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印章公司An Introduction to Oil and Gas 中英对照解析

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来源:https://www.bjmy2z.cn/gaokao
2021-01-19 15:26
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初级药师报名时间-师徒总结

2021年1月19日发(作者:侯景耀)

1.

Generation
1.

概论

Petroleum
is
a
highly
variable
mixture
of


是一种以
碳氢
化合物

hydrocarbons
mixed
with
oxygen,
sulphur,
主,并含有氧、硫、氮及其他
nitrogen,
and
other
elements,
including
both
元素,以气液两相形式混合存
liquids and gases (part of the gas being in solution
在的高度多样化的混合物(其
because
of
the
high
pressure).
Crude
oils
vary
in
中部分气体在高压情况下以溶

原油的颜色
color,
from
clear
to
tar-black,
and
in
viscosity,
解气的形式存在)
from water to almost solid.
They
are
thought to be
多种多样,从浅色到焦油色;
derived
from
ancient
organic
material
which
粘度也不尽相同,有的是流动
existed
many
millions
of
years
ago
(hence
it
is
的液体,有的则近似固体。一
known
as
a
fossil
fuel).
The
remains
of
marine
般观点认为,原油由几百万年
plant
and
animal
life
were
deposited
along
with
前的有机物形成(因此原油也

海洋植物和
rock-forming sediments
under the sea where they
被称为化石燃料)
were
decomposed
anaerobically
(without
oxygen)
动物的遗体和其他的成岩沉积
by
bacteria
which
changed
the
fats
in
the
物一起沉积在海底,细菌对其
sediments
into
fatty
acids
which
were
then
进行厌氧(无氧)分解,并将
changed into an asphaltic material called kerogen.
其中的脂肪转化为脂肪酸,然
This

was
then
converted
over
millions
of
years
后脂肪酸转化为一种叫做干酪
into petroleum by the combined action of heat and
根的沥青材料。干酪根在高温
pressure.
The
rate
of
deposition
of
the
sediments
高压的共同作用下经过几百万
must be sufficiently rapid for the organic matter to
年的时间转化成石油。沉积物
be
preserved
by
burial
before
being
destroyed
的沉降速度必须足够迅速,才
bydecay.
As
time
goes
on
the
organic
material
is
能保证有机物在腐烂破坏之前
buried
deeper
and
hence
is
exposed
to
higher
能够被埋藏储存起来。随着时
temperatures
and
pressures.
Eventually
chemical
间的推移,有机物越埋越深,
changesresult
in
the

generation
of
petroleum.
因此所受的温度和压力也越来
Ultimately
the
subsidence
will
stopand
may
even
越大,直至发生化学变化形成
reverse.
石油。最终沉降停止,甚至可
能转而上升。

22


As
the
great
weight
of
the
overlying
rocks
and
受重力影响,上覆岩石和沉积
sediments pushed downward, the organic material
物不断下沉,将有机物挤出其
was squeezed out of its original sedimentary mud
原先所在的沉积层,进入临近
into
adjacent
sandstones.
Small
globules
of
oil
的砂岩层。原油以微粒的形式
collected
together
in
the
pores
of
the
rock
and
在岩石的空隙中聚集,最终在
eventually
migrated
upwards
through
layers
of


表面
张力
(毛
细血管


岩石中水体的流动以 及气
porous rock by the action of the oil's own surface
用)
tension
(capillary
action),
by
the
force
of
water
压的共同作用下,经过层层孔
movement
within
the
rock,
and
by
gas
pressure.
隙岩,向上运移。事实上,一
Indeed,
some
of
it
eventually
reached
the
surface
些原油最终会到达地表,形成
and collected in large pools of tar, which are called
大的焦油池,称之为“油苗”
。然而,一些原
‘seeps’ or ‘shows’. However, some petroleum did
或“油气显示”
not
reach
the
surface.
Instead,
its
upward
油无法到达地表。相反地,其
migration
was
stopped
by
an
impervious
or
向上运移的过程被非渗透性岩
于是在多孔储集岩
(如
impermeable layer of rock. It lay trapped in porous
层阻断,
reservoir rocks, such as sandstone or limestone, far
砂岩、石灰岩)中保存下来。

beneath the surface.

Four prerequisites
are necessary
for oil
and
gas to
若某一地区的油气储量要达到
以下四个条件缺
accumulate in commercial quantities in an area: (1)
商业开采价值,

1

石油在生油层或海
The
oil
originates
in
a
source
bed,
and
a
marine
一不可:
若黑色软泥富含
shale, once a black mud rich in organic compounds,
相页岩中生成。
则普遍视其为生油
is thought to be a common source rock. (2) The oil
有机化合物,
若原油在页源岩中运移速度
then migrates to a permeable reservoir rock, and to
岩。
do
this
it
may
travel
for
long
distances
both
过快,则不具备商业开发价值。
vertically
and
horizontally.
Oil
cannot
move

2
)原油运移至可渗透的储集
through the tiny openings of the shale source beds
岩。
在这一过程中,
原油可能在
rapidly
enough
to
be
extracted
profitably.
(3)
A
水平和竖直方向上都运移了相

3

储集层上方须
nonpermeable
layer
must
occur
above
a
reservoir
当长的距离。
bed. Since oil is lighter than water,
it
tends to move
有非渗透性岩层。由于油比水
22


因此原油会在空隙和裂缝中
upwards
through
openings
and
cracks
until

it

轻,
直到遇到非渗透性岩
encounters impervious beds that
it
cannot penetrate.
向上运移,
The
oil
may
then
accumulate
beneath
the
层才会停下。
于是,
原油在非渗
而一些气
impervious
layers.
Some
gas
occurs
in
solution
透性岩层的下方聚集。
within the oil, and if enough is present
it
separates
体则溶解在油中,若溶解饱和,
占据圈闭上
out to occupy the uppermost region of such a trap.
气体则会游离出来,

4

背斜层、
盐柱和断
(4)

A
favorable structure must exist to concentrate
方区域。
the
oil,
and
anticlines,
salt
plugs,
and
faults
are
层就是聚集石油的最佳例证。

common examples.
Traps
圈闭

A
trap
is
the
place
where
oil
and
gas
are
barred
圈闭通常能够阻止石油和天然
from further movement. Geologists have classified
气进一步运移。地质学家把油
petroleum
traps
into
two
basic
types:
structural
气圈闭分为两大基本类型:构
traps
and
stratigraphic
ural
traps
are
造圈闭和地层圈闭。构造圈闭
traps that are formed because of a deformation in
由含碳氢化合物的岩层形变生
the
rock
layer
that
contains
the
hydrocarbons.
成。约
80%-90%
的油藏均为构
About
80
to
90
per
cent
of
the
known
petroleum
造圈闭。

reserves occur in structural traps.
An anticline, the simplest and commonest form of
背斜圈闭是最为简单和常见的
petroleum
accumulation, is
an upward fold in
the
石油储集类型,其岩层向上折
layers of rock, much like an arch in a building. A
起,形状类似拱形建筑。多孔
porous
and
permeable
reservoir
rock
must
be
渗透性储集层须有细密不渗透
sealed above by animpermeable cover bedwhich is
的盖层封闭,如粘土、页岩、
fine-grained,
relatively
impermeable
bed
such
as
泥灰岩或盐。石油运移到褶皱
clay,
shale,
marl,
or
salt.
Petroleum
migrates
into
的顶部,受到上面不渗透盖层
the
highest
part
of
the
fold,
and
its
escape
is
阻止而无法溢出。

prevented
by
an
overlying
bed
of
impermeable
rock.
Fault traps are also common. Again, there must be
断层圈闭也相当常见。同样地,
22


a
porous
and
permeable
reservoir
rock
that
is
多孔渗透性储集层须有细粒不
sealed
above
by
a
fine-grained,
relatively
渗透的盖层封闭。无论是由断
impermeable bed. But the real trap is provided by
层内部细密材质所造成的进一
the
fault,
which
prevents
further
updip
migration
步运移,还是由断层另一面细
either by the fine-grained material in the fault itself


渗透
的盖
层所
造成的

or
by
the
brining
of
a
fine- grained
relatively
移,均会截断油藏。但由于真
impermeable bed on the other side of the fault to
正的圈闭为断层本身,因此可
the position that truncates the reservoir.

以阻止此类运移的发生。

A
salt
dome
formed
when
a
mass
of
salt
flows
由于上覆沉积物自身的重量所
upwards
under
the
pressure
resulting
from
the
产生的压力致使大量的盐向上
weight of the overlying sediments. The salt dome
运移,因而形成盐丘。盐丘将
bows up sedimentary beds and seals off disrupted
沉积层向上拱起,形成穹形,
beds
and
so
provides
traps
over
and
around
the
并封闭断裂层,于是在盐丘的
sides of the dome.
上方以及周围形成圈闭。

The
trapping
mechanism
of
stratigraphic
traps
is
地层圈闭的圈闭机理主要是地
from stratigraphic rather than structural causes. In
层因素而非构造因素。地层圈
these,
the
essential
features
remain
a
porous
and
闭的基本特点依然是多孔可渗
permeable reservoir rock sealed by a fine-grained
透储层受到细密不透水层的封
relatively impermeable rock, but the configuration
闭,但其形成圈闭的形状则取
of
these
to
form
a
trap
arises
from
the
particular
决于特定的沉积过程和沉积物
sedimentary
process
and
nature
of
the
resulting
的性质。最具有代表性的地层
sediments.
The
most
obvious
forms
of
圈闭是化石珊瑚礁,加拿大西
stratigraphic
trap
are
fossil
coral
reefs
such
as
部和利比亚均有分布。在化石
those
of
western
Canada
and
Libya.
In
these,
the
珊瑚礁内,礁体或礁状储油层
voids
in
the
reef
or
reeflike
reservoir
contain
the
内的孔隙往往含有石油,而由
petroleum which is prevented from leaking out by
于礁体被粘土或页岩封闭,因
the
clay
or
shale
in
which
the
reef
is
enveloped.
此石油无法逃离出去。与砂岩
These
voids
are
not
like
the
pore
spaces
in
储油层中的孔隙不同的是,化
sandstone
reservoirs,
but
more
solution
cavities
石珊瑚礁含有更多的溶洞和裂
22


and
fractures.
Production
rates
tend
to
be
much
缝,流体在其中运动所受的摩
higher
than
from
sandstone
reservoirs.
The
擦阻力要小很多,更易于流动,
frictional resistance to fluid movement tends to be
因而其产油率也比砂岩储油层
much
less,
so
there
is
better
communication
高得多,开采时所需的油井数
through the reservoir and it can be produced with
量也就更少。

fewer wells.
2. Characteristics of Reservoir Rocks
储集岩的特点

Three conditions must be present for oil reservoirs
油藏的形成需要三个条件:富
to form: a source rock rich in hydrocarbon material
含碳氢化合物的烃源岩须深埋
buried deep enough for subterranean heat to cook
地下,须有足够的地热使其转
it into oil; a
porous
and
permeable reservoir rock
变为石油;须有多孔可渗透性
for
it
to
accumulate
in;
and
a
cap
rock
(seal)
or
储集岩使其能够聚集;须有盖
impervious rock
that prevents
it from
escaping to
层或非渗透性岩石以防其溢出
the
surface.
Within
these
reservoirs,
fluids
will
地表。在油藏中,典型的流体
typically
organize
themselves
like
a
three-layer
存在结构就像是三层蛋糕,最
cake with a layer of water below the oil layer and a
下层是水,中间是石油,上层
layer of gas above it, although the different layers
是天然气,且不同的油藏每层
vary in size between reservoirs.
所占的体积也不尽相同。

Sandstones
and
limestones,
the
most
common
作为常见的储油岩类型,砂岩
types
of
reservoir
rocks,
are
generally
porous.
和石灰岩通常都是多孔的。多
Porous rocks may sometimes also contain fractures


石有
时也
会有
裂缝或

or
fissures,
which
will
add
to
the
oil-storing
隙,这会增加油藏的储油能力。
capacity of the reservoir. Petroleum collects in the
石油聚集在这些孔隙中,与随
pores
or
cavities
intermingled
withthe
remaining
着沉积物一同深埋地下的残留
water which was buried with the
水混合在一起。若大部分的孔
a
significant
fraction
of
the
pores
is
隙相连通,流体就可以通过岩
interconnectedso
that
fluids
can
pass
through
the
石,则这种岩石就是可渗透的。
rock,
the
rock
is
permeable.
Permeability
permits
由于气、油、水的密度不同,
the gas, oil and water toseparate partially because
渗透性可将它们部分地分离。

22


of their different densities.
Porosity is defined as the ratio of the void space in
孔隙度是指岩石中孔隙体积与
a rock to the bulk volume of that rock multiplied
岩石总体积的比值。原生孔隙
by 100 to express in percent. The original porosity


岩石
沉积
的过
程中形

is that developed in the deposition of the material,
的,而次生孔隙是在岩石形成
while induced porosity is that developed by some
以后,由一些随后的地质过程
geological process subsequent to deposition of the
作用下形成的。常见的原生孔
rock.
Original
porosity
is
typified
by
the
隙有砂岩的粒间孔隙、某些石
intergranular
porosity
of
sandstones
and
the
灰岩的晶间孔隙和鲕状孔隙。
intercrystalline
and
oolitic
porosity
of
some
常见的次生孔隙有某些页岩和
limestones. Induced porosity is typified by fracture
石灰岩的裂缝、以及石灰岩中
development
as
found
in
some
shales
and
的岩穴和溶洞。相比于大部分
limestones
and
by
the
vugs
or
solution
cavities
为次生孔隙的岩石,具有原生
commonly
found
in
limestones.
Rocks
having


的岩
石在
性质
上更为

original
porosity
are
more
uniform
in
their
一。而对于孔隙度的直接定量
characteristics
than
those
rocks
in
which
a
large
测量,其可信度则取决于通过
part
of
the
porosity
is
induced.
For
direct
取芯所获得的地层岩样。

quantitative
measurement
of
porosity,
reliance
must be placed on formation samples obtained by
coring.
In
dealing
with
reservoir
rocks,
it
is
necessary,
由于胶结物会封堵一部分孔隙
because
the
cementing
materials
may
seal
off
a
的体积,因此在对储集岩进行
part
of
the
pore
volume,
to
define
total
porosity
研究时,有必要明确绝对孔隙
and effective porosity. Total porosity is the ratio of
度和有效孔隙度。绝对孔隙度
the total void space in the rock to the bulk volume
是指岩石中全部总孔隙的体积
of
the
rock;
effective
porosity
is
the
ratio
of
the
与岩石总体积的比值,有效孔
interconnected
void
space
in
the
rock
to
the
bulk
隙度是指岩石中互相连通的孔
volume
of
the
rock,
each
expressed
in
per
cent.
隙体积与岩石总体积的比值,
From
22

the
reservoir-engineering
standpoint,
两者均以百分率表示。由于有

effective porosity is the quantitative value desired,
效孔隙度表示的是可流动的流
as
this
represents
the
space
which
is
occupied
by
体所占据的体积,因此从油藏
mobile fluids.
工程的观点来看,有效孔隙度
是更为明确的定量值。

Permeability
is
the
ability
of
the
formation
to
渗透性指的是地层传导流体的
conduct
fluids
(formation
fluid
conductance


(也
叫地
层流
体传导

。到目前为止,渗透率只涉
capacity).
So
far
permeability
is
referred
to
rock
力)
conditions
where
a
single-phase
fluid
saturation
及考虑单相流体饱和的岩石条
was considered. In petroleum reservoirs, however,
件。然而在油藏中,岩石中的
the
rocks
are
usually
saturated
with
two
or
more
饱和流体通常有两种或两种以
fluids,
such
as
interstitial
water,
oil
and
gas.
上,如间隙水、油和气。有效
Effective
permeability
is
introduced
here
to
渗透率则用来描述多种流体共
describe
the
simultaneous
flow
of
more
than
one
存的情况。在有效渗透率的定
fluid.
In
the
definition
of
effective
permeability
义中,每种液体均与其他流体
each
fluid
phase
is
considered
to
be
completely
相互独立。

independent
of
the
other
fluids
in
the
flow
network.
Fluid Content of Reservoir
油藏流体

Generally
speaking,
if
a
reservoir
rock
contains
一般说来,如果储集岩中的孔
uniform
pores,
and
if
the
pores
are
evenly
隙大小近似且分布均匀,那么
distributed,
there
will
be
three
zones
of
fluids
in
圈闭就会分为上、中、下三个
the trap: an upper zone, a middle zone, and a lower
流体区。上部的岩石孔隙主要
zone. The rock pores in the upper zone have been
由天然气填充,圈闭的这一部
filled mainly by gas. This part of the trap is the gas
分称为气顶。中部的岩石孔隙
cap. In the middle zone, the pores have been filled
主要为含有溶解气的石油。下
mainly
by
oil
with
gas
in
solution.
In
the
lower
部的岩石孔隙中则多为水。

zone, the rock pores have been filled by water.
Although
the
structural
traps
in
which
oil


构造
圈闭
的存
在形式

accumu lates exist in various forms, the oil usually
同,但石油通常和天然气、盐
22


occurs
in
association
with
gas
and
salt
water.
A
水伴生,聚集在构造圈闭中,
certain
amount
of
water
always
occurs
together
且总有一定量的水和中部原油
with the oil in the middle zone. The proportion of




常< br>水





water
to
oil
is
usually
about
10
to
30
percent.
10%-30%
。水也会在气顶中产
Water
also
occurs
in
the
gas
cap,
but
the
生,但是水气之比通常要小于
proportion of water to gas is frequently lower than
水油之比。然而,尽管含油带
the
proportion
of
water
to
oil.
However,
while
中总是存在一定的间隙水,但
some interstitial water is always present in the oil
在含油带下方并不总是存在着
zone,
the
latter
is
not
always
underlain
by
a
连续的水体。在同一沉积层中,
continuous
body
of
water.
Where
a
considerable
若原油下方确实存在数量可观

volume of water does underlie the oil in the same
的水体,则称之为“含水层”
sedimentary bed it is
referred to
as the “aquifer”
,
且由于含水层也承受着压力,
and being under pressure also, it contributes to the


也占
油藏
总能
量的一

total
energy
of
the
reservoir.
The
oil
itself,
when
分。在压力的作用下,石油本
under pressure, contains an appreciable quantity of


够溶
解相
当数
量的天

dissolved
gas.
The
actual
amount
of
gas
will
be
气。实际天然气的数量受油藏
governed
by
the
pressure
and
temperature
inside
内部压力和温度的影响,在特
the reservoir, and the oil is said to be “saturated” if
定的压力和温度条件下,若石
it
cannot
dissolve
any
more
gas
under
these
油无法再溶解更多的天然气,
。反之,在相
particular pressure and temperature conditions. On
则石油已“饱和”
the
other
hand,
the
oil
is
said
to
be
同的压力和温度条件下,石油
“undersaturated”
if
it
could
dissolve
more
gas
at
还能够溶解更多的天然气,则
。在很多情况
the same pressure and temperature. In many cases
石油“没有饱和”
there can be more gas in the reservoir than the oil
下,油藏中的天然气比石油所
is
capable
of
holding
in
solution.
This
extra
gas
能溶解的天然气数量要多,这
being lighter than the oil, will have formed a “gas
些多余的天然气由于比油轻,
cap” above the oil accumulation. If the pressure of


在石
油的
凝集
面上形


如果饱和 油藏的压力
a saturated oil reservoir is reduced for any reason,
“气顶”
gas
will
come
out
of
solution,
and
this
is
an
因为某种原因而减小,天然气
22


important factor in the production of oil from the
就会从石油中游离出来。这是
reservoir. It is also possible to find accumulations
油藏开采的一个重要因素。当
of gas which are not associated with oil, as is the
然也可能发现没有石油伴生的
case in the Southern North Sea.
天然气藏,北海南部地区即是
如此。

The reservoir crude may range from a very heavy
油藏中原油的形态不尽相同,
viscous
(i.
e.,
thick)
oil,
containing
little
or
no
有的很重、非常稠厚、处于低
dissolved
gas
under
very
low
pressure,
to
an
压条件、含少量气或根本不含
extremely light,
thin, straw-colored oil containing
气,有的则很轻、非常稀薄、
a large amount of dissolved gas under considerable
呈淡黄色、处于高压条件、含
pressure. The viscosity of the oil depends roughly
大量溶解气。石油的粘度大致
on
its
gravity
and
also
to
a
large
extent
on
the
取决于其密度,同时在很大程
quantity of gas which it holds in solution. The less


取决
于溶
解的
天然气

石油的粘度越小
(越稀薄)

vis cous (i. e., the thinner) an oil is,
and the more
量。
gas
it
has
in
it,
the
more
readily
will
it
flow
溶解的天然气就越多,也就越
through the interstices of the rock into the bottom
易透过岩石的间隙流入井底。
of
the
well.
The
interstices
of
the
whole
of
the


岩的
孔隙
原先
由盐水
reservoir
rock
were
originally
occupied
by
salt
充,当石油运移到岩层上部,
water. When the oil migrated into the upper part of
石油就把盐水置换出来。
然而,
this rock, it displaced the salt water from it. Not all
并不是所有的盐水都会被置换
of
the
salt
water
was
displaced,
however,
and
a
出来,总有一定数量的盐水和
certain
amount
remained
in
the
interstices
of
the


一起
留存
在岩
石的孔

rock
along
with
the
oil.
This
remaining
water
is
里。这些残留水称为“原生水”
。在估算储油岩中
called “connate water” or “interstitial water,” and
或“间隙水”
has to be taken into account when working out the
的石油含量时,必须将这些残
volume
of
oil
present
in
the
reservoir
rock.
The
留水考虑在内。残留水的含量
percentage
of
this
water
can
be
measured
by
可以用电测井法加以测定。

means of electric log surveys.
3. Petroleum Reservoir
22

3.
油藏


Conventional Petroleum Reservoir
常规油藏

A petroleum reservoir, or oil and gas reservoir, is a
油藏或油气藏指的是具有渗透
subsurface
pool
of
hydrocarbons
contained
in
性的多孔或断裂岩层中所含有
permeable,
porous
or
fractured
rock
formations,
的在地表之下的碳氢化合物聚
with
most
reservoir
rocks
being
limestones,
集地。大部分的储集岩为石灰
dolomites,
sandstones,
or
a
combination
of
岩、白云岩、砂岩或这三种岩

three
basic
types
of
hydrocarbon
石的结合。常见的三种油藏为
reservoirs are oil, gas, and condensate.
石油、天然气和凝析油。

An
oil
reservoir
generally
contains
three
fluids


油藏中通常含有三种流体——
gas,
oil,
and
water


with
oil
the
dominant
天然气、石油和水——其中石

the
typical
oil
reservoir,
these
fluids
油占绝大部分。在典型的油藏
occur in different phases because of the variance in
中,由于三种流体的重力不同,
their , the lightest, occupies the upper
因而以不同的状态存在。天然
part
of
the
reservoir
rocks;
water,
the
lower
part;
气最轻,位于油藏上部;水位
and
oil,
the
intermediate
section.
Crude
oil
于油藏下部;石油则位于油藏
reservoirs
are
usually
located
at
1,000
to
30,000
中部。油藏通常位于地表
1000
并且在形状、
feet
beneath
the
surface
and
vary
in
terms
of

3000
英尺深处,
shape,
size
and
age.
They
usually
extend
over
大小以及年龄方面不尽相同。
hundreds of kilometers, and include a series of oil
油藏通常可绵延数百千米,在
wells spread across a large area. The formation of
很大的范围内分布着一系列的
petroleum
reservoirs
can
be
divided
into
four
油井。油藏的形成可分为四个
stages:
?

With
burial
of
plankton,
algae
and
other
protein
rich
life
forms
under
layers
of
sand
and
mud
at
a
source
rock,
and
continuous
accumulation
of
sand,
the
buried material heats up at 50°
C to 70°
C.
阶段:

?

浮游生物、藻类以及其他富含蛋白质的生
命形态在生油岩中深




和< br>泥


下,并且随着沙土的
不断聚集,被埋物质
可加热至50

70

22


氏度。

?

High
temperatures,
combined
with
pressure, triggers a ‘cooking’ process.

?

在高温和高压的共同
作用下,被埋物质如< br>同经历
“烹饪”
过程。

?

Eventually, the buried residue transforms
into liquid hydrocarbons.
?

Later
on
they
migrate
from
the
source
rock
to
porous
rocks
and
get
trapped
in
impermeable layers of rock.
?

最终,被埋残渣转化
为液态碳氢化合物。

?

随后,碳氢 化合物从
生油岩运移至多孔储
集岩,并由非渗透性
岩层覆盖,
防止溢出。
In addition to its occurrence as a cap or in solution,
除了以气顶和溶解气的形式存
gas may accumulate independently of the oil; if so,
在,天然气还可以脱离石油单
the
reservoir
is
called
a
gas
reservoir.
Associated
独聚集,这样的油藏成为天然
with the gas, in most instances, are salt water and
气藏。在多数情况下,盐水和
some oil.
少量石油会伴随天然气存在。

In certain instances gas reservoirs of high pressure
某些情况下,气藏通常处于地
and temperature, which are usually found at great
下很深的地方,温度和压力都
depth,
produce
substantial
quantities
of
liquid
很高,在产气的同时还会产出
petroleum along with the gas. This liquid does not
大量的液态石油。这种液态石
come froma separate oil zone, but exists as a gas in
油并非产自另一油层,而是呈
the
reservoir
and
is
made
up
of
that
part
of
the
气态存在于气藏中的。气藏中
reservoir
gas
which
condenses
as
its
pressure
is
的这部分天然气,在生产过程
reduced
by
production.
The
liquid
fraction
is
中因压力下降而凝结成液态即
,这种类型的气藏就
known as“condensate
“凝析油”
known as a “gas condensate reservoir”.

是通常所说的“凝析气藏”


As the pressure of a condensate reservoir falls as a
随着天然气开采凝析气藏压力
result of production, the gas will start to precipitate
下降,
部分气体凝聚在气藏里,
the condensatepartly in the reservoir and partly in
部分凝聚在井筒里。这种复杂
,和通
the well bore. This complex phenomenon, which is
的现象叫做“反转凝析”
22

初级药师报名时间-师徒总结


初级药师报名时间-师徒总结


初级药师报名时间-师徒总结


初级药师报名时间-师徒总结


初级药师报名时间-师徒总结


初级药师报名时间-师徒总结


初级药师报名时间-师徒总结


初级药师报名时间-师徒总结



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