零度的亲吻【威学教育】王鑫托福阅读TPO29-2阅读文本

2021年1月19日发(作者：宁可)
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1.
The
phrase
“mechanisms
of
natural
selection”
in
the
passage
is
closest
in meaning to
A types of natural selection B dangers of natural selection C problems
natural selection solves D ways natural selection works


2. According to paragraph 1, what is one effect of competition among
individuals of different species?
A It results in the eventual elimination of the resource for which they
are competing.


B It leads to competition among individuals of the same species.


C It encourages new species to immigrate to an area.


D It controls the number of individuals in the competing populations.

3.
The
word “indigenous”
in the passage is closest in meaning to
A native
B rate C most D numerous



paragraph
1,
why
does
the
author
mention
what
happened
in
New
Zealand?


A To indicate that Darwin understood the importance of competition
B To illustrate that competition can lead to the extinction of species


C To identify where the idea of competition among species first arose
D To argue against the idea that the process of selection is a natural
occurrence

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Competition


When
several
individuals
of
the
same
species
or
of
several
different
species
depend on the same limited resource, a situation may arise that is referred
to as competition. The existence of competition has been long known to
naturalists; its effects were described by Darwin in considerable detail.
Competition
among
individuals
of
the
same
species
(intraspecies
competition),
one of the major mechanisms of natural selection, is the concern of
evolutionary
biology.
Competition
among
the
individuals
of
different
species
(interspecies competition) is a major concern of ecology. It is one of the
factors controlling the size of competing populations, and extreme cases it
may
lead
to
the
extinction
of
one
of
the
competing
species.
This
was
described
by
Darwin
for
indigenous
New
Zealand
species
of
animals
and
plants,
which
died
out when competing species from Europe were introduced.


5.
According
to
paragraph
2,
competition
is
not
usually
a
significant
factor
among
two
coexisting
species
when
A
one
of
the
species
has
only
recently
moved
into
the
territory
of
the
other
B
the
species
are
closely
related
to
each
other


C the population of one species is much larger than that of the other


D both of the species are herbivores


1.
The
word
“graphically”
in
the
passage
is
closest
in
meaning
to
A
vividly
B frequently C broadly D typically
paragraph 2, why does the author talk about what happened as a result
of North and South America becoming joined at the Isthmus of Panama?


A
To
make
the
point
that
predation
can
have
as
much
effect
on
species
survival
as competition does B To show how the ability to switch to an alternative
resource
can
give
a
species
a
competitive
advantage
C
To
account
for
the
current
species composition of North and South America


D To provide an example of the serious effects of competition between
unrelated species


No serious competition exists when the major needed resource is in
superabundant
supply,
as
in
most
cases
of
the
coexistence
of
herbivores
(plant

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eaters).
Furthermore,
most
species
do
not
depend
entirely
on
a
single
resource,
if the major resource for a species becomes scarce, the species can usually
shift to alternative resources. If more than one species is competing for a
scarce
resource,
the
competing
species
usually
switch
to
different
alternative
resources. Competition is usually most severe among close relatives with
similar demands on the environment. But it may also occur among totally
unrelated
forms
that
compete
for
the
same
resource,
such
as
seed-eating
rodents
and ants. The effects of such competition are graphically demonstrated when
all the animals or all the plants in an ecosystem come into competition, as
happened 2 million years ago at the end of Pliocene, when North and South
America became joined by the Isthmus of Panama. North and South American
species
migrating
across
the
Isthmus
now
came
into
competition
with
each
other.
The result was the extermination of a large fraction of the South American
mammals, which were apparently unable to withstand the competition from
invading North American species
——
although added predation was also an
important factor.
8. Paragraph 3 supports the idea that Gause's experiments were important
because they


A provided a situation in which competition could be removed from the
interaction
between
two
species
B
showed
that
previous
ideas
about
the
extent
to
which
competition
determines
the
composition
of
a
community
were
completely
mistaken C helped establish that competition
will remove all
but one species
from any given ecological niche D offered evidence that competition between
species is minimal when there is an overabundance of a single food source
9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information
in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the
meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.


A
Apparent
exceptions
to
this
law
usually
involves
cases
in
which
two
species
compete for the same major resource but occupy slightly different niches.
B Although it may appear that two species always have different niches,
many exceptions show that species compete with each other.
C Cases in which two species not only compete for a shared resource but
also occupy similar niches are considered exceptions to this law.