白欣欣TPO阅读44文本答案翻译

2021年1月19日发(作者：辛晓琪)
TPO-44
From Fish to Terrestrial Vertebrates
One of the most significant evolutionary events that occurred on Earth was the transition of
water-dwelling fish to terrestrial tetrapods (four-limbed organisms with backbones). Fish probably
originated
in
the
oceans,
and
our
first
records
of
them
are
in
marine
rocks.
However,
by
the
Devonian Period (408 million to 362 million years ago), they had radiated into almost all available
aquatic
habitats,
including
freshwater
settings.
One
of
the
groups
whose
fossils
are
especially
common in rocks deposited in fresh water is the lobe-finned fish.

The freshwater Devonian lobe-finned fish rhipidistian crossopterygian is of particular interest
to
biologists
studying
tetrapod
evolution.
These
fish
lived
in
river
channels
and
lakes
on
large
deltas. The delta rocks in which these fossils are found are commonly
red due to oxidized iron
minerals, indicating that the deltas formed in a climate that had alternate wet and dry periods. If
there
were
periods
of
drought,
any
adaptations
allowing
the
fish
to
survive
the
dry
conditions
would
have
been
advantageous.
In
these
rhipidistians
，
several
such
adaptations
existed.
It
is
known that they had lungs as well as gills for breathing. Cross sections cut through some of the
fossils
reveal
that
the
mud
filling
the
interior
of
the
carcass
differed
in
consistency
and
texture
depending
on
its
location
inside
the
fish.
These
differences
suggest
a
sadlike
cavity
below
the
front end of the gut that can only be interpreted as a lung. Gills were undoubtedly the main source
of oxygen for these fish, but the lungs served as an auxiliary breathing device for gulping air when
the water became oxygen depleted, such as during extended periods of , these fish had
already evolved one of the prime requisites for living on land: the ability to use air as a source of
oxygen.

A second adaptation of these fish was in the structure of the lobe fins. The fins were thick,
fleshy, and quite sturdy, with a median axis of bone down the center. They could have been used
as feeble locomotor devices on land, perhaps good enough to allow a fish to flop its way from one
pool
of
water
that
was
almost
dry
to
an
adjacent
pond
that
had
enough
water
and
oxygen
for
survival.
These
fins
eventually
changed
into
short,
stubby
legs.
The
bones
of
the
fins
of
a
Devonian rhipidistian exactly match in number and position the limb bones of the earliest known
tetrapods, the amphibians. It should be emphasized that the evolution of lungs and limbs was in no
sense an anticipation of future life on land. These adaptations developed because they helped fish
to survive in their existing aquatic environment.

What ecological pressures might have caused fishes to gradually abandon their watery habitat
and become increasingly land-dwelling creatures? Changes in climate during the Devonian may
have
had
something
to
do
with
this
if
freshwater
areas
became
progressively
more
restricted.
Another impetus may have been new sources of food. The edges of ponds and streams surely had
scattered
dead
fish
and
other
water-
dwelling
creatures.
■In
addition,
plants
had
emerged
into
terrestrial
habitats
in
areas
near
streams
and
ponds,
and
crabs
and
other
arthropods
were
also
members of this earliest terrestrial community. ■Thus, by the Devonian the land h
abitat marginal
to freshwater was probably a rich source of protein that could be exploited by an animal that could
easily
climb
out
of
water.
■
Evidence
from
teeth
suggests
that
these
earliest
tetrapods
did
not
utilize land plants as food; they were presumably carnivorous and had not developed the ability to
feed on plants. ■


How did the first tetrapods make the transition to a terrestrial habitat? Like early land plants
such
as
rhyniophytes,
they
made
only
a
partial
transition;
they
were
still
quite
tied
to
water.
However, many problems that faced early land plants were not applicable to the first tetrapods.
The
ancestors
of
these
animals
already
had
a
circulation
system,
and
they
were
mobile,
so
that
they
could
move
to
water
to
drink.
Furthermore,
they
already
had
lungs,
which
rhipidistians
presumably used for auxiliary breathing. The principal changes for the earliest tetrapods were in
the
skeletal
system
—
changes
in
the
bones
of
the
fins,
the
vertebral
column,
pelvic
girdle,
and
pectoral girdle.

P1
：
One of the most significant evolutionary events that occurred on Earth was the transition of
water-dwelling fish to terrestrial tetrapods (four-limbed organisms with backbones). Fish probably
originated in the oceans, and our first records of them are in marine rocks. However, by the
Devonian Period (408 million to 362 million years ago), they had radiated into almost all available
aquatic habitats, including freshwater settings. One of the groups whose fossils are especially
common in rocks deposited in fresh water is the lobe- finned fish.

1. Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about fish evolution?
A. Lobe-finned fish were among the earliest types of fish to appear.
B. Fish began living in freshwater habitats only after originating elsewhere.
C. Lobe-finned fish radiated into almost all available aquatic habitats.
D. During the Devonian, lobe-finned fish were more common in marine than in freshwater
habitats.

P2
：
The freshwater Devonian lobe-finned fish rhipidistian crossopterygian is of particular interest
to
biologists
studying
tetrapod
evolution.
These
fish
lived
in
river
channels
and
lakes
on
large
deltas. The delta rocks in which these fossils are found are commonly
red due to oxidized iron
minerals, indicating that the deltas formed in a climate that had alternate wet and dry periods. If
there
were
periods
of
drought,
any
adaptations
allowing
the
fish
to
survive
the
dry
conditions
would
have
been
advantageous.
In
these
rhipidistians
，
several
such
adaptations
existed.
It
is
known that they had lungs as well as gills for breathing. Cross sections cut through some of the
fossils
reveal
that
the
mud
filling
the
interior
of
the
carcass
differed
in
consistency
and
texture
depending
on
its
location
inside
the
fish.
These
differences
suggest
a
sadlike
cavity
below
the
front end of the gut that can only be interpreted as a lung. Gills were undoubtedly the main source
of oxygen for these fish, but the lungs served as an auxiliary breathing device for gulping air when
the water became oxygen depleted, such as during extended periods of , these fish had
already evolved one of the prime requisites for living on land: the ability to use air as a source of
oxygen.

2. According to paragraph 2, what do the minerals in the delta rocks containing rhipidistian
crossopterygian fossils reveal?
A. These deltas formed in dry periods but gradually became wetter.
deltas contain different types of iron minerals than do the surrounding areas.
rhipidistian crossopterygian fish died when the climate became dry.
istian crossopterygian fish lived in areas that experienced alternate dry and wet periods.

3. The word
A. beneficial

B. necessary

C. remarkable
D. common

4. In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that mud inside rhipidistian
crossopterygian fossils differed in consistency and texture depending on where the mud was
located?
A. To provide evidence that rhipidistian crossopterygian lived in river channels and lakes on large
deltas.
B. To identify an effect of the oxidation of iron minerals on the evolution of rhipidistian
crossopterygian.
C. To help explain why scientists have concluded that rhipidistian crossopterygian probably had
lungs.
D. To explain why scientists decided to cut cross sections through some fossils of rhipidistian
crossopterygian.

of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted
sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out
essential information.
A. Because the lungs of these fish were able to provide only a small amount of oxygen, these fish
obtained most of their oxygen through their gills during periods of drought.
B. During periods of extended drought, these fish used their lungs to increase their intake of
oxygen beyond the levels absorbed by the gills in normal times.
C. Although these fish primarily used their gills to obtain oxygen, they used their lungs to obtain
oxygen from the air when there was not enough in the water.
D. During periods of extended drought, the gills became an auxiliary breathing device and the
lungs became the main source of oxygen for these fish.

6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted
sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out
essential information.
A. Because the lungs of these fish were able to provide only a small amount of oxygen, these fish
obtained most of their oxygen through their gills during periods of drought.
B. During periods of extended drought, these fish used their lungs to increase their intake of
oxygen beyond the levels absorbed by the gills in normal times.
C. Although these fish primarily used their gills to obtain oxygen, they used their lungs to obtain
oxygen from the air when there was not enough in the water.
D. During periods of extended drought, the gills became an auxiliary breathing device and the
lungs became the main source of oxygen for these fish.

P3
：
A second adaptation of these fish was in the structure of the lobe fins. The fins were thick,
fleshy, and quite sturdy, with a median axis of bone down the center. They could have been used
as feeble locomotor devices on land, perhaps good enough to allow a fish to flop its way from one
pool of water that was almost dry to an adjacent pond that had enough water and oxygen for
survival. These fins eventually changed into short, stubby legs. The bones of the fins of a
Devonian rhipidistian exactly match in number and position the limb bones of the earliest known
tetrapods, the amphibians. It should be emphasized that the evolution of lungs and limbs was in no
sense an anticipation of future life on land. These adaptations developed because they helped fish
to survive in their existing aquatic environment.
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7. The word
A. nearby

B. available

C. temporary

D. fresh
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P4
：
What ecological pressures might have caused fishes to gradually abandon their watery habitat
and become increasingly land-dwelling creatures? Changes in climate during the Devonian may
have
had
something
to
do
with
this
if
freshwater
areas
became
progressively
more
restricted.
Another impetus may have been new sources of food. The edges of ponds and streams surely had
scattered
dead
fish
and
other
water-
dwelling
creatures.
■In
addition,
plants
had
emerged
into
terrestrial
habitats
in
areas
near
streams
and
ponds,
and
crabs
and
other
arthropods
were
also
members of this earliest terrestrial community. ■Thus, by the Devonian the land habitat marginal
to freshwater was probably a rich source of protein that could be exploited by an animal that could
easily
climb
out
of
water.
■
Evidence
from
teeth
suggests
that
these
earliest
tetrapods
did
not
utilize land plants as food; they were presumably carnivorous and had not developed the ability to
feed on plants. ■


8. The word “
progressively
” in the passage is closest in meaning to:

A. increasingly
B. noticeably
C. occasionally
D. rapidly

9. In paragraph 4, why does the author point out that crabs and other arthropods were already
living on land when the ancestors of the first tetrapods began living there?
A. To account for the presence of dead fish along the edges of ponds and streams during the
Devonian.
B. To support the claim that climate change caused freshwater habitats to become more restricted
during the Devonian.
C. To identify a consequence of the emergence of plants into terrestrial habitats near ponds and
streams.
D. To identify a possible reason for why certain fish gradually became terrestrial organisms.

10. According to paragraph 4
，
teeth of the earliest tetrapods suggest that these tetrapods

A. competed with other animals for protein

B. were probably carnivores

C. could easily climb out of water

D. were able to eat plants

P5
：
How did the first tetrapods make the transition to a terrestrial habitat? Like early land plants
such
as
rhyniophytes,
they
made
only
a
partial
transition;
they
were
still
quite
tied
to
water.
However, many problems that faced early land plants were not applicable to the first tetrapods.
The
ancestors
of
these
animals
already
had
a
circulation
system,
and
they
were
mobile,
so
that
they
could
move
to
water
to
drink.
Furthermore,
they
already
had
lungs,
which
rhipidistians
presumably used for auxiliary breathing. The principal changes for the earliest tetrapods were in
the
skeletal
system
—
changes
in
the
bones
of
the
fins,
the
vertebral
column,
pelvic
girdle,
and
pectoral girdle.

11. According to paragraph 5, which of the following was true of the first tetrapods?

A. They became dependent for food on organisms already living on land.
B. They needed to develop new mechanisms for obtaining nutrients.
C. They continued to live in close association with aquatic environments.
D. They were evolutionarily far removed from their rhipidistian ancestors.

12. According to paragraph 5, what was the main way that the earliest tetrapods differed from
their immediate fish ancestors?
A. The tetrapods had a different skeletal structure.
B. The tetrapods had more sources of food available
C. The tetrapods had a circulation system.
D. The tetrapods could move to new pools of water.

P4
：
What ecological pressures might have caused fishes to gradually abandon their watery habitat
and become increasingly land- dwelling creatures? Changes in climate during the Devonian may
have
had
something
to
do
with
this
if
freshwater
areas
became
progressively
more
restricted.
Another impetus may have been new sources of food. The edges of ponds and streams surely had
scattered
dead
fish
and
other
water-dwelling
creatures.
■In
addition,
plants
had
emerged
into
terrestrial
habitats
in
areas
near
streams
and
ponds,
and
crabs
and
other
arthropods
were
also
members of this earliest terrestrial community. ■Thus, by the Devonian the land habitat marginal
to freshwater was probably a rich source of protein that could be exploited by an animal that could
easily
climb
out
of
water.
■
Evidence
from
teeth
suggests
that
these
earliest
tetrapods
did
not
utilize land plants as food; they were presumably carnivorous and had not developed the ability to
feed on plants. ■


13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the
passage.
These would have been deposited by the receding waters of droughts, during which many
aquatic animals must have died.

Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage


14.
Directions:
An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.
Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important
ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas
that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.
This question is worth
2
points.


Freshwater lobe-finned fish may be the direct ancestors of terrestrial tetrapods.

●

●

●


Answer Choices
A. Rhipidistian crossopterygian had features such as primitive lungs and thick fins that could have
helped it survive dry periods.
B. During the Devonian, the number of bones increased in the fins of rtiipidistians, improving
such animals’ ability to swim and move over land

C. Shortly after the earliest tetrapods developed lungs, plants and other animals began to flourish
on land.
D. By the Devonian period, lobe-finned fish preferred freshwater habitats to life in the ocean.
E. A drier climate and new sources of food on land may have encouraged the lobe-
finned fish’s
move to a terrestrial existence.
F. Early tetrapods remained closely connected to water, but several of their body structures were
adapted for life on land.


参考答案：









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参考译文：从鱼类到陆生脊椎动物

水中栖息的鱼类进化为陆地四足动物
（有 脊椎的四肢生物）
是地球上发生过的重大进化
事件之一。
鱼类很可能起源于海洋，有关鱼类的最早记录是在海洋岩石中。
然而，
到了泥盆
纪（
4.08亿至
3.62
亿年前），鱼类的栖息地已经扩展到几乎所有可能的水生环境，包括淡
水水域。淡水沉积岩石中十分常见的是一种叶状鳍鱼化石。


研究四足动物进化的 生物学家对泥盆纪时期生活在淡水水域的总鳍鱼纲、
扇鳍鱼目叶状
鳍鱼尤其感兴趣。
这 种鱼生活在大型三角洲的河道和湖泊里。
它们的化石常见于三角洲岩石
中，
这类岩石因 为含有氧化铁矿物，
故而呈红色，
这也表明三角洲形成时已经有干湿季节的
交替。如果有干旱期存在，
任何有助于鱼类度过干旱的进化都会是有利的。
这些扇鳍鱼身上
也出现了几处这样的进化。
我们知道扇鳍鱼的呼吸器官除了鳃还有肺。
一些化石的横截面显< br>示，
扇鳍鱼尸体内的泥的稠度和质地根据其在体内位置的不同而不同。
这些差异表明在鱼 肠
前端下面像腔一样的东西只可能是肺。
鳃无疑是这些鱼的主要氧气来源，
但当水中含 氧量大
幅减少时，
比如在长期干旱的情况下，肺就会作为辅助呼吸系统来吸气。可见，这些鱼已 经
进化出陆地生存的必备条件之一：将空气作为氧气来源的能力。


这些鱼 的另一个适应是在叶状的鳍。
这些鳍很厚、
很有肉质感、而且十分结实，内有一条轴
心 骨。
在陆地上鱼鳍从一定程度上可以作为运动的装置，
或许能使鱼为了生存从几近干涸的
池塘挪动到相邻的有足够水和氧气的池塘。
这些鳍最终进化成了短而健壮的腿。
泥盆纪扇鳍< br>鱼的鳍骨在数量和位置上与已知的最早的四足动物的肢骨完全匹配。
应该强调的是，
肺和 四
肢的进化并不是因为它们预料到未来要在陆地上生活。
这些适应是为了帮助它们在当时的水< br>生环境中存活下来。

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是什么样的生态压力导致鱼类逐渐放弃在水中的栖息地，
逐渐成为陆生生物呢？如果 淡
水区域逐步缩减，
泥盆纪的气候变化可能与此相关。
另一个动力可能是新的食物来源 。
池塘
和溪流的边缘无疑会散落有死掉的鱼和其他水栖生物。
此外，
溪流与池 塘附近的陆地开始有
植物出现，
蟹和其他节肢动物也加入了这一最早的陆地群落。
因此 ，在泥盆纪时期，对于能
够轻易爬出水面的生物，
淡水边缘的陆地很可能是丰富的蛋白质食物来 源。
对四足动物的牙
齿的研究表明，
最早的四足动物并不食用陆生植物；
它们 可能是食肉动物，
而且也尚未形成
食用植物的能力。


第一批四足 动物是怎样向陆地环境过渡的呢？就像早期的陆生植物莱尼蕨类一样，
这些
四足动物只是产生了 部分变化，
这个阶段，它们仍然很依赖于水。
不过，早期陆生植物面临
的许多问题并不 会困扰到它们。
这些动物从祖先起就已经有了一个流通系统，
它们可以移动，
所以可以 挪到水边饮水。
另外，
它们已经有肺了，
当时扇鳍鱼可能都已经将其用于辅助呼吸了。最早期的四足动物主要进化的是骨骼系统，即鳍骨、脊柱、骨盆、肩胛骨发生变化。




The Use of the Camera Obscura


The precursor of the modern camera, the camera obscura is a darkened enclosure into which
light
is
admitted
through
a
lens
in
a
small
hole.
The
image
of
the
illuminated
area
outside
the
enclosure is thrown upside down as if by
magic onto a surface in the darkened enclosure. This
technique was known as long ago as the fifth century B.C. in China. Aristotle also experimented
with it in the fourth century B.C., and Leonardo da Vinci described it in his notebooks in 1490. In
1558 Giovanni Battista Della Porta wrote in his twenty- volume work
Magia naturalis
(meaning

against a canvas or panel in the darkened area where its outlines could be traced. ■Later,
portable
camera
obscuras
were
developed,
with
interior
mirrors
and
drawing
tables
on
which
the
artist
could trace the image. ■ For the artist, this technique allows forms and linear perspective to be
drawn
precisely
as
they
would
be
seen
from
a
single
viewpoint.
■
Mirrors
were
also
used
to
reverse the projected
images to their original positions. ■


Did some of the great masters of painting, then, trace their images using a camera obscura?
Some
art
historians
are
now
looking
for clues
of artists'
use
of
such
devices.
One
of
the
artists
whose paintings are being analyzed from this point of view is the great Dutch master, Jan Vermeer,
who lived from 1632 to 1675 during the flowering of art and science in the Netherlands, including
the science of optics. Vermeer produced only about 30 known paintings, including his famous
The
Art
of Painting.
The
room
shown
in
it
closely
resembles
the
room
in
other
Vermeer
paintings,
with
lighting
coming
from
a
window
on
the
left,
the
same
roof
beams,
and
similar
floor
tiles,
suggesting that the room was fitted with a camera obscura on the side in the foreground. The map
hung on the opposite wall was a real map in Vermeers possession, reproduced in suchfaithfuldetail
that some kind of tracery is suspected.
When one of Vermeer’s paintings w
as X-rayed, it did not
have
any
preliminary
sketches
on
the
canvas
beneath
the
paint,
but
rather
the
complete
image
drawn in black and white without any trial r did not have any students, did not
keep any records, and did not encourage anyone to visit his studio, facts that can be interpreted as
protecting his secret use of a camera obscura.

In
recent
times
the
British
artist
David
Hockney
has
published
his
investigations
into
the
secret use of the camera obscura, claiming that for up to 400
years, many of Western art’s great
masters
probably
used
the
device
to
produce
almost
photographically
realistic
details
in
their
paintings.
He
includes
in
this
group
Caravaggio,
Hans
Holbein,
Leonardo
da
Vinci,
Diego
Velazquez,
Jean-Auguste-Dominique
Ingres,
Agnolo
Bronzino,
and
Jan
van
Eyck.
From
an
artist’s point of view, Hockney observed that a camera obscura compresses the complicated forms
of
a
three-dimensional
scene
into
two-dimensional
shapes
that
can
easily
be
traced
and
also
increases the contrast between light and dark, leading to the chiaroscuro effect seen in many of
these paintings. In Jan van Eyck’s
The Marriage of Giovanni Arnolfini and Giovanna Cenami,
the
complicated
foreshortening
in
the
chandelier
and
theintricate
detail
in
the
bride’s
garments
are
among the clues that Hockney thinks point to the use of the camera obscura.

So what are we to conclude? If these artists did use a camera obscura, does that diminish their
stature?
Hockney
argues
that
the
camera
obscura
does
not
replace
artistic
skill
in
drawing
and
painting. In experimenting with it, he found that it is actually quite difficult to use for drawing,
and he speculates that the artists probably combined their observations from life with tracing of
shapes.

:P1
：
The precursor of the modern camera, the camera obscura is a darkened enclosure into which
light
is
admitted
through
a
lens
in
a
small
hole.
The
image
of
the
illuminated
area
outside
the
enclosure is thrown upside down as if by
magic onto a surface in the darkened enclosure.
This
technique was known as long ago as the fifth century B.C. in China. Aristotle also experimented
with it in the fourth century B.C., and Leonardo da Vinci described it in his notebooks in 1490. In
1558 Giovanni Battista Della Porta wrote in his twenty- volume work
Magia naturalis
(meaning

against a canvas or panel in the darkened area where its outlines could be traced. ■Later,
portable
camera
obscuras
were
developed,
with
interior
mirrors
and
drawing
tables
on
which
the
artist
could trace the image. ■ For the artist, this technique allows forms and linear perspective to be
drawn
precisely
as
they
would
be
seen
from
a
single
viewpoint.
■Mirrors
were
also
used

to
reverse the projected
images to their original positions. ■


1. What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about Giovanni Battista Della Porta's contribution to the
camera obscura?
A. He translated a Chinese description of the use of the camera obscura and made the technique
available to artists.
B. His convex lens made the projected image easier to trace.
C. His version of the camera obscura allowed for the later addition of a mirror.
D. His improvements relied heavily on design changes proposed earlier by Leonardo da Vinci.

2. The word
“
portable
” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. valuable
B. practical

C. moveable
D. popular

3. The word

A. whole

B. corrected

C. enlarged

D. shown

:P2
：
Did some of the great masters of painting, then, trace their images using a camera obscura?
Some
art
historians
are
now
looking
for clues
of artists'
use
of
such
devices.
One
of
the
artists
whose paintings are being analyzed from this point of view is the great Dutch master, Jan Vermeer,
who lived from 1632 to 1675 during the flowering of art and science in the Netherlands, including
the science of optics. Vermeer produced only about 30 known paintings, including his famous
The
Art
of Painting.
The
room
shown
in
it
closely
resembles
the
room
in
other
Vermeer
paintings,
with
lighting
coming
from
a
window
on
the
left,
the
same
roof
beams,
and
similar
floor
tiles,
suggesting that the room was fitted with a camera obscura on the side in the foreground. The map
hung on the opposite wall was a real map in Vermeers possession, reproduced in suchfaithfuldetail
that some kind of tracery is suspected.
When one of Vermeer’s paintings was X
-rayed, it did not
have
any
preliminary
sketches
on
the
canvas
beneath
the
paint,
but
rather
the
complete
image
drawn in black and white without any trial sketches. Vermeer did not have any students, did not
keep any records, and did not encourage anyone to visit his studio, facts that can be interpreted as
protecting his secret use of a camera obscura.

4. Paragraph 2 answers which of the following questions about paintings by Vermeer?
A. What characteristics of Vermeer’s paintings suggest that he may have used a camera obscura?

B. Why did Vermeer produce only about 30 paintings?
C. Do Vermeer's paintings in general suggest that he was unable to paint accurately without using
a camera obscura?
D. Why did Vermeer need to draw an image on the canvas of the painting that was X-rayed if he
was using a camera obscura?

5. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted
sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out
essential information.
A. One artist with a particularly interesting point of view about the use of the camera obscura in
painting was Jan Vermeer, who lived in the Netherlands from 1632 to 1675.
B. Historical analyses suggest that Dutch masters were interested in the science of optics, so they
may have used the camera obscura to trace images.
C. The use of the camera obscura is being analyzed in the paintings of Jan Vermeer, who lived in
the Netherlands when art and science were flourishing there.
D. One view held by historians is that most Dutch masters were as interested in art as they were in
science, and that provides clues about the techniques used in their paintings.

6. What does paragraph 2 indicate about Vermeer’s
The Art of Painting
?

A. It is the first in a series of about 30 paintings that he created.
B. It may have been painted by one of his students.
C. it was in his possession until his death in 1675.
D. It has the same setting as several other works of his.

7. The word

A. unusual

B. extensive

C. exact
D. historical
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8. Why does the author provide the information that 'When one of Vermeer's paintings was
X-rayed, it did not have any preliminary sketches on the canvas beneath the paint, but rather the
complete image drawn in black and white without any trial sketches
A. To provide an example of a way to learn about the practices of artists who did not keep good
records
B. To emphasize Vermeer’s confidence and
skill as an artist
C. To provide evidence that Vermeer may have traced the image using a camera obscura

D. To argue that Vermeer did his preliminary sketching on paper, rather than on canvas

:P3
：
In
recent
times
the
British
artist
David
Hockney
has
published
his
investigations
into
the
secret use of the camera obscura, claiming that for up to 400 years, many of Western art’s great
masters
probably
used
the
device
to
produce
almost
photographically
realistic
details
in
their
paintings.
He
includes
in
this
group
Caravaggio,
Hans
Holbein,
Leonardo
da
Vinci,
Diego
Velazquez,
Jean-Auguste-Dominique
Ingres,
Agnolo
Bronzino,
and
Jan
van
Eyck.
From
an
artist’s point of view, Hockney observed that a camera obscura compresses the complicated forms
of
a
three- dimensional
scene
into
two-dimensional
shapes
that
can
easily
be
traced
and
also
increases the contrast between light and dark, leading to the chiaroscuro effect seen in many of
these paintings. In Jan van Eyck’s
The Marriage of Giovanni Arnolfini and Giovanna Cenami,
the
complicated
foreshortening
in
the
chandelier
and
theintricate
detail
in
the
bride’s
garments
are
among the clues that Hockney thinks point to the use of the camera obscura.
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9. According to paragraph 3, Hockney believes that all of the following indicate use of a camera
obscura EXCEPT
A. very detailed, realistic work
B. increased contrast between light and dark
C. oversimplification of forms when the image is traced
D. complicated foreshortening of objects

10. The word
” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. surprising

B. complex

C. beautiful
D. clear