快乐的跳吧考研英语真题及精析

2021年1月19日发(作者：周子闻)
Reading Comprehension

Passage 1

The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which
consumers
largely
determine
what
shall
be
produced
by
spending
their
money
in
the
marketplace
for
those
goods
and
services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition
with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods
and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with
the
desire
of
businessmen
to
maximize
profits
and
the
desire
of
individuals
to
maximize
their
incomes,
that
together
determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.

An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed
and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which
prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is
in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If,
on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered
by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the
regulating mechanism in the American economic system.

The
important
factor
in
a
private
enterprise
economy
is
that
individuals
are
allowed
to
own
productive
resources
(private property) , and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services
for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive
resources
but
also
certain
rights,
including
the
right
to
determine
the
price
of
a
product
or
to
make
a
free
contract
with
another private individual.

11. In Line 11, Para 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means__.

[A] Americans are never satisfied with their incomes

[B] Americans tend to overstate their incomes

[C] Americans want to have their incomes increased

[D] Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes

12. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that__.

[A] producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production

[B] consumers can express their demands through producers

[C] producers decide the prices of products

[D] supply and demand regulate prices

13. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by__.

[A] private property and rights concerned

[B] manpower and natural resources control

[C] ownership of productive resources

[D] free contracts and prices

14. The passage is mainly about__.

[A] how American goods are produced

[B] how American consumers buy their goods

[C] how American economic system works

[D] how American businessmen make their profits


一、文章结构总体分析
本文是一篇介绍美国经济结构的文章，主要论述美国的经济以私营企业为基础、以市场经济为导向。文中反复
出现的中心词组是
private-enterprise, market- oriented economy system (in America)
。

第一段：首句是全文的主题，即主要讨论美国经济体制的特点是通过私有企业和市场导向起调节作用。末句是该段的主题——它将全文中心思想换了一种方式表达，分析和指出消费者的需求、企业家对最大利润的追求和 个人
对收入取得最大收益的渴望——这三个因素共同决定着生产什么和如何使用资源进行生产。

第二段：主题词是
price system
，首句是该段的主题句，说明市场导向型经济的重要特点之一是价格机制。

第三段：说明私营经济的性质和特点，即财产私有，同时还拥有相关权利。


二、试题分析


11.


In Line 11, Para 1, “the desire of individuals to
第一段第
11
行的
“个人想最大限度地扩大收
maxim
ize their incomes” means__.

入”在文中的含义是
___________
。

[A]
Americans
are
never
satisfied
with
their
[A]
美国人从来没有对其收入满意过

incomes

[B] Americans tend to overstate their incomes

[B]
美国人往往夸大自己的收入

[C]
Americans
want
to
have
their
incomes
[C]
美国人想让自己的收入得到增加

increased

[D] Americans want to increase the purchasing
[D]
美国人想提高自己收入的购买力

power of their incomes


[
答案
]
D
[
解析
]

本题考核的知识点是：
句题题。
先定位到第一段末句。
解题的关键是看对
maximize
的理解。
原文 所在句“
coupled with the desire of businessmen
to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes
”
将生产者 和消费者的愿望对照来说。
句中的
两个
maximize
平衡并列，作用、意 义完全相同。因此知道
maximize
在第一处的意义即可知道第二处之意。众所周
知，商人总是想用最少的投入取得最大的利润，这就是
maximize
的意义。由此可知，消 费者希望使一定的收入取
得最大限度的效益，即用现有收入买到更多更好的商品。而
[D]选项恰是此意。

[A]
和
[B]
选项未在原文提及。
[C]
选项反映的是劳资双方的关系，而不是生产者与消费者之间的关系。

12.

The first two sentences in the second paragraph
第二段前两句告诉我们
___________
。

tell us that__.

[A]
producers
can
satisfy
the
consumers
by
[A]
生产者可以通过机械化生产满足消费者

mechanized production

[B]
consumers
can
express
their
demands
[B]
消费者可以通过生产者表达自己的需求

through producers

[C] producers decide the prices of products

[D] supply and demand regulate prices
[C]
生产者决定商品价格

[D]
（商品）供求关系决定（商品）价格


[
答案
]
D
[
解析
]
本题考核的知识点是：
事实细节题。

[D]
选项就是该段第二句“
prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by
seller- producers
”的概括，为正确答案。

[A]
选项在这两句中并未涉 及。注意文中第一句的
mechanism
意为“机制”
，而该选项中的
me chanized
意为“机
械化”
，
二者含义不同。
误选
[ B]
选项的考生是对该段首句的语法成分分析错误。
它是一个省略句，
补全后应该是< br>“
An
important factor in a market- oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and (by
which consumer demands can be) responded to by producers
”
。由此可知，消费者通过这一机制表达他们的需求，而生
产者则 通过这一机制对他们的需求作出反应。
[B]
选项理解成
consumer demands can be expressed
…
by producers
。
[C]
选项与第二句“供求关系决定价格”不符，也应该排除。此题亦可通过经济常识解答。< br>
注意：干扰选项经常使用原文中出现的词语或类似的结构伪造，所以对那些出现了原词的选项一 定要仔细辨认
真伪。

13.

According
to
the
passage,
a
private- enterprise
根
据
文
章
，
私
营
企
业
经
济
的
特
点
是
economy is characterized by__.

____________
。

[A] private property and rights concerned

[B] manpower and natural resources control

[C] ownership of productive resources

[D] free contracts and prices
私人财产及相关权利

劳动力及其自然资源的控制

生产资料的所有权

自由合同和价格


[
答案
]
A
[
解析
]
本题考核的知识点是：
段落主旨题。

题干要求考生回答私营企业经济的特点 ，即第三段的主题。该段只有两句。第一句强调的是私营企业最重要的
因素是个人拥有生产资料（私人财 产）
、允许个人雇用劳动力和控制自然资源。第二句是指私人财产的概念还包含
某些其他权利， 如：产品价格的决定权或与其他私有个体的自由签约权。尤其第二句的
not only
…
but also
…
更表明
了此段主旨。
[A ]
选项是对上述内容的概括，为正确答案。

而
[B]
、
[ C]
和
[D]
选项虽然都在第三段述及，但是都是
[A]
选项下的具 体内容，缺乏概括性，不应该入选。

命题意图要求考生区分段落细节与段落中心是局部与整体的关系。

14.
The passage is mainly about__.

[A] how American goods are produced
[B] how American consumers buy their goods

[C] how American economic system works

文章的主要内容是
________________
。

[A]
美国商品的生产过程

[B]
美国消费者如何购物

[C]
美国经济体制如何运作

[D]
how
American
businessmen
make
their
[D]
美国商人如何赚取利润

profits


[
答案
]
C
[
解析
]
本题考核的知识点是：
文章主旨题。

解此题需要了解文章各段的主旨。第一 段论述美国经济体制的构成；第二段介绍市场经济的运行方式；第三段
介绍私营经济的特点。
后 两段是对第一段的进一步论述。
由此可见，
美国经济体制的构成和运作是本文论述的中心。[C]
选项正反映了这一主题。

[A]
、
[B]
和< br>[D]
选项都在文中有所涉及，但都是具体细节，比较片面，应该排除。此题还可以通过直接对选 项进
行比较排除来解题。
[A]
、
[B]
和
[D]
都在文中述及，
分属于三个独立的、
不同的概念。
其中任意一个可代表其他两个，而
[C]
选项概括性强，可以包括
[A]
、
[B]
和< br>[D]
，故
[C]
为正确答案。


三、长难句解析和佳句赏析

长难句

①
The
American
economic
system
is
organized
around
a
basically
private-enterprise,
market-
oriented
economy
in
which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and
services that they want most.
该句的主干是“
The American economic system is organized around a
…
economy in which
”
, economy
前面的定语
修饰成分是
private-enterprise, market- oriented
，
后面是
in which
引导的定语从句。
从句的主干是
“
consumers determine
what
…
by spending
…
for
…
”
, what
引导宾语从句，
by
引导的分词 结构做状语，
而这个方式状语中
for
引导的介词短
语又做动词
sp end
的目的状语，此外，其中还嵌套了一个
that
引导的定语从句。
< br>译文：美国的经济体制是在基本上由私营企业组成并以市场为导向的经济基础上建立起来的。在这个经济体 制
上，需要生产什么主要是由消费者在市场上花钱购买他们最需要的商品和服务决定的。

②
Thus,
in
the
American
economic
system
it
is
the
demand
of
individual
consumers
,
coupled
with
the
desire
of
businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall
be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
此句的主干是
it
is
…

that
together
determine
…
强调句。
coupled
with
和
and
连接三个并列成分
the
demand
of
individual consumers, the desire of businessmen to maximize profits
和
the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes
。
d etermine
后是
what
和
how
连接的并列的宾语从句，句 末
it
指代的是前面的
what
shall
be
pr oduced
。此外，注意一
开始的
thus
表明该句是前面论述部分的结论 。

译文：在美国经济体制中，消费者个人的需求、商人获取最大利润的追求和消费者渴望最大 限度地增加自己的
收入共同决定应该生产什么和如何利用资源去生产这些产品。

③
If
the
product
is
in
short
supply
relative
to
the
demand
,
the
price
will
be
bid
up
and
some
consumers
will
be
eliminated from the market.
注意句子中的
in short supply
意思是“供应不足”
，
relative to
意思是“相对于 ??”
。考生还应该注意
short
的其
他用法。
1) run short
：用完、耗尽，如：
Our money is running out.
我们的钱快用完了。

2) for short
：简称，缩写，如：
His real name was Thomas, but he was called Tom for short.
他的真名叫汤姆斯，可以简称为汤姆。
3
）
in short
：简言之，
总之，如：
In short, they gave him no peace day or night.
简言之，他们让他日夜不宁。

译文：如果产品相对供不应求，价格就会抬升，从而使一些消费者从市场上消失。

④
In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources
but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private
individual .
注意句子主干是：
the concept of private property embraces not only
…
but also
…
。
其 中
including
…
分词结构做后置
定语，
对
cert ain rights
进行修饰。
句中的
embrace
意思是：
拥 有，
包括，
如：
The organization embraces persons of differing
political stands.
那个组织里有不同政治立场的人。

译文：在美国经济中，私人财产的 概念不仅仅包含对生产资料的所有权，还包含某些其他权利，其中包括对产
品的定价格和与另一私营者签 订自由合同的权利。

⑤
If,
on
the
other
hand,
producing
more
of
a
commodity
results
in
reducing
its
cost,
this
will
tend
to
increase
the
supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.
该句的主干是“
If
…
this will tend to increase
…
which will
…
”
，前面条件从句的主语是动名词
producing,
主句的
主语
this
指的是
reducing its cost
这件事，
定语从句中的
which
指代整个主句的内容。
in turn
意思是：
相应地，
转而。
如：
Increased production will, in turn, lead to increased profits.
增加生产会继而增加利润。

译文：另一方面，如果商品的大量生产 导致成本的降低，这会促使增加销售商和生产商的供给，从而反过来导
致价格下降，致使更多的消费者购 买产品。

佳句

本文不长，结构比较简单清晰，可以当做写作范文赏析和模 仿。注意文章的写作对象是
American economy
，所
以文中围绕它展开叙述，连词的使用亦使文章结构更为紧凑。

The
American
economic
system
is
…

Private
businessmen,
…
;
and
the
profit
motive,
…

Thus,
in
the
American
economic system it is
…

An important factor in a market-oriented economy is
…
In the American economy, this mechanism
…
If
…
If, on the
other hand,
…
Thus, price
…
in the American economic system.
The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is
…
In the American economy, the concept of private property
…


四、词汇注释


（
1
）

enterprise (n.)
企
（ 事）
业单位，
事业，
事业心，
进取心；
private ~
私人企业，
state-owned ~
国有企业，
commercial
~
商业企业

（
2
）
orient (v.)< br>为??定方向，为??定位，
（
n.
）东方；
oriental (a.)
东方的；
-oriented
后缀意思是：以??为
目标的，如：
market ~
以市场为导向的，
test- ~
以考试为目标的，应试的

（
3
）
strive (v.)
奋斗，争取，
~ to/for/against
努力，争取

（
4
）
motive (n.)
动机，目的；
（
a.
）运动的，发动的

（
5
）
coupled with
与??结合在一起；
couple (v.)
连接，结合

（
6
）
mechanism (n.)
机制，机构，机械装置，

mechanics(n.)
力学，机械学

（
7
）
bid (n. / v.)
出价，投标，

~up
哄抬价格

（
8
）
regulating (a.)
调节的，
regulate (v.) regulation (n.)
（
9
）
gain control over
获得对??的控制

（
10
）

profit (n.)
利润，收益，益处，
at a ~
获得利润地；
（
v.
）获益，得利，有利于，

~by/from sth.

五、全文翻译


美国的 经济体制是在基本上由私营企业组成并以市场为导向的经济基础上建立起来的。
在这个经济体制里，需
要生产什么主要是由消费者在市场上花钱购买他们最需要的商品和服务决定的
。
（长难句①）为了获取利润，私有
企业主之间互相竞争，来生产这些产品和提供这些服务。在竞争的压力 下运作，追求利润的动机很大程度上决定了
生产商品和提供服务的方式。
因此，在美国的经济体 制中，消费者个人的需求、商人对获取最大利润的追求以及消
费者渴望最大化自己的收入，所有这些共同 决定了应该生产什么和如何利用资源去生产这些产品
。
（长难句②）

在以市 场为导向的经济中的一个重要因素是反映消费者需求以及生产者对消费者需求作出反应的机制。
在美国< br>经济中，这一机制是由价格体制提供，在价格体系中，价格随消费者的相对需求和出售者及生产者的供应情 况而上
下浮动
。（长难句④）
如果产品相对供不应求，价格就会抬升，从而使一些消费 者从市场上消失
。
（长难句③）
另
一方面，如果商品的大量生产导致成本的降 低，这会促使销售商和生产商供给的增加，从而反过来导致价格下降，
致使更多的消费者购买产品。（长难句⑤）因此，价格是美国经济体制中的调节机制。

私有企业经济的一个重要因素是 允许个人拥有生产资料（私有财产），允许他们雇用劳动力，控制自然资源，
以及生产产品、提供服务以 获取利润。在美国经济中，私人财产的概念不仅仅包含对生产资料的所有权，还包含某
些其他权利，其中 包括确定产品的价格或与另一私营者签订自由合同。


Passage 2

One
hundred
and
thirteen
million
Americans
have
at
least
one
bank-issued
credit
card.
They
give
their
owners
automatic
credit
in
stores,
restaurants,
and
hotels,
at
home,
across
the
country,
and
even
abroad,
and
they
make
many
banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to
withdraw
or
deposit
money
in
scattered
locations,
whether
or
not
the
local
branch
bank
is
open.
For
many
of
us
the
“cashless society” is not on the horizo
n
—
it’s already here.

While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash
registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what,
when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are
being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same
time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and
staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional. Computers are
relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to
emphasize
now,
which
to
develop
for
the
future,
and
which
to
drop.
Computers
keep
track
of
goods
in
stock,
of
raw
materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.

Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk
processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.

15. According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to__.

[A] withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes

[B] obtain more convenient services than other people do

[C] enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper

[D] cash money wherever he wishes to

16. From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that __.

[A] in the future all the Americans will use credit cards

[B] credit cards are mainly used in the United States today

[C] nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash

[D] it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before

1
7. The phrase
_
”.

[A] make an order of goods




[B] record sales on a cash register

[C] call the sales manager




[D] keep track of the goods in stock

18. What is this passage mainly about?

[A] Approaches to the commercial use of computers.

[B] Conveniences brought about by computers in business.

[C] Significance of automation in commercial enterprises.

[D] Advantages of credit cards in business.


一、文章结构总体分析


本文是一篇介绍计算机在经济领域广泛应用的文章 。文章首先论述信用卡在美国的使用情况，接着指出计算机
在经济领域使用的许多优点，最后谈到商家进 一步利用计算机的情况。

第一段：通过列举信用卡给人们带来的好处说明计算机的应用给消费者带来了便利。

第二段：通过电子收银机的多种功效以及计算机的分析、跟踪功能，说明计算机的应用同样给商家带来便利。
第三段：指出许多商业机构通过计算机给消费者带来更好更快捷的服务。


二、试题分析


15.


According
to
the
passage,
the
credit
card
根据文章，信用卡使其持有者可以干什么？

enables its owner to__.

[A] withdraw as much money from the bank as
[A]
根据自己的意愿，想要多少钱，就取多
he wishes

少钱

[B] obtain more convenient services than other
[B]
比别人获得更多的便利服务

people do

[C] enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper

[D] cash money wherever he wishes to

[C]
享受店主的更多信任

[D]
可以在任何地方兑换现金


[
答案
]
B
[
解析
]
本题考核的知识点是：
推理引申题。

本文第一段通过一系列的实例说明信用卡（
credit card
）给其使用者带来 的诸多方便。通过该段第二句“信用卡
持有者可以在商店、饭店、宾馆，在当地、外地甚至在国外自动刷 卡，同时信用卡还可以使他们得到银行提供的许
多服务”可以看出，
[B]
选项全面准 确地归纳和概括了原文思想，因此为正确答案。

虽然原文指出信用卡持有者可以不受地域和时 间的限制去存钱取钱，但是这并不意味着愿取多少就取多少。因
此
[A]
选项不正确。
[C]
选项是文中未提及的内容，原文中未对持卡者和未持卡者的信誉度进行比较。况且，这也 不
符合事实。无论是持信用卡还是支付现金，顾客在购物时都享受同等的信誉。
[D]
选项错在
wherever(
无论在什么地
方
)
，试问在没有银行的 地方或是未开通信用卡的地方怎能够兑取现金呢？

注意：解此题的关键是定位到具体的一句话。

16.

From the last sentence of the first paragraph we
从< br>第
一
段
最
后
一
句
中
我
们< br>可
以
得
知
learn that __.

________
。

[A]
in
the
future
all
the
Americans
will
use
[A]
将来所有美国人都会使用信用卡

credit cards

[B]
credit
cards are
mainly
used
in
the United
[B]
如今信用卡主要在美国使用

States today

[C]
nowadays
many
Americans
do
not
pay
in
[C]
现在，许多美国人不用现金支付

cash

[D]
it
is
now
more
convenient
to
use
credit
[D]
现在使用信用卡比过去更方便了

cards than before

[
答案
]
C
[
解析
]
本题考核的知识点是：
句意题。

本题 考查考生对第一段最后一句的理解。该段最后一句指出“对于我们很多人来说，
’
无现钞的社会
’
不是即将
来临，而是已经到来”
。
[C]
选项是对此句的 改写，
nowadays
与原句时态相符，
many Americans
与
for many of us
一
致，
do not pay in cash
与
cashless society
一致，因此
[C]
为正确答案。

[A]
选项中的
in the future
与原句时间
it is already here
不符；况且
all the Americans
也过于绝 对。
[B]
选项的内容
原文未提及；而且它与本段第二句谈到的可以在国外使用信用卡 的事实相悖。
[D]
选项亦无法从该句推论。

命题意图要求考生理解某句话 的内涵，弄清楚它的每个单词、表达方式和整句话传达的信息。有时可以借助离
得不远的上下文的句子去 理解。

17.

The
phrase

up
sales
(Line
3,
Para.
2)
第二段第三行的词语
ring
up
sales
的大概意
most probably means “__
_
”.

思是
________
。

[A] make an order of goods


[C] call the sales manager


[D] keep track of the goods in stock

[
答案
]
B
[
解析
]
本题考核的知识点是：
词义题。

该短语出现在第二段第二句
electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales
。第二段主要列举
了电子收银机
（
cash register< br>）
的用途。
第三句提到电子收银机可以进行各种各样的记录。
从上下文我们可以 知道
ring
up sales
是电子收银机的基本工作，即“将销售情况记入收款 机”
，这与
[B]
选项相符。

在不知
ring up < br>意思的情况，也可以通过
sales
去排除选项。
sales
为“销售 商品”
，而不是“商品贸易”
、
“销售
经理”或“库存商品”
，因此
[B]
选项最可能正确，
[A]
、
[C]
和
[D]
选项都相差太远。

命题意图要求考生根据上下文判断生词的含义。

18.

What is this passage mainly about?

文章的主要内容是
___________
。

[A]
Approaches
to
the
commercial
use
of
[A]
计算机商业应用的方法

computers.

[B] Conveniences brought about by computers
[B]
商业中计算机带来的便利

in business.

[C]
Significance
of
automation
in
commercial
[C]
商业企业自动化的意义

enterprises.

[D] Advantages of credit cards in business.

[D]
商业中信用卡的优势


[
答案
]
B
[
解析
]
本题考核的知识点是：
文章主旨题。

本题同样要求首先了解各段主旨，以便 总结概括文章中心。本文首先从信用卡的应用谈论计算机给消费者带来
的便利，
随后述及计算机 给销售商带来的便利，
最后指出计算机的应用范围很广。
因此
[B]
选项是文 章主要讨论的话
题，为正确答案。

[A]
选项和
[C]
选 项中的“应用方法”和“意义”都不是本文探讨的对象。
[D]
选项仅仅是文章第一段的内容， 作
者通过它是想说明计算机的应用给消费者带来的诸多方便这一主旨，因此
[A]
不具 有概括性。




[A]
定货

[B]
记录销售额

[C]
呼叫销售经理

[D]
跟踪库存货物

[B] record sales on a cash register

三、长难句解析和佳句赏析


长难句

①
This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and
how fast they are moving.
这个句子里有
by
引导的方式状语，其中
which items are being sold
以及
how fast they are moving
都是
showing
的宾语成分，
keep track of sth.
意为“与??保持接触；跟上??的进度或发展；跟踪??”
。
如：
read the newspapers
to keep track of current events
读报以了解时事。

译文：通过被售商品的种类及其销售速度等信息的显示，商家能够随时了解其商品的情况。

②
At
the
same
time
these
computers
record
which
hours
are
busiest
and
which
employees
are
the
most
efficient
,
allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly.
句子的主干是
computers record which
…
and which
…
，
其中有两个并列的
which
引导的宾语从句，逗号后是一个
allowing
引导的分词结构，修饰整个主句，相当于
whic h
allows
…
。最后的
accordingly
意为：相应地 ，按照所说的
情形，
如：
I have told you the circumstances, so you must act accordingly.
我已经 将一切情况告诉你了，
所以你必须按照
我说的办。

译文：同时这些计算机记 录哪些时间段是销售高峰和哪些员工最有效率，从而可以相应地调整员工工作任务的
分派。

③
Numerous other commercial enterprises , from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk
processors , bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
该句的特点是有两个插入语“
from
…
to
…
”对主语进行补充说明，主干应该是“
enterprises bring
…
to
…
”
。

译文：许多其他商业 企业，从剧院到杂志社、从燃气电器公司到牛奶加工厂都通过计算机的使用给消费者提供
更好、更高效的 服务。

佳句

For many of us the
“
cashless
”
society is not on the horizon
—
it is already here.
从这个句子我们学会了描述那些已经亲临其境的事物，又如：
After
a
long
separation
caused
by
war,
the
couple
reunited. They hugged and kissed, and they know their happiness is not on the horizon, it
’
s already here.

四、词汇注释


(1) issue (v.)
流出，放出，发 行，颁布；
（
n.
）发行物，
（报刊）期号，问题，争端；
issu ed (a.)
由??发行的

如：
bank- ~
银行发行的

(2) automatic (a.)
自动的，无意识的 ，机械的；
（
n.
）自动机械；
automatically (adv.)
(3) available (a.)
可以利用的，可得到的，可见到的，随时可来的；
avail (n.)
效用，利益，帮助；
（
v.
）有助于

(4) cashless (a.)
无现款的，无钱的；
cash (n.)
现金；
（
v.
）兑换现金；
cashier (n.)
出纳

(5) horizon (n.)
地平线，眼界，见识，
on the ~
即将来到，已露端倪的；
horizontal (a.)

(6) accordingly (adv.)
相应地，因此，从而，照着（办）
；
accordance (n.)
一致，
in ~ with
与??一致；
~ to
按照，
根据

(7) promotional (a.)
推 销的，促销的，提升的，促进的，
~campaigns
促销活动；
promotio n (n.)
，
promote (v.)
(8) stock (n.)
备料，库存，现货，股票，公债，
in~
现有

(9) on hand
在手边（随时可用）
；
in hand
在手中，在控制下；
out of hand
无法控制，无纪律

(10) utilities (n.)
公用事业，公用事业公司，
utility (n.)
效用，有用；
utilize (v.)

五、全文翻译




1.3
亿美国人的手中至少持有一家银行发行的信用卡。信用 卡持有者可在商店、饭店、宾馆，当地、外地甚至
国外赊购货物，同时信用卡还可以使他们享受银行提供 的许多服务。越来越多的信用卡可以自动读取，于是持卡人
就可以在不同地方存取，不管本地支行是否营 业。
对于我们很多人来说，“无现钞的社会”不是即将来临，而是已
经到来
。
(
佳句
)
计算机为消费者提供诸多便利的同时，也给商家带来了很多优势。电子收银 机能做的远不止记录销售额，它们
可进行各种各样的记录，
包括谁卖了什么，
何时卖的 ，
卖给了谁。
通过被售商品的种类及其销售速度等信息的显示，
商家能够随时了解其商 品的情况
。
（长难句①）然后卖家便可以做出是再定货还是把商品退给供应商的决定。
同时
这些计算机记录哪些时间段是销售高峰和哪些员工最有效率，从而可以相应地调整员工工作任务的分 派
。
（长难句
②）此外，他们还可以确定偏爱的顾客群进行促销活动。基于同样的原因 ，生产商们也依赖计算机。计算机分析的
营销报告能有助于决定目前应重点生产哪些商品，
将来 开发哪些产品，
应停止生产哪些产品。
计算机跟踪库存商品，
现有原材料甚至生产过程 本身。

许多其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志社、从燃气电器公司到牛奶加工厂都通过计算机的使 用给消费者提供更好、
更高效的服务
。
（长难句③）


Passage 3

Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to
their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.

Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While
the
leading
actor
on
the
stage
captures
our
attention,
we
are
aware
of
the
importance
of
the
supporting
players
and
the
scenery
of
the
play
itself.
Both
the
family
and
the
society
in
which
exceptional
children
live
are
often
the
key
to
their
growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of
society’ s understanding
—
the
knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.

Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that minor we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes,
the
prejudices,
and
the
central
values
of
the
culture
itself.
The
great
interest
in
exceptional
children
shown
in
public
education
over
the
past
three
decades
indicates
the
strong
feeling
in
our
society
that
all
citizens,
whatever
their
special
conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.

“All
men
are
created
equal.”
We’ve
heard
it
many
times,
but
it
still
has
important
meaning
for
education
in
a
democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country’s founders to denote equality before the law, it ha
s also
been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children
—
the right of
each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent
court decisions have confirmed the right of all children
—
disabled or not
—
to an appropriate education, and have ordered
that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs,
adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.

19. In Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that _____.
[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society

[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are

[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society

[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children

20. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that__.

[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society

[B] they might become a burden of the society

[C] they should fully develop their potentials

[D] disabled children deserve special consideration

21. This passage mainly deals with__.

[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities

[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society

[C] the special educational programs for exceptional children

[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children

22. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ___.

[A] is now enjoying legal support

[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country

[C]
was clearly stated by the country’ s founders

[D] will exert great influence over court decisions


一、文章结构总体分析


本文是一篇介绍美国特殊儿童教育的文章。文章首 先指出教育必须适应特殊儿童的特点，接着谈及特殊儿童的
成长环境，尤其是学校的重要性；最后指出美 国对特殊儿童的教育反映了他们“人人平等”的观念。

第一段：指出特殊儿童与同龄儿童相比 有许多重要的不同之处。为使特殊儿童的全部潜力得到开发，教育必须
适应他们的不同需要。该段给出全 文的主旨。

第二段：以家庭和社会是特殊儿童成长和发展的关键，引出学校教育对于特殊儿童的重要性。

第三段和第四段：
提出教育反映一个社会的价值观念，
而
（美国）
学 校对特殊儿童教育的重视反映了该社会
“在
教育面前，人人生而平等”的观念。特殊儿童受教育 的权利已经得到法律的保护，学校也已经相应地修改常规的教
学计划去适应特殊儿童的需要。


二、试题分析


19.


In Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of
第二段作者引用舞台主角的例子目的是为了
the leading actor on the stage to show that____.
说明
______
。

[A]
the
growth
of
exceptional
children
has
[A]
特殊儿童的成长与家庭和社会有很大关
much to do with their family and the society
系

[B] exceptional children are more influenced by
[B]
与正常儿童相比，特殊儿童受到的家庭
their families than normal children are
影响更大

[C] exceptional children are the key interest of
[C]
家庭和社会最感兴趣的是特殊儿童

the family and society
[D]
the
needs
of
the
society
weigh
much
[D]
社会的需要比特殊儿童的需要重要得多

heavier
than
the
needs
of
the
exceptional
children


[
答案
]
A
[
解析
]

本题考核的知识点是：
作者意图题。

该段第二句为了进一步说明第一句而打了个比方，把
exceptional
children
比喻成
leading
actor
，把
their
environment
比做
supporting players and the scenery of the play
。
作者引用这个例子是为了从舞台主角的魅 力离不开配
角和场景的支持这一事实引出一个观点，也就是第三句：
“特殊儿童所处的家庭和社 会常常是他们成长和发展的关
键”
。
[A]
选项和这个思想吻合，为正确答案 。

文章第一段指出特殊儿童与正常儿童相比有许多不同，
但是并没有具体就某方面的 不同进行比较，
而
[B]
选项中
出现了原文不存在的
“家庭影响”< br>比较，
所以不对。
[C]
选项中的干扰词有
key
、
exceptional children
和
family and society
，
它们出现在该段第三句，但是
[C]
选项的含义与原文已大相径庭。
[D ]
选项也出现了文中未有的“比较”
。

weigh much heavier than
意思为：比??分量重得多，比??重要得多。

注意：对于文中的比喻和类比，最重要的一点是弄清楚它们说明的对象。

20.

The reason that the exceptional children receive
特殊儿童在教育上得到很多关注的原因是
so much concern in education is that__.

___________
。

[A]
they
are
expected
to
be
leaders
of
the
[A]
他们有望成为社会领袖

society

[B] they might become a burden of the society

[B]
他们有可能成为社会负担

[C] they should fully develop their potentials

[C]
他们应该充分发挥自己的潜力

[D]
disabled
consideration

children
deserve
special
[D]
残疾儿童值得特殊关注


[
答案
]
C
[
解析
]
本题考核的知识点是：
因果关系题。

第三段最后一句指出“公共教育对特殊 儿童的巨大关注表明所有公民不管情况特殊与否，都应该有机会全面发
展自己的能力”
，言下之 意就是，特殊儿童在教育上受关注是因为他们尽管不同于一般儿童，却有全面发展的权利。
[C]
选项与此意相同，是原文的合理改写。
fully develop their potentials
与原文
fully develop their capabilities
同义。故
[C]
为正确答案。

[A]< br>选项和
[B]
选项在原文中均未述及。
[D]
选项读起来似乎合理，但 是实际上是答非所问，没有给出任何实在的
原因。

21.

This passage mainly deals with__.

文章的主要内容是
_________
。

[A] the differences of children in their learning
[A]
孩子在学习能力上的差异

capabilities

[B]
the
definition
of
exceptional
children
in
[B]
现代社会中特殊儿童的定义

modern society

[C]
the
special
educational
programs
for
[C]
为特殊儿童设的特殊教育项目

exceptional children

[D]
the
necessity
of
adapting
education
to
[D]
使教育适应特殊儿童的特点的必要性

exceptional children


[
答案
]
D
[
解析
]
本题考核的知识点是：
文章主旨题。

文章第一段为主题段，先引出话题“特 殊儿童”
，指出他们与同龄儿童相比有许多明显的不同之处；接着给出
主旨句“为使特殊儿童的 全部潜力得到开发，教育必须适应他们的不同需要”
；在随后的段落里，作者主要通过阐
述“人 人都享有接受教育的平等机会”的观点，充分论证主题的合理性。因此
[D]
选项符合主题思想 ，是正确答案。

[A]
选项中的对象是
children
，
而非文中的
exceptional children
。
此外，
本文并未 说明儿童在学习能力方面存在哪
些差异。
[B]
选项原文没有提及。
[C]< br>选项虽然在最后一段被简略提及，但是它是学校在“教育机会人人平等”的观
念影响下的具体措施 ，不是全文的主要内容。

命题意图是要求考生找出文章的主旨句。

22.

From this passage we learn that the educational
从
文
章
可
知
，
对
特
殊
儿
童
教
育
的
关
注
conc ern for exceptional children ___.

_________
。

[A] is now enjoying legal support

[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country
[A]
正受到法律的支持

[B]
与本国传统不符

[C]
was
clearly
stated
by
the
country’
s
[C]
被国家创立者明确地表达出来

founders

[D]
will
exert
great
influence
over
court
[D]
将会对法庭的裁决起很大影响

decisions


[
答案
]
A
[
解析
]
本题考核的知识点是：
推理引申题。

最后一段第四句
recent count decision have confirmed the right of all children
—
disabled or not
—
to an appropriate
education
…
说明特殊儿童接受适应其特点的教育 的权利已经得到法律的保护。
[A]
选项符合此意。

该段第二句表明国家缔 造者最初只提到法律面前人人平等，
他们并未有论述教育平等的观念，
因此
[C]选项与原
文不符。
[B]
选项与该段内容也不符。该段第一句和第二句表明“人人 生来平等”的思想自建国就已提出，因此教育
平等并不违背本国传统。
[D]
选项的时 态为将来时，而原文的
court decision
之事早已成为事实。二者时间不符。


三、长难句解析和佳句赏析


长难句

①
And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’ s understanding
—
the knowledge, hopes,
and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
原句是
it is
…
that
…
的强调句型，此句是强调地点。破折号后是对
society
’< br>s understanding
的解释。其中有一个
that
引导的定语从句对
the knowledge, hopes, and fears
三个名词进行修饰。
此句的
understanding
意思是
“理智、
知性”
；
pass on
意思是
“把??传给另一个，
转移”
，
如：
He is passing on his knowledge to his students.
他所知识传授给学生。

译文：正是在公立学校里我们感受到了社 会知性的充分体现——向下一代传授知识、希望和恐惧。

②
The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong
feeling
in
our
society
that
all
citizens,
whatever
their
special
conditions
,
deserve
the
opportunity
to
fully
develop
their
capabilities.
此句的主干是
The great interest
…
indicates the strong feeling
…
，
主语后是一个较长的修饰限制成分
in exceptional
children shown in public education over the past three decades
。
宾语
the strong feeling in our society
后是
that
引导的同位
语从句，其主语是
all citizens
，谓语是
deserve
，在两者之间有插入成分
what ever their special conditions
进行补充说
明。
< br>译文：过去
30
年间公共教育表出现的对特殊儿童的巨大关注表明了存在于我们社会中的 那种强烈情绪，即所
有公民，不论情况怎么特殊，都应该得到全面发展其能力的机会。

③
That concept implies educational opportunity for all children
—
the right of each child to receive help in learning to
the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great.
此句的主句是破折号前的部分，
破折号后是对主句宾语
educational opportunity for all children
的进一步说明，
中
心词是
the right
，后面都是修饰限定成分。
to the limits of
意思是：达到??的极限，如：
to the limits of his strength
。
whether
引导的从句省略了
should,
是虚拟语气。

译文：这个概念暗示所有儿童都有接受教育的机会——即每个儿童，不 管其本身的能力大小与否，都有权利在
学习上最大限度地得到帮助。

④
In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those
who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.
此句的主干是
schools
are
modifying
…，后面
adapting
引导的分词结构做状语，其中又有两个并列的介词
to< br>结
构，并且都含有定语从句，即：
to children who
和
to those who
。

译文：作为回应，学校也调 整课程安排，使授课能够适应特殊儿童，适应那些不能从常规课程中真正获益的儿
童的需要。

佳句

①
While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players
and the scenery of the play itself.
这里作者用类比的手法支论证特殊儿童与 他们成长的环境之间的关系，生动有趣。从另外一个角度想，主角需
要配角和布景的衬托，而在人生舞台 上何赏不也有很多“红花需要绿叶衬”的现象呢？

②
Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that minor we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes,
the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself.
mirror:
（喻）镜子，真实反映情况的东西。如：
The press is a mirror of the public opinions.
报刊是忠实反映舆论
的 镜子。
教育是社会的镜子，
意思就是从教育这个角度看一个社会的全貌。
我们可以借用 作者在这个句子中的思维，
去仿造其他句子。又如：
The taste of the clothing is a mirror of a person
’
s personality. In that mirror we can see
…

③

All men are created equal.
引句短而有力，极有说服力。如：
All men are created equal. So everybody has the right to receive education.
四、词汇注释

(1) exceptional (a.)
反常的，有缺陷的；
杰出的，
出类拔拔萃的；
~children
需要特殊照顾的 儿童；
exception (n.)
除
外，例外，
with the~ of
除??之外

(2) in some way (s)=in one way
以某种方法；
in a way =to a certain extent but not entirely
在某种程度上