唐家寺的雨伞-初五
y without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface
，
the deep
—
ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans
，
in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void
of outer space
．
(
定语后置
in some ways…)
由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，
深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的
环境 ，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。
分句
1
：
Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures
分句
2
：
hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface
分句
3
：
the deep
—
ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans
分句
4
：
in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space
分句
2
修饰分句
1
结尾的短语
intense pressures
，
分句
1
是分句
3
的原因状语
分句
3
是整个长句子的主句
分句
4
是分句
3
的后置定语，修饰分句
3
的
a hostile environment to humans
整个句子结构是：
原因状语
+
主句
+
后置定语
这是主句前后分别有 状语和定语的修饰成分，
但是本句其实不是复合句。
句子的核心意思是深海对于人类
而 言是一个充满敌意的环境。
to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country's impressive
population growth
．
(
倒装结构
Basic to any understanding…is…)
要理解二战之后
20
年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。
分句
1
：
Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War
分句
2
：
is
分句
3
：
the country's impressive population growth
分句
1
，
2
，
3
共同构成倒装句，
正常的语序应该是
3< br>，
2
，
1
，
即：
该句的正常语序是
The country's impressive
population growth is basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War
．
本句是一个简单句，只不过使用了倒装，谓语动词是
is.
a result
，
claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or
provides other benefits to health have become widely public
ized and form the basis for folklore
．
(
同位语从句
claims that…)
结果，那些认为只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康的观点广为人知，并成 为一些民间说法的基础。
分句
1
：
that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides
other benefits to health
分句
2
：
claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore
分句< br>2
嵌套分句
1
，分句
1
作为分句
2
主语的同 位语从句嵌套在分句
2
中。因此本句的主句是
claims have
become widely public
ized and form the basis for folklore.
那些观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。
同位语从句是
that
eating
a
diet
consisting
entirely
of
organically
grown
foods
prevents
or
cures
disease
or
provides other benefits to health
：只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康
are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones
，
that fertilized
eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs
，
that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the
like
．
(
并列同位语从句
reports that…
，
that…
，
that…)
关于天然维生素 优于人造维生素，
受精蛋比未受精蛋的营养价值更高，
未经熏蒸消毒处理的谷物比经过处
理的好等等报道屡见不鲜，但都没有得到证实。
分句
1
：
There are numerous unsubstantiated reports
1
分句
2
：
natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones
分句
3
：
that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs
分句
4
：
that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like
分句
1
是整个长句的主句，分句
2
、分 句
3
和分句
4
是并列关系，共同构成分句
1
的同位语从句。 本句的
意思是有很多没有经过证实的报道，然后并列了三个未经过证实的报道的从句。
5·
The
desperate
plight
of
the
South
has
eclipsed
the
fact
that reconstruction
had
to
be
undertaken
also
in
the
North
，
though less spectacularly
．
(
同位语从句
fact that…)
南方极为严重的困境使北方同样需要开始重建
(
尽管不像南方 那么引人注目
)
这一事实显得不太重要。
分句
1. The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact
分句
2. reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North
分句
less spectacularly
（省略）
1
和
2
嵌套
1
和
3
并列
6·
The
new
accessibility
of
land
around
the
periphery
of
almost
every
major city sparked
an
explosion
of
real
estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl
．
(
宾语从句
what we now know as)
现在可以获得这些环绕几乎每个大城市边缘地区的土地，
这一可能性激发了一场房地产 开发的热潮并造成
了我们现在称为城区无计划扩展的现象。
分句
1
：
The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of
real estate development and fueled
分句
2
：
what we now know as urban sprawl
分句
1
嵌套分句
2< br>，即分句
1
是主句，分句
2
是宾语从句，主句结构经过精简应该是The new accessibility
of land sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled urban sprawl
。
本句的理解困难还来自于抽象词
fuel，它作为名词的含义广为人知，是能源、燃料，作为动词的时候的意
思就可以引申为促使、造成。< br>
these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there c
ame to be such a concentration of
pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth
．
(Of
结构作定语：
of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs…)
但这些因素并不能解释这个有趣的问题：为何在一个特定的地 点会如此集中地出现即将临产的怀孕鱼龙
群。
分句
1
：
But these factors do not account for the interesting question
分句
2
：
of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to
their time of giving birth
分句
1
嵌套分句
2.
分句
2< br>是
Of
结构作后置定语修饰说明
question
的内容。
8.
Amid
rumors
that
there
were
prehistoric
mammoths
wandering
around
the
unknown
region
and
that
somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent
，
the two captains set out
．
(
同位语从句
rumors that…)
< br>当时有一些传言，
说有史前的猛犸在这一陌生的区域活动，
而且在这一区域的某个地方有 一座巨大的盐石
山，其面积达
80
英里长
50
英里宽。就在这些传言 中，两位上尉出发了。
2
分句
1
：
Amid rumors
分句
2
：
that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region
分句
3
：
and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent
分句
4
：
the two captains set out
分句
1
和分句
4
构成倒装，正常的语序应该是分句
4+
分句
1
，即
the two captains set out Amid rumors
。分
句
1
嵌套分句
2
和分 句
3
，分句
2
和分句
3
是修饰分句
1
的< br>rumors
的同位语从句，用来说明谣言的具体
内容。分句
2
和分句
3
构成并列关系。
9. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord
，
and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the
keyboard
group
，
a
supremacy
they
maintained
until
the
piano
supplanted
them
at
the
end
of
the
eighteenth
century
．
(
同位语
a supremacy)
17
世纪时风琴、敲弦琴和拨 弦琴成为键盘乐器类的主要成员，这种至高无上的地位一直由它们保持，直
到
18
世纪 末被钢琴所取代。
分句
1
：
In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord
，
and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of
the keyboard group
，
分句
2
：
a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century
分句
2
是 分句
1
的同位语从句，用来修饰说明分句
1
中的
the chief instruments of the keyboard group
10
．
A
series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction
of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality
，
finally
produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delic
ate harmonies to an almost orchestral
fullness of sound
，
from a liquid
，
singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance
．
(
介词结构
from…to…
作定语
)
持续到
1 9
世纪的一系列机械上的改进，包括引入踏板以维持音调或使其柔和，改善金属框架，以及使用
最佳牲能的钢丝，
最终产生了一种具备无数音调效果的乐器
——
这些效果涵盖了从最精 致的和声到几乎全
部的管弦乐音响，从明快流畅的吟唱音调到尖锐的打击乐器的恢弘气氛。
分句
1
：
A
series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century
分句
2
：
including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it
分句
3
：
the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality
分句
4
：
finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects
分句
5
：
from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound
，
分句
6
：
from a liquid
，
singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance
本句的真正的主句结构其实是由分句
1
和分句4
构成，即
A
series
of
mechanical
improvements
continuing
well into the nineteenth century finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal eff ects
，
，分句
2
和分句
3
并列修饰说明分句
1
中的
A
series of mechanical improvements< br>，
而分句
5
和分句
6
并列，
修饰说明了分句
4
中的
an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects
11
．
The largest later named Pueblo Bonito(Pretty Town)by the Spanish, rose in five terraced stories
，
contained
more than 800 rooms
，
and could have housed a population of 1
，
000 or more
．
最大的一座后来被西班牙人称为
Pueblo Bonito(
美丽的城镇
)
，是一个五层梯式楼，有
800
多间房子，能够
容纳
1 000
人以上。
分句
1
：
The
largest
rose
in five
terraced
stories
，
contained
more than
800
rooms
，
and could
have
housed
a
3
population of 1
，
000 or more
分句
2
：
later named Pueblo Bonito(Pretty Town)by the Spanish
分句
1
嵌套分句
2
，
分句
2
用来修饰分句
1
的主语
the largest,
分句
1
内部是由三个并列的谓语构成的句子。
12
．
Accustomed though we are to speaking of the fi
lms made before 1927 as “silent”
，
the film has never been
，
in the full sense of the word, silent
．
(
倒装
accustomed though we are…=though we are accustomed…)
虽然我们习惯于 将
1927
年以前的电影叫做
“
无声电影
”
，但是就
“
无声
’’
这个词的完整意义上说，电影从未
真正的无声过。
分句
1
：
Accustomed though we are to speaking of t
he films made before 1927 as “silent”
分句
2
：
the film has never been silent
分句
3
：
in the full sense of the word
本句的难点是在分句
1
内部有一个倒装，正常的语序应该是
though
we
are
accustomed
to
speaking
of
the
films made before 1927 as silen t.
分句
3
是一个插入语，嵌套在分句
2
中，所以本句的真正强调的 核心是
the
film has never been silent
。
a
number
of
years
the
selection
of
music
for
each
film
program
rested
entirely
in
the
hands
of
the
conductor or leader of the orchestra
，
and very often the principal qualification far holding such a position was not
skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces
．
(
特殊结构
not…SO much as…——
与其说
…
不如说
…)
在好些年内，
为 各部影片选择配乐的权力完全掌握在乐队指挥或队长手中，
而通常担任这种职位的资格与
其说是 技巧或鉴赏品位，不如说是个人拥有音乐作品的丰富收藏。
分句
1
：
.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the
conductor or leader of the orchestra
分句
2
：
and very often the principal qualification far holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the
ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces
分句
1
和分句
2
构成并列关系， 分句
2
的难点在于
not
??
so much as
的结构。
14·
Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation
of the importance of biological diversity
，
the number of species in a particular ecosystem
，
to the health of the
Earth and human well-being
．
(
倒装
coincident with concerns…has been…=…has been coincident with concerns…)
在对物种和动物栖息地加速消失表示关注的同时，
人们也越来越认识到生物多样化，
即一个特 定生态系统
中物种的数量对地球的健康以及人类幸福的重要性。
分句
1
：
Coincident
with
concerns
about
the
accelerating
loss
of
species
and
habitats
has
been
a
growing
appreciation of the importance of biological diversity
分句
2
：
the number of species in a particular ecosystem
分句
3
：
to the health of the Earth and human well-being
分句
1
内部构成倒装，正常语序应该是
concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been
coincident with a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity to the health of the Earth and
human well-being
所以真正的主句经过精简之后是
concerns has been coincident with a growing appreciation
分句
2
是一个插入语， 用来解释说明分句
1
结尾的
biological diversity
fact
that
half
of
the
known
species
are
thought
to
inhabit
the
world's
rain
forests
does
not
seem
4
surprising
，
considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species
．
(
同位语从句
fact that…
；定语从句
that comprise the bulk…)
考虑到组成大部分物种的昆虫的巨大数量，
认为半数的已知物种栖息在世界的雨林中这一事实看起来并 不
令人吃惊。
分句
1
：
The fact does not seem surprising
分句
2
：
that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests
分句
3
：
considering the huge numbers of insects
分句
4
：
that comprise the bulk of the species
分句
1
嵌套分句
2
，分 句
2
解释说明分句
1
的主语
the fact,
是同位语从 句，分句
3
作为分句
1
的原因状语，
分句
4
是定语 从句，修饰分句
3
的
the huge numbers of insects
appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea
，
it helps to think small
．
(
特殊结构
it helps to…
做
…
有帮助
)
要充分认识海洋生命的多样性和丰富性，从小的角度思考有帮助。
目的状语：
To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea,
主句：
it helps to think small
．
（这里的
it
是形式主语，没有实际意义）
1 e is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks
，
but a collection of facts cannot be called science
any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house
．
(
特殊结构
not any more than
像
…
一样不
…)
科学建立在事实上，
就 像房子用砖砌成一样。
但收集的事实不能被叫做科学，
就像一堆砖不能被称为房子
一样 。
分句
1.
Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks,
分句
2.
but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.
1
和
2
是并列分句
（转折关系）
variation
between
the
hemispheres
corresponds
to which side
of
the
body
is
used
to
perform
specific
activities
．
(
从句
which side…is used…
作
corresponds to
的宾语
两个半球之间的不同与身体的哪一部分用于进行特定的活动是对应的。
分句
1.
The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to
分句
2.
which side of the body is used to perform specific activities
．
1
和
2
是嵌套
1
是主句，
2
做主句的宾语
a
period
characterized
by
the
abandonment
of
so
much
of
the
realistic
tradition
by
authors
such
as John
Barth
，
Donald
Barthelme
，
and
Thomas
Pynchon,
Joyce
Carol
Oates
has
seemed
at
times
determinedly
old-fashioned in her insistence OD the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction
．
(
特殊结构
characterized by…——
以
…
为特征
)
尽管处于一个以抛弃大量现实主义传统< br>(
以作家约翰
·
巴思、唐纳德
·
巴塞尔姆和托马斯．品钦为代 表
)
为特
5
征的时代，
乔伊斯
·
卡罗 尔
·
欧茨因为坚持自己小说本质上模仿的特点，
有时候看起来是一个坚定的守旧派。< br>
分句
1.
characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth
，
Donald Barthelme
，
and Thomas Pynchon,
分句
2.
Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence OD the essentially
mimetic quality of her fiction
．
分句
1
做时间状语“
In a period
”的后置定语，补充修饰
period
，相当于省略了
“
which was
”
的定语从句
分句
2
是主句
20
．
If it were not for this faculty
，
they would devour all the food available
in short time and would probably
starve themselves out of existence
．
(
虚拟语气
)
如果不是具有这种 能力，它们就会在短时间内吞掉所有能得到的食物，而且很可能会因饿死而灭绝。
分句
1.
If it were not for this faculty
分句
2.
they would devour all the food available in short time
分句
3.
would probably starve themselves out of existence
分句
1
是虚拟句的条件从句
分句
2
、
3
是并列，
主句
21
．
Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures
，
as are social classes
．
(
倒装
as are social classes)
’
个人主义和社会阶层在民间文化群体中的发展十分薄弱。
分句
1.
Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures
分句
2.
as are social classes
1
和
2
并列，
2
采用倒装语序，
as
表示“也，和
…
一样”
22
．
People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that unprecedented change
in the nation's economy would bring social chaos
．
(
同位语从句
prospect that…)
19
世纪 的美国人因为害怕国家经济中史无前例的变化会带来社会混乱这一前景而提心吊胆。
分句
1.
People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect
分句
2.
unprecedented change in the nation's economy would bring social chaos
．
1
和
2
嵌套，
1
是主句，
2
具体解释说明
prospect
23
．
Accompanying that growth was a structural change that featured increasing
economic diversification and a
gradual shift in the nation's labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits
．
(
倒装
Accompanying that growth was a structural change that…=A
structural change…was accompanying that
6
growth)
伴随着这一增长的是一个结构变化，
它以经济的不断多样化和国家劳 动力从农业到制造业和其他非农业职
业的逐渐转化为特征。
分句
1.
Accompanying that growth was a structural change
分句
2.
featured
increasing
economic
diversification
and
a
gradual
shift
in
the
nation's
labor
force
from
agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits
1
和
2
是嵌套
分句
1
是主句，且采用完全倒装的形式
分句
2
是定语从句，修饰
change.
这个定语从句结构较复杂， 由
2
个
and
连接三个并列的名词性成分
24
．
As the roles men and women played in society became more rigidly defined, so did the roles they played in
the home
．
(
倒装
so did…)
随着男人和女人在社会中扮演的角色被限定得更加严格，他们在家中的角色也是如此。
分句
1.
the roles
became more rigidly defined
分句
2.
men and women played in society
分句
3.
so did the roles
分句
4.
they played in the home
．
1
和
2
嵌套，
3
和
4
嵌套
1
和
3
并列
2
和
4
分别作为定语从句修饰
roles
3
是由
so
引导的部分倒装句
nding
the
column
are
three
sepals
and
three
petals
，
sometimes
easily
recognizable
as
such
，
often
distorted into gorgeous
，
weird
，
but always functional shapes
．
(
倒装
Surrounding the column are…)
围绕着蕊柱的是三个萼片和三个花瓣，有时很容易辨认出来，但经常被扭成华丽、
奇特但总是有用的形状。
分句
1.
Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals
分句
2.
sometimes easily recognizable as such
，
often distorted into gorgeous
，
weird
，
but always functional
shapes
．
1
是主句，
采用完全倒装
26
．
With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it
，
young
people
married
and
established
households
earlier
and
began
to
raise
larger
families
than
had
their
predecessors during the Depression
．
(
倒装
than had their predecessors
—
比较结构的第二部分
)
随着二战带来的持续繁 荣以及随之而来的经济增长，
年轻人比大萧条中的同龄人结婚成家更早，
而且养育
的家 庭比他们的前辈更大。
分句
1.
the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War
分句
2.
the economic boom that followed it
分句
3.
young people married and established households earlier
7
分句
4.
began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression
．
1
和
2
并列，
3
和
4
并列
1
和
2
是伴随状语
3
和
4
是主句
27
．
The railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature
；
furthermore
，
in its manifestation of speed and noise
，
it might be a despoiler of human nature as well
．
(
关联结构
could be and was)
铁路可以，事实上也是自然的掠夺者；而且，在其速度和噪音的表现上也可能是人性的掠夺者。
分句
1.
The railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature
分句
2.
it might be a despoiler of human nature as well
．
1
和
2
是并列
（由分号连接的两个并列分句）
28
．
In the railroads' prime years
，
between 1 890 and 1920
，
there were a few individuals in the United States
，
most
of
them
with
solid
railroading
experience
behind
them
，
who
made
a
profession
of
writing
about
railroading--works offering the ambience of stations
，
yards
，
and locomotive cabs
．
(
同位语
most of them
；定语从句
who made a profession of writing)
在
1890
年到
1920
年间铁路的黄金时期，
美国有几个 人
(
他们大多有丰富的铁路经验
)
以写铁路题材为职业
——
作品围绕车站、停车场和机车。
分句
1.
there were a few individuals in the United States
分句
2.
most of them with solid railroading experience behind them
分句
3.
who made a profession of writing about railroading
分句
4.
works offering the ambience of stations
，
yards
，
and locomotive cabs
．
1
是主句
2
和
3
是嵌套
2
作为
1
中
a few individuals
的同位语，对它进一步解释说明
29
．
On the other hand
，
when it comes to substantive-- particularly behavioral-information
，
crows are less well
known
than
many comparably
common
species
and
，
for
that matter
，
not
a
few
quite
uncommon
ones
：
the
endangered California condor
，
to cite one obvious example
．
(
特殊结构
for that matter)
另一方面，
当涉及实质性的，
特别是行为方面的信息时，
乌鸦就不如许多比较 而言很普通的鸟类那样为人
所知；
而且，
也不如许多很不寻常的鸟类，
举一个 明显的例子，
如像濒危的加利福尼亚大秃鹫那样为人所
知。
分句
1.
when it comes to substantive --particularly behavioral-information
分句
2.
crows are less well known than many comparably common species and, for that matter
，
not a few quite
uncommon ones
：
the endangered California condor
，
to cite one obvious example
．
1
和
2
是并列，
分句
1
是时间状语，
2
是主句，其中包含插入语结构
以及
冒号连接的解释说明的成分
30
．
Keen
observers
and
quick
learners
，
they
are
astute
about
the
intentions
of
other
creatures
，
including
researchers
，
and adept at avoiding them
．
(
并列同位语
keen observers and quick learners)
8
乌鸦是敏锐的观察家和快捷的学习者，它们 对其他生物
(
包括研究人员
)
的意图感觉非常敏锐，并且善于躲
开它 们。
分句
1.
they are astute about the intentions of other creatures
，
including researchers
分句
2.
and adept at avoiding them
．
1
和
2
是并列
31
．
These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but
also
of
history
，
providing
flesh
insights
into
the
daily
lives
of
ordinary
people
whose
existences
might
not
otherwise be so well documented
．
(
宾语从句
demonstrate that…
；特殊结构
otherwise)
这些研究人员已经力图证实他们的工作 不仅可以成为科学而且还是历史的宝贵工具，
为了解普通人的日常
生活提供崭新的观点，否则这 些普通人的生存状态不可能被记载得这么好。
分句
1
：
These researchers have sought to demonstrate that
分句
2
：
their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history
分句
3
：
providing flesh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people
分句
4
：
whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented
．
分句
1
是整个长句子的主句
分句
2
是分句
1
的宾语从句
分句
3
是动词同位语从句，以分词形式表示伴随状态
分句
4
补充说明，是
3
的从句。
1
和
2
嵌套
1
和
3
并列
3
和
4
嵌套
32
．
Legend has it that sometime toward the end of the Civil War(1861--1865)a government train carrying oxen
traveling through the northern plains of eastern Wyoming was caught in a snowstorm and had to be abandoned
．
(
特殊结构
Legend has i
t that…=There is a legend that…)
传说在内战
(1861--1865)
快 结束的某个时候，一列载着牛群的政府的火车在穿过怀俄明州东部的北部平原
时遇到了暴风雪，因此不得 不被遗弃。
分句
1
：
Legend has it that
分句
2
：
sometime
toward
the
end
of
the
Civil
War(1861--1865)a
government
train
carrying
oxen
traveling
through the northern plains of eastern Wyoming was caught in a snowstorm
分句
3
：
and had to be abandoned
分句
1
是整个长句子的形式主句
分句
2
是分句
1
的具体解释，
也是真正的主句。
这里出现了 几个分词形式，
如
“
carrying oxen
”
“
traveling
through
??”等，完全可以换成“
that/which carries
??”
，但这里都作为修饰成分，从简分析
分句
3
是
2
的并列
9
1
和
2
、
3
嵌套
2
和
3
并列
33
．
It is a lifelong process
，
a process that starts long before the start of school and one that should be an integral
part of one's entire life
．
(
并列同位语
a process that…
，
and one that…)
教育是一个终生的过程，早在人们上学之前就开始了。它应成为人的一生中不可缺少的一部分。
分句
1
：
It is a lifelong process
，
a process
分句
2
：
that starts long before the start of school
分句
3
：
and one that should be an integral part of one's entire life
分句
1
是整个长句子的形式主句
分句
2
是分句
1
的同位语从句，是对
1
的进一步解释说明
分句
3
是
2
的并列句，同为对
1
的解释说明
1
和
2
、
3
嵌套
2
和
3
并列
34
．
Life's transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an evolutionary challenge as was the genesis
of life
．
(
特殊结构
as much…as
；倒装
as was the genesis of life)
生命从海洋到陆地的过渡可能是一个像生命起源那样的进化挑战。
分句
1
：
Life's transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an evolutionary challenge
分句
2
：
as was the genesis of life
分句
1
是整个长句子的主句 ，虽然这一部分很长，但主谓宾只有一套，而且顺序是正常的
分句
2
是倒装句，按正当语序相当于“
the genesis of life was as
??（省略）
”
1
和
2
嵌套
35
．
In agriculture
，
the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators
，
the cotton presses
，
the warehouses
，
and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many of the nation's farmers the visible sign of
a vast conspiracy against them
．
(
特殊结构
marked by
；定语从句
that seemed…the visible sign…)
在农业上，这一变化的标志是谷物升 降机、皮棉打包机厂、货栈和商品交换的出现
,
对全国的众多农民来
说它们是反对农民 的大阴谋的明显标志。
分句
1
：
In
agriculture
，
the
transformation
was marked
by
the
emergence
of
the
grain
elevators
，
the
cotton
10
presses
，
the warehouses
，
and the commodity exchanges
分句
2
：
that seemed to so many of the nation's farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy against them
分句
1
是整个长句子的主句，其中宾语部分是由几个并列短语构成的
分句
2
是分句
1
的定语从句，进一步解释了这些东西何以成为了“标志”< br>
1
和
2
嵌套
36
．
And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individual contractors presided over what
were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a single building
．
(w here
引导定语从句；
what
引导的从句作
presided over
的宾语
)
仍然有像金属制造厂一类的工厂，在那里个体承包商管理在同一幢 楼里的本质上是手工艺品所有人的工
场。
分句
1
：
And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork
分句
2
：
where individual contractors presided over
分句
3
：
what were essentially handicraft proprietorships
分句
4
：
that coexisted within a single building
分句
1
是整个长句子的主句
分句
2
是分句
1
的定语从句
分句
3
是
2
的宾语从句
分句
4
是
3
的定语从句。
1
和
2
嵌套
2
和
3
嵌套
3
和
4
嵌套
37
．
But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1880 to 4.5 million in 1900 to
8
．
4 million in 1920
．
the number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia burgeoned
，
as did the size of the average plant
．
(
倒装结构
as did…)
但 随着制造业中挣工资的人数从
1880
年的
270
万上升到
1900
年的
450
万到
1920
年的
840
万，像费城的
包德温机车工厂这样的大型工厂的数量也大幅增加，同时普通工厂的规模也剧增。
分句
1
：
But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1880 to 4.5 million in 1900
to 8
．
4 million in 1920
分句
2
：
the number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia burgeoned
分句
3
：
as did the size of the average plant
分句
2
是整个长句子的主句
分句
1
是分句
2
的状语
11
分句
3
是
2
的并列句，同时它是一个省略句
1
和
2
、
3
嵌套
2
和
3
并列
38
．
What we today call American folk art was
，
indeed, art of, by
, and for ordinary, everyday
“folks”
who, with
increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds
．
and especially for portraits
．
(what
引导的从句作主语；介词结构< br>(art)of
，
by
，
and for…——…
所有、所创和所享的
(
艺术
))
我们今天所称的美国民间艺术确实是被普通民众所有、
所创和所享的艺术 。
随着日渐繁荣和不断增加的空
闲，这些民众为各种艺术，尤其是肖像艺术创造了一个市场。< br>
分句
1
：
What we today call American folk art
分句
2
：
was
，
indeed, art of, by
, and for ordinary, everyday “folks”
分句
3
：
who, with
increasing
prosperity
and
leisure, created
a
market
for
art
of
all
kinds
．
and
especially
for
portraits
分句
1
是
2
的主语从句
分句
2
是整个长句子的主句
分句
3
是
2
的定语从句，修饰
folks
，中间虽然有多个插入语，但仍是一个分句
1
和
2
嵌套
3
和
2
嵌套
39
．
But
in
the
heyday
of
portrait
painting--
from the
late
eighteenth
century
until
the
1850’s—
anyone
with
a
modicum of artistic ability could become a limner as such a portraitist was called.
(as
引导方式状语从句
)
但是在肖像画的全盛期
——
从
18
世纪晚期一直到
19
世纪
50
年代
——
任何一个稍有艺术能力的人都能够
成为一个绘画者
(
人们当时就是这样称呼一个肖像 画家的
)
。
分句
1
：
But in the heyday of portrait painting--
from the late eighteenth century until the 1850’s—
anyone with a
modicum of artistic ability could become a limner as
分句
2
：
such a portraitist was called.
分句
1
是整个长句子的主句，中间的 插入部分都是由介词引导，可见并不能算作分句
分句
2
是分句
1< br>的方式状语从句，由
as
引导
1
和
2
嵌套
12
40
．
The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its colonial predecessors was far from a rich
one
，
and in fact
，
in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople
．
(
并列句；特殊结构
far from)
新生的美国从其殖民地时期的先辈 那里继承的雕塑遗产远远谈不上丰富，而且，实际上在
1776
年雕塑作
为
—
种艺术形式仍然掌握在手艺人和工匠的手里。
分句
1
：
The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its colonial predecessors
分句
2
：
was far from a rich one
分句
3
：
and in fact
，
in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople
分句
2
和
3
是整个长句子的主句
分句
1
是分句
2
的主语从句
分句
3
是
2
的并列句
1
和
2
嵌套
2
和
3
并列
41
．
0n the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired
，
Americans turned to foreign sculptors
，
as in
the 1770's when the cities of New Y
ork and Charleston, South Carolina
，
commissioned the Englishman Joseph
Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt
．
(
句子主干是
Americans
turned
to foreign
sculptors
；两个
when
都引导定语从句：occasion
when…
，
1770's
when…
；
as(in the 1770's)
的意思是
“
正如
”)
在少数情况下，当需 要一件精美的雕刻品时，就像
1770
年纽约与南卡罗来纳的查尔斯顿城委托英国人约
瑟夫
·
威尔顿制造威廉
·
皮特的大理石雕像一样，美国人求助于外国人。
分句
1
：
0n the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired
分句
2
：
Americans turned to foreign sculptors
分句
3
：
as
in
the
1770's
when
the
cities
of
New
Y
ork
and
Charleston,
South
Carolina
，
commissioned
the
Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt
．
分句
2
是整个长句子的主句
分句
1
是分句
2
的定语从句
分句
3
是分句
2
的定语从句
1
和
2
嵌套
2
和
3
并列
42
．
Add to this the timidity with which unschooled artisans
—
originally trained as stonemasons
，
carpenters
，
or
cabinetmakers--attacked the medium from which they were to make their images
，
and one understands more fully
the development of sculpture made in the United States in the late eighteenth century
．
13
(add
to
this
the
timidity…=add
the
timidity…to
this
为祈使句，相当于一个条件句：
if
one
adds
to
this
the
timidity…)
这个再加上没有受过学校教育的艺人
——
他 们最初是被训练为石匠、
木匠或家具木工的
——
对待他们要制
作成雕像的媒介 物的胆怯，使人更充分地了解
18
世纪晚期美国雕刻艺术的发展。
分句
1
：
Add to this the timidity
分
句
2
：
with
which
unschooled
artisans
—
originally
trained
as
stonemasons
，
carpenters
，
or
cabinetmakers--attacked the medium
分句
3
：
from which they were to make their images
分句
4
：
and
one
understands
more fully
the
development
of
sculpture
made
in
the
United
States
in
the
late
eighteenth century
．
分句
4
是整个长句子的主句
分句
1
、
2
、
3
是分句
4
的条件从句，证据意为：
“把这些结合起来，你就会明白??”
分句
2
修饰
timidi ty
，虽然这句的长度最大，信息最多，但仍然只是整句话最终结论的一个支撑。
分句
3
是修饰
medium
的定语从句
1
和
2
嵌套
2
和
3
嵌套
123
和
4
嵌套
43
．
Instead
of
trying
to
keep
down
the
body
temperature
deep
inside
the
body,
which
would
involve
the
expenditure of water and energy
，
desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be
fever height
，
and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazelles
．
(what
引导的从句作
rise to
的宾语
)
沙漠哺 乳动物并不试图将体温控制得很低，
因为这么做将会涉及水和能量的消耗，
而是允许体温上升到 平
常是高烧的温度
——
有人在格兰特羚羊身上曾测到高达
46
摄氏度 的体温。
分句
1
：
Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body
分句
2
：
which would involve the expenditure of water and energy
分句
3
：
desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to
分句
4
：
what would normally be fever height
分句
5
：
and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazelles
．
分句
3
、
5
是整个长句子的主句
分句
2
是分句
1
的定语从句
分句
4
是
3
的宾语从句。
1
和
2
嵌套
1
、
2
和
3
嵌套
3
和
4
嵌套
3
、
4
和
5
并列
14
44
．
Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge
their tenants in rent.
(whereby=by which
，引导定语从句，表示手段
)
租金管制是政府借以告诉房主他们可以收取多少租金的系统。
分句
1
：
Rent control is the system
分句
2
：
whereby the local government tells building owners
分句
3
：
how much they can charge their tenants in rent.
分句
1
是整个长句子的主句
分句
2
是分句
1
的定语从句，
whereby
相当于我们熟悉的
by which
分句
3
是
2
的宾语从句，修饰
tell
的内容宾语（因为
tell
有双宾语）
1
和
2
嵌套
2
和
3
嵌套
45
．
They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's
，
which
，
combined with California's rapid population growth
，
pushed housing prices
，
as well as rents, to record levels
．
(which
引导非限定性定语从句
)
它们受到了
20
世 纪
70
年代通货膨胀的刺激，
这次通货膨胀与加利福尼亚人口的迅速增长结合在一起，
将
房价与租金推到了创纪录的水平。
分句
1
：
They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's
分句
2
：
which
，
combined with California's rapid population growth
分句
3
：
pushed housing prices
，
as well as rents, to record levels
分句
1
是整个长句子的主句
分句
2
是分句
1
的定语从句，修饰
inflation < br>分句
3
同样是分句
1
的定语从句，主语仍然是上一句中的
wh ich
1
和
2
、
3
嵌套
2
和
3
并列
46
．
Implicit
in
it
is
an
aesthetic
principle
as
well
：
that
the
medium
has
certain
qualities
of
beauty
and
expressiveness with which sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony
．
(
倒装结构
Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well=An aesthetic principle is implicit in it as well
，
that引导
的句子做
principle
的同位语
)
其中也蕴涵一个 美学原则：
用于雕刻的媒介物有一定的美和富于表现力的特性，
雕刻家必须使他们自己的
审美感与这些特性融为和谐的
—
体。
15
分句
1
：
Implicit in it is
…
分句
2
：
that the medium has
…
分句
3
：
which sculptors must bring
…
3
和
2
嵌套
1
和
2
嵌套
47
．
With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration
，
such as
wooden
African
figures
and
masks
，
there
arose
a
new
urge
for
hands-on,
personal
execution
of
art
and
an
interaction with the medium
．
(there arose…
是一个存在句
) < br>随着世纪之交的手工艺运动和非传统灵感源泉
(
像非洲形体和面具
)
的 发现，出现了一种亲自实践、亲手制
作艺术和与媒介物直接接触的新要求。
本句为单句，
with
引导并列的两个短语作为伴随状态，真正的主语为
a new surge
48
．
The common kestrel roosts and hunts alone
，
but the lesser kestrel roosts and hunts in flocks
，
possibly so one
bird can learn from others where to find insect swarms
．
(possibly so=possibly so that)
普通红隼单独栖息和狩猎 ，
但较小的红隼群栖群食，
很可能因此一只鸟可以从其他鸟那儿了解到在哪儿可
以找到 成群的昆虫。
分句
1
：
the common kestrel
…
分句
2
：
but
分句
3
：
possibly so
…
分句
4
：
where to
…
1
，
2
和
3
并列
3
和
4
嵌套
49
．
In the 1500s when the Spanish moved into what later was to become the southwestern United States
，
they
encountered the ancestors of the modern day Pueblo
，
Hopi
，
and Zuni peoples
．
(when
引导定语从句，
what
引导的从句作
moved into
的宾语
)
16
世纪西班牙人进入后来成为美国西南部的地方时，他 们遇到了今天皮艾布鲁人、霍比人和株尼人的祖
先。
分句
1
：
in the 1500s
…
分句
2
：
when
…
分句
3
：
what
…
分句
4
：
they encountered
…
2
、
3
和
1
嵌套
1
和
4
并列
50
．
During the 1940's electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible
light microscope
，
while the performance of x-ray microscopes resisted improvement
．
(that
指代前面的
resolution
，
possible with a visible
．
1ight microscope
作
that
的定语
)
20
世纪40
年代，电子显微镜通常比可见光显微镜的分辨能力更强，而
X
光显微镜的表现 却没有改进。
分句
1
：
During the 1940
…
分句
2
：
that
…
分句
3
：
while..
1
和
2
嵌套
16
1
和
3
并列
5 1
．
What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish
，
harmful or affected
．
(what
引导主语从句；
that
引导定语从句
)
它们所做的就是从这样一个角度来看待熟悉的环境，使这些环境看上去愚蠢、有害或做作。
分句
1
：
what
…
分句
2:is
分句
3
：
that makes
1
和
2
嵌套
2
和
3
嵌套
52
．
Satire
jars
US
out
of
complacence
into
a
pleasantly
shocked
realization
that
many
of
the
values
we
unquestioningly accept are false
．
(out of…into…
摆脱
…
，进入
…
；
t hat
引导的从句
many of the values…are false
作
realization
的同位语；
we
unquestioningly accept
作
values
的定语
)
讽刺作品使我们摆脱了自满 情绪，
并在愉快与震惊之中认识到：
许多我们毫无疑问地接受的价值观是错误
的。
分句
1
：
Satire jars
…
分句
2
：
that many
…
分句
3
：
we
unquestioningly…
2
和
3
嵌套
1
和
2
嵌套
53
．
With spontaneous irreverence
，
satire rearranges perspectives
．
scrambles familiar objects into incongruous
juxtaposition and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude
．
(and
连接并列句
)
讽刺作品 用自然流露的嘲讽态度再设了视角，
将熟悉的事物自相矛盾地置于一起，
使用个性化语言，而不
是抽象的陈词滥调。
本句为单句，主语是
satire,
谓语为
3
个平行的动词：
rearranges, scrambles, speaks
…
With
引导介词短语为伴随状态。
54
．
It has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus
，
an irreverent reminder that they lived in a world
of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy
．
(that
引导的从句作
reminder
的同位语
)
它 之所以存在，
是因为读者欣赏它使人耳目一新的刺激，
它毫不客气地提醒：
他们活在一 个充满陈腐思想、
廉价的道德说教与荒谬哲学的世界里。
分句
1
：
it has lived
…
分句
2
：
because readers
…
分句
3
：
that they lived
…
1
和
2
为并列
2
和
3
为嵌套
55
．
Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them
。
nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to
unselfish service of humanity
．
(
特殊结构
attribute to
——
赋予，归因于；
nor
放在句首引起倒装
)
军人 很少拥有人们在电影中赋予他们的那种理想，普通公民也很少奉献他们的生命为人类无私地服务。
分句
1
：
soldiers
…
17
分句
2
：
that movies
…
分句
3
：
nor do ordinary citizens
…
1
和
3
并列
1
和
2
嵌套
56
．
In
addition
to
having
to
be
a
generalist
while
specializing
in
what
may
seem
to
be
a
narrow
field
，
the
researcher is faced with the problem of primary materials that have little or no documentation
．
(what
引导的从句作
specializing in
的宾语
)
除了在专攻似乎是一个狭窄领域时不得不成为多面手以外，
研究人员还面临着关于原始材料的文 献很少或
者根本没有这一问题。
分句
1
：
in addition to
…
分句
2
：
what may seem
…
分句
3
：
the researcher is
…
分句
4
：
that has
little…
1
和
2
嵌套
1
和
3
并列
3
和
4
嵌套
er
，
the degree to which cones are naturally slightly open or tightly closed helps determine which bill
design is the best
．
(
句子主干是
the degree…helps determine…
，从句
to which cones are naturally slightly open or tightly closed
作
degree
的定语
)
而且球果自然地轻微开口或紧紧关闭的程度有助于确定哪种喙的设计是最好的。
Hygiene
was she
，
a Baltimore printer
，
who published the first official copies of the Declaration
，
the first copies that
included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies
．
(It was…who
为强调句；
the first copies
为前面
the first official copies
的同位语
)
就是她，一位巴尔的摩的印刷商，出版了《独立宣言》的最 早的官方版本，即包括《独立宣言》签署者名
字并因此预告所有
13
个殖民地的支持的 早期版本。
分句
1
：
it was
…
分句
2
：
who publish
…
分句
3
：
the first
1
和
2
嵌套
2
和
3
嵌套
comparison with these familiar yardsticks
，
the distances to the galaxies are incomprehensibly large
，
but
they too are made more manageable by using a time calibration
，
in this case the distance that light travels in one
year.
与这些熟悉的尺度相比，
到太空的距离远得难以理解，
但它们也 通过使用一个时间的标尺而变得更加容易
对付了，在这种情况下是光在一年内走过的距离。
分句
1
：
the distance
…
分句
2
：
but they too
分句
3
：
that
…
1
和
2
并列
2
和
3
嵌套
18
唐家寺的雨伞-初五
唐家寺的雨伞-初五
唐家寺的雨伞-初五
唐家寺的雨伞-初五
唐家寺的雨伞-初五
唐家寺的雨伞-初五
唐家寺的雨伞-初五
唐家寺的雨伞-初五
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