determine

23
which bill design is the best
．

(
句子主干是
the degree…helps determine…
，从句
to which cones are naturally

slightly open or
tightly closed
作
degree
的定语
)

而且球果自然地轻微开口或紧紧关闭的程度有助于确定哪种喙的设计是最好的。

Hygiene


58.
It was she
，
a Baltimore printer
，
who published the first official copies of the Declaration
，
the first
copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen
colonies
．

(It was…who
为强调句；
the first copies
为前面
the first official copies
的同位语
)

就是她，一位巴 尔的摩的印刷商，出版了《独立宣言》的最早的官方版本，即包括《独立宣
言》签署者名字并因此预告所 有
13
个殖民地的支持的早期版本。

分句
1
：
it was…

分句
2
：
who publish…

分句
3
：
the first

1
和
2
嵌套

2
和
3
嵌套


59.
By comparison with these familiar yardsticks
，
the distances to the galaxies are incomprehensibly
large
，
but they too are made more manageable by using a time calibration
，
in this case the distance
that light travels in one year.

与这些熟悉的 尺度相比，
到太空的距离远得难以理解，
但它们也通过使用一个时间的标尺而
变得更加 容易对付了，在这种情况下是光在一年内走过的距离。

分句
1
：
the distance…

分句
2
：
but they too

分句
3
：
that…

1
和
2
并列

2
和
3
嵌套


60.
The primary reason was skepticism that a railroad built through so challenging and thinly settled a
stretch of desert
，
mountain
，
and semiarid plain could pay a profit
．

(that
引导的从句作
skepticism
的同位语
)

主要原因是存在一种怀疑主义，
人们怀疑途经如此富于挑战性、
人口稀疏的大片沙漠、
山脉
和半干旱平原的一条铁路能否获得利润。

分句
1
：
the primary…

分句
2
：
that a railroad…

1
和
2
嵌套



24
61.
The argument that humans
，
even in prehistoric times
，
had some number sense
，
at least to the
extent of recognizing the concepts of more and less when some objects were added to or taken
away from a small group
，
seems fair
．
for studies have shown that some animals possess such a
sense
．

(
复合句，主句的主干是
the argument…seems fair
，其中从句
that humans…had

some number
sense
做
argument
的同位语
)

人类 甚至在史前已经有数字感，至少到有些物体被加到一小组里或者被拿走时能够辨别出
“
多了”
还是
“
少了
”
的程度，
这一观点似乎很合理，因为研 究已经表明有些动物就有这样的意
识。

分句
1. The argument seems fair

分句
2. humans
，
even in prehistoric times
，
had some number sense
，

分句
3. at least to the extent of recognizing the concepts of more and less

分句
4. when some objects were added to or taken away from a small group

分句
5. for studies have shown that some animals possess such a sense
．

1
和
5
并列

2
和
3
嵌套

3
和
4
嵌套

1
和
2
嵌套

分句
1
是前半句的主干，< br>和分句
5
并列。
分句
2
中包含一个插入结构：
eve n in prehistoric times
，
分句
3
是分句
2
的状语；分句
4
是分句
3
的定语从句；分句
2
是分 句
1
的同位语从句。




62.
A useful definition of an air pollutant is a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the
atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans, animals
，
vegetation
，
or materials adversely
．

(
特殊结构
such…as to——
如此
…
以致
)

空气污染物的一个有用定义是：< br>一种直接或间接加入到空气里的化合物，
其数量足以对人类、
动物、植物或物质产生不利 影响。


分句
1.A useful definition of an air pollutant is a compound added directly or indirectly by
humans to the atmosphere

分句
such quantities as to affect humans, animals
，
vegetation
，
or materials adversely

1
和
2
嵌套

分句
2
是分句
1
的补语


63
．

The acute
，
growing public awareness of the social changes that had been taking place for some
time was tied to tremendous growth in popular journalism in the late nineteenth century
，
including
growth in quantity and circulation of both magazines and newspapers
．

(awareness…was tied to tremendous growth…
为句子主干
)


25
公众对一段时间内 一直在发生的社会变化敏锐的、不断增强的意识，与
19
世纪晚期通俗新
闻的巨大增长
(
包括杂志和报纸在数量和发行量上的增长
)
紧密相连。


分句
acute
，
growing public awareness of the social changes was tied to tremendous growth
in popular journalism in the late nineteenth century

分句
2. had been taking place for some time

分句
ing growth in quantity and circulation of both magazines and newspapers

1
和
2
嵌套

1
和
3
嵌套

分句
1
是句子主干，
分句
2
是分句
1
的同位语从句，
分句
3includin g
现在分词是分句
1
中修
饰
tremendous growth
的定语。



64
．

A detailed study has been made of the prints using photogrammetry
，
a technique for obtaining
measurements through photographs
，
which created a drawing showing all the curves and contours
of the prints
．

(
被动语态
)

已经使用照相测量法
(
一种通过照 相获得测量数据的技术
)
对这些脚印进行了一项详细的研
究，这种方法产生了一张显示 脚印所有曲线和轮廓的照片。

分句
1. A detailed study has been made of the prints using photogrammetry

分句
2. a technique for obtaining measurements through photographs

分句
3. which created a drawing showing all the curves and contours of the prints

2
和
3
并列

1
和
2
，
3
嵌套

1
是主干，
2
和
3
都是
1 : the prints using photogrammetry
的定语：
2
是插入语，< br>3
是定语从句。



65
．

Footprints thus provide US not merely with rare impressions of the soft tissue of early hominids
，
but also with evidence of upright walking that in many ways is clearer than can be obtained from
the analysis of bones
．

(
特殊结构
not merely…but also
；比较结构
)

因此脚印不仅仅为我们提供早期人类软组织的稀有印 记，
而且为我们提供了直立行走的证据，
这些证据在许多方面比骨头分析所提供的证据更清楚。

分句
1. Footprints thus provide US not merely with rare impressions of the soft tissue of early
hominids

分句
2. but also with evidence of upright walking

分句
3. that in many ways is clearer than can be obtained from the analysis of bones

1
和
2
并列

2
和
3
嵌套

2
中省略：
Footprints provide
；
3
是
2
的同位语从句


26