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落花流水春已去化学专业英语

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2021-01-19 15:34
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右脑学习-勤奋学习的诗句

2021年1月19日发(作者:包虎臣)
1

Beginning in the late seventeenth century with the work of Robert Boyle, who proposed the
presently
accepted
concept
of
an
element,
numerous
investigations
produced
a
considerable
knowledge of the properties of elements and their compounds.
早在
17
义< br>耳就开始了这项工作,
他提出了现在公认的元素概念,
大量的研究使我们对元素极其化合 物
的性质有了相当的了解。

In modern form, the law states that the properties of the elements are periodic functions of their
atomic
numbers.
In
other
words,
when
the
elements
are
listed
in
order
of
increasing
atomic
number, elements having closely similar properties will fall at definite intervals along the list.
用现
代的话说,
这个规律叙述了元素的性质是它们的原子序数的周 期性函数。
换句话说,
当元素
按照原子序数逐渐递增的顺序列表(排列时)
, 性质非常接近的元素将占据表格中具有一定
间隔的位置
.Thus
it
is
possible
to
arrange
the
list
of
elements
in
tabular
form
with
elements
having similar properties placed in vertical columns.
于是,
将 具有类似性质的元素排成纵列,

而把元素排成表格形式是可能的。

The groups headed by the members of the two 8-element periods are designated as main group
elements, and the members of the other groups are called transition or inner transition elements.

由 两个
8
元素周期中的元素开头的族被指定为主族元素,
其它族的元素叫过度元素或内过 度
元素
.
However, as is characteristic of most transition elements, they form ions having other charges as
well.
但是,象许多过度元素所具有的特点一样,它 们也形成具有其它电荷的离子。

They form such a variety of compounds that it is not practical at this point to present any examples
as being typical of the behavior of the respective groups.
它们形成了各种不 同的化合物,在这一
点上我们甚至不能举出任何能表现各族元素典型变化的例子。

The periodicity of chemical behavior is illustrated by the fact that, excluding the first period, each
period begins with a very reactive metal. Successive elements along the period show decreasing
metallic
character,
eventually
becoming
nonmetals,
and
finally,
in
group
VIIA,
a
very
reactive
nonmetal is found. Each period ends with a member of the noble gas family.
元素化学性质的周期
性可以由以下事实说明:
除了第一周期之外,
其它每一周 期都从非常活泼的金属开始。
同一
周期随着原子序数的增加,元素的金属性减弱,最终成为非金 属,最后,在第七主族,出现
了活泼的非金属元素。每一周期都以惰性气体家族成员结束。

2

As
molecular
weight
increases,
we
encounter
a
liquid
(Br2)
and
a
so1id
(I2)
whose
vapor
pressures a1so indicate small intermolecular forces.
随着分子量的增加, 我们就会遇到一种液体
Br2
和一种固体
I2
,它们的蒸气压也表明它们的分 子间作用力较小。

The difference arises because of the lower stability of
π
-bonds formed from p orbitals of the third
and higher main energy levels as opposed to the second main energy level.
差别的出现是由于与
第二主能级相反,第三和更高主能级的
p-
轨道形成的< br>π
-
键稳定性较低。

The structure of amorphous sulfur consists of large-coiled helices with eight sulfur atoms to each
turn
of
the
helix;
the
overall
nature
of
amorphous
sulfur
is
described
as
rubbery
because
it
stretches much like ordinary rubber. In a few hours the amorphous sulfur reverts to small rhombic
crystals and its rubbery property disa ppears.
。无定形硫是由大的线圈型螺旋链组成,这些螺旋
链是
S8
环 断裂后,首尾相连形成的。可以把无定型硫的全部性质描述为弹性硫,因为它伸
缩的时候象一般的橡胶一 样有弹性。
几个小时后,
弹性硫就转变为较小的斜方硫,
弹性也随
之消失。< br>
ItS
molecular
structure
provides
for
a
covalence
of
three

as
maybe
expected
from
the
three
unpaired p electrons in its atomic structure, and each atom is attached to three others.
它的分子结
构中每个原子形成了 三个共价键,
可预期这三个共价键是由该原子结构中的三个未成对的
p
电子形成的,且 每个原子都与另外三个相接。

Typical of the Group IV diamond-type crystalline elements, it is a nonconductor and shows other
nonmetallic prope rties.
碳作为典型的第
IV
族金刚石型晶体的元素,它是不良导体,且显示其< br>它非金属性质。

CO:carbonic oxide/carbon monoxide

CO2:carbon dioxide

SO2:sulfur dioxide
6

It would be impossible to learn properties and behavior of even a fraction of this number if it
had to be done on the basis of individual compounds.
。如果根据个别化合物来了解这么多化合
物的性 质和行为,即使其中的一小部分也是不可能的。

For example, HCl is classed as an acid, and by becoming familiar with the behavior of acids as a
distinct class, we are at once aware of the general properties of the compound.
例如,
HCl
归类为
酸,由于已经熟悉作为不同类别的酸 的性质,我们就会立即知道这一化合物的一般性质。

Properties
of
Acids.
In
general,
aqueous
solutions
of
acids
are
characterized
by
the
following
properties:
酸的性质:一般,酸的水溶液具有如下的特征性质:

1.
They
have
a
sour
taste.
Lemons,
organges,
and
other
citrus
fruits
owe
their
sour
taste
to
the
presence of citric acid; the taste of sour milk is due to the presence of the lactic acid.1.
有酸味。

檬,
橘子以及其它的柑橘类的水果因柠檬酸的存在而拥有酸味;
酸牛奶的味道也是因柠檬酸
的存在而产生的。
2. They turn blue litmus paper red. Litmus is a dye which has red color in acid
solution and a blue color in basic solution; paper which has been soaked in litmus is referred to as
litmus paper. Substances of this type, which enable us to determine whether a given solution is
acid
or
basic,
are
called
indicators.
Methyl
orange
and
phenolphthalein
are
other
indicators
frequently used by chemists. 使紫色石蕊试纸变蓝。
石蕊染料在酸性溶液中呈现红色,
而在碱性溶液中呈现蓝色。
在石蕊
溶液中浸泡后的纸叫做石蕊试纸。这类能够让我们测定所给溶液酸碱性的(是酸还是碱的)物质叫做指示剂。甲基橙和酚酞是化学家常用的其它指示剂。

3.
They
react
with
certain
metals
to
produce
hydrogen.
Reactions
of
this
type
were
studied
in
connection with the preparation of hydrogen.酸与某些金属反应产生氢气。
这类反应的研究可与
制备氢气联系起来。
4. They react with bases to produce salts and water.
与碱反应生成盐和水。

Just
as
the
characteristic
part
of
an
acid
is
hydroxide
ion
(应该是
hydronium
ion

,
so
the
characteristic part of a base in water solution is the hydroxide ion, OH-. Later the concept of a
base will be extended to include substances which do not furnish hydroxide ions in solution.
正象
酸的水溶液的特征部分是水合氢离子,
碱的水溶液的特征部分 是
OH-

后来碱的概念延伸到
包括溶液中不提供(不存在)
OH-
的物质。

Properties
of
Bases.
In
general

water
solution
of
the
metallic
hydroxides
(bases)
exhibit
the
following properties:
碱的性质:一般,金属氢氧化物(碱)的水溶液表现出以下性质:

1. Bitter taste.
(苦味)

2. Soapy or slippery feeling.
(滑腻感)

3. Turn red litmus paper blue.
使蓝色石蕊试纸变红。

4. React With acids to form salts and water.
与酸反应产生盐和水。

5.
Most
metallic
hydroxides
are
insoluble
in
water.
Of
the
common
ones,
only
NaOH,
KOH,
Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2

and NH3 are soluble.
大部分金属氢氧化物 都难溶于水。
在常见的金属氢氧化物中,
只有
NaOH

KOH
Ca(OH)2

Ba(OH)2
,和

NH3
易溶解于水。














hypo~ous acid










+ous acid










+ic acid












per~ic acid







(


hypo~ite







氧< br>酸







hypo~it e
















hypo~ate
















+





per~ate

HCl:hydrochloric
acid

HClO:hypochlorous
acid

NaOH:sodium
hydroxide
Ca(OH)2:calcium
hydroxide

Fe(OH)3:ferric
hydroxide

NaCl:sodium
chloride
Fe2(SO4)3:ferric sulfate

Ca(ClO)2:calcium hypochlorite

H2SO4

sulfuric acid

7

In
these
cases,
the
oxidation
state
of
the
metal
is
shown
by
a
Roman
numeral
in
parentheses immediately following the English name of the metal which corresponds to its
oxidation
number.
在 这种情况下,金属氧化态是紧接着金属的英语名称之后在圆括号中用
罗马数字表示,该数字与金属的氧化 数一致。

Many of the older names are still used, however, and our ensuing discussion will include in many
cases
both
the
old
and
new,
with
emphasis
on
the
latter.
One
of
the
principal
changes
is
that
proposed by Albert Stock and now known as the Stock system for the naming of compounds of
metals
(oxides,
hydroxides,
and
salts)
in
which
the
metal
may
exhibit
more
than
one
oxidation
state.
。很多比较陈旧(古老)的名字仍然使用,而我们 接下来的讨论将包括许多旧的和新
的命名的例子,重点是后者。一个主要的变化是由
Alber t Stock
建议的、现在已经广为人知
的命名金属化合物(氧化物、氢氧化物和盐)的Stock
命名系统,其中金属化合物中,金属
可能表现出不止一种氧化态。

The student should have a good start in learning nomenclature if he has learned the Valence Table
3 which gives both charges on ions and names for the more common ones.
一个学生如果 掌握了
给出离子电荷和较常见离子名称的价键表
3
,他在掌握命名方面就必定有了一个 好的开端。

The
number
of
oxygen
atoms
in
such
oxyanions
is
denoted
(指示,表示)

by
the
use
of
the
sulffixes

应该为
suffix es

后缀)

ite and ate, meaning fewer and more oxygen atoms,respectively.
在这样的含氧阴离子中,氧原子的数目用后缀
ite

ate
表示,意思分别是较少的和较多的
氧原子。

The older system of naming and one still widely used employs Greek prefixes for both the number
of oxygen atoms and that of the other element in the compound.
在化合物中,氧原子的数目和其
它元素原 子的数目,
不管是旧的命名系统,
还是现在广泛使用的命名系统都使用了希腊语前
缀。

含氧酸根的命名

The number of oxygen atoms in such oxyanions is denoted by the use of the
suffixes

ite
and
ate,
meaning
fewer
and
more
oxygen
atoms,respectively.
In
cases,
where
it
is
necessary
to
denote
more
than
two
oxyanions
of
the
same
element,
the
prefixes
hypo
and
per,
meaning still fewer and still more oxygen atoms, respectively, may be used.
在这样的含氧阴离子
中,氧原子的数目用后缀
ite

ate
表示,意思分别是较少的和较多的氧原子。在一种元素
形成的含氧阴离子多于两种的情况 下,有必要用前缀
hypo

per
来表示,仍然分别表示较
少的和 较多的原子。

FeBr2:iron(II)
bromide
or
ferrous
bromide,Ca(C2H3O2)2




calcium
acetate
,Cr2(SO4)3:chromium(III)
sulfate
or
chromic
sulfate,CN-

cyanide
ion
Al(OH)3 :aluminum hydroxide

BO
33-

borate ion

H
3
BO
3

boric acid

TeO
42-

tellurate
ion

H
2
TeO
4

telluric acid



(1)

mono-, sometimes reduced to mon-, (2) di-, (3) tri-, (4)tetra-, (5) penta-, (6) hexa-, (7)
hepata-,
(8)
octa-,
(9)
nona-
and
(10)
deca-.





































广

使







使














(1) mono-,





mon-, (2) di-, (3) tri-, (4) tetra-,
(5) penta-, (6) hexa-, (7) hepata-, (8) octa-, (9) nona- and (10) deca-


H3PO4

phosphoric acid

NaHCO3

sodium bicarbonate Ca(HSO3)2

calcium bisulfite
10

The first four saturated unbranched acyclic hydrocarbons are called methane

ethane,
propane and butane. Names of the higher members of this series consist of a numerical term,
fo
llowed
by
“–ane”
with
elision
of
terminal
“a”
from
the
numerical
term.


















































“ane”< br>组








数< br>字




“a”.

Saturated branched acyclic hydrocarbon is named by prefixing the designations of the side
chains to the name of the longest chain which is numbered from one end to the other by
Arabic numerals, the direction being so chosen as to give the lowest numbers possible to
the
side
chains.







































































使









When series of locants containing the same number of terms are compared term by
term, that series is “lowest” which contains the lowest number on the occasion of the first
difference .




















































2, 3, 5-Trimethylhexane

2
3

5-
三甲基己烷
3, 3-Dimethylpentane:
3

3-
二甲基戊烷

基团的命名

Univalent radicals derived from saturated acyclic hydrocarbons by
removal
(移动,免职,切除)
of hydrogen from a terminal carbon atom are named by
replacing the ending

-ane

of the hydrocarbon by

-y1

.
单价基团是通过从饱 和
的非环状的碳氢化合物的端基碳原子上去掉氢原子形成的,
它的命名是通过把碳氢化合物的< br>词尾“
ane
”用“
y1
”来取代而进行的。

When
series
of
locants
containing
the
same
number
of
terms
are
compared
term
by
term

that series is

lowest

which contains the lowest number on the occasion of the
first difference .
当逐一比较包含着相同
(
碳原子
)
数目的词语的许多位次时,根据 第一个
位次差值的理由,含最低数字的是最低者。

作文

烷烃的链反应的描述:
Light initiates

chlorination of an alkane by converting chlorine
molecules
into
chlorine
atoms
by
a
process
of
homolysis,
in
which
a
covalent
bond
is
severed
and
one
electron
is
retained
by
each
of
the
atoms
forming
the
bond:
C1:C1

C1·
+C1·
.
烷 烃的光引发氯化作用是通过均裂过程把氯分子转变成氯原子进行的,
在这个过程中,
氯分子中的 共价键断裂,
形成氯分子的每个氯原子保留一个电子。
The chain
initiating step (1), homolytic fission of chlorine molecules, produces chlorine free radicals;
in chain propagating
steps, a chlorine radical
attacks
a
molecule
of
alkane
to
produce
hydrogen chloride and an alkyl radical (2), which in turn attacks a chlorine molecule to
produce
a
chloroalkane
and
a
chlorine
radical
(3).

右脑学习-勤奋学习的诗句


右脑学习-勤奋学习的诗句


右脑学习-勤奋学习的诗句


右脑学习-勤奋学习的诗句


右脑学习-勤奋学习的诗句


右脑学习-勤奋学习的诗句


右脑学习-勤奋学习的诗句


右脑学习-勤奋学习的诗句



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