赦免的意思给排水工程外文翻译

2021年1月19日发(作者：曾幼诚)

蒁
ShortandLongTermAdvantageroofdrainag edesignperformance

螈
Decadehaswitnesse dgreatchangesinthedesignoftheroofdrainagesystemrec ently,particularly,siphonrainw
aterdrainagesyst emhasbeengraduallyimproved,ametimethe
sechanges ,urbandrainagesystemdesignhasundergonetremendousch anges,becausethescopeofawiderurbandrai
nagesyst emdesignforsustainabledevelopment,
maincontents ofthilattention
ishowtogetridofbadhabitsalready formedthedesign,butalsoneedtoconsiderinnovativeroo fdrainagesystem,
suchasgreenroofsandrainwaterha rvestingsystems.

膇
Practicalapplicatio n:Inthepastfewyears,thedesignoftheroofrainwaterdra inagesystemhasundergonetreme
ebuildings,siphonr ainwaterdrainagetechnologyhasbeenverycommon,aswell asgreenroo
fsbecauseitisconducivetogreendevelop ment,intoaccounttheongoing
research,thisarticle focusesonhowtoeffectivelydesignavarietyofroofrainw aterdrainagesystem,andmakei
tachievethedesiredd esigneffect.

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uction

膃
In thepastdecade,thecityandthewaterdrainagesystemdesi gnhasbeenwidelyacceptedthinkingaboutsustainab
l eurbandrainagesystem,nprinciplesofthedesignofthese systemsi
sbothalocallevelinlinewiththequalityof development,butalsotocreatesomeeconomicbenefitsfor theinvest
ghtheapplicationofsuchadevicei
sgr aduallyreduced,buttheurbanenvironmentrelativelyhig hdemandareasstillrequire100%waterproofandrap
id drainage,llyroofdrainagesysteminthedesign,construc tionandmaintenancehasnotb
ghthedrainagesystemin vestmentcostsaccountforonlyasmallportionofthetota< br>lconstructioninvestment,butnotabletojudgethelos scausedbypoordesign.

蒇
Therearetwodiff erentformsofroofdrainagesystemdesignmethods,
ad itionalsystemsrelyonatmosphericpressurework,ore,th econve
ntionalroofdrainagesystemsrequirearelati velylargediameterverticaldroptube,priortodischarge ,alldev
rast,siphonicroofdrainagepipesyste
m saregenerallydesignedtofullflow(turbulentflowmeans thatrequirelessexhaustpipe),whichwillformanega
tivepressure,llysiphonsystemrequireslessdownpipew< br>orkundernegativepressuretothewaterdistributionn etworkcanmeanhigheraltitudework,therebyreducingthe
amountofundergroundpipenetwork.

芇
Bothsystemsconsistsofthreeparts:theroof,rainwaterc ollectionpipes,pipenetwork.

蒅
Alloctio nfocusesontherolean
heprincipleofsiphonsystemha snotbeenwellunderstood,resultingargumenti
srela tivelysmall,thisarticlewillhighlightsiphonsystem.

蚁


薀
Theroofisusuallydesig nedbythearchitect,rethreemainroof.

莆
2.1Flatroof

蚂
Flatrofisnotcom pletelyflat,
mple,theUnited
Kingdomrequirem aximumslopeof10°.Settingminimumslopeinordertoavoid anyunnecessarywater.


莃
Despitethef latroofifitisnotproperlymaintainedwillhavemoreprob lems,butitwillreducethedeadzonewithi
nthebuildi ng,andtheratioofslopingroofsinfavorofindoorair.

艿
2.2slopingroofs

蒆
Mostre sidentialandcommercialbuildingsarepitchedroof,incl inedroofisthebiggestadvantagecanquicklydr
ain,e rateregions,rains,ra
infalldatacanbeused,youcan usetheki
nematictheorytosolvesuchproblems.

肃
2.3greenroof(flatorinclined)

螁Itcanproveroofistheoldestgreenroofs,
anbeplan tedwithtreesandshrubsroofgarden,nthelattertech
theseapplicationstendtofocusonaestheticrequirement sandareoftenusedin
heaestheticrequirementsandpr essurerequirements,aswellasgreenroofsthermalin
sulationfunction,reducetheheatislandeffect,silence reffect,extendthelifeoftheroof.

肈
Gree nroofsinGermany,themostwidelyused,followedinNorth
America,yisbyfarthemostexperiencedcountriesint he19thc
enturyhavepracticalapplication,thenasan alternativetoreducetheriskoffiretarroofanoptioninu rbanarea
yiscurrentlythemainresearchquestionont hecultivationofotherissuestoconsidersmallercities. A
studyfrom1987to1989,wasfoundpackedwith70
mmthickgreenroofcanbereducedby60%-80%adianworkcomp utermodelbasedontheroofindicat
esthataslongasth esump,theareacanreach70%oftheroofareacanbereducedb y60percentinoneyear,thesamemode
lwasalsousedfor artificialrainfall,whichtheresultsindicatethatrain fallinthecatchmentseasonhelpstod
rainawayrainwa ter.

蒆
However,noneofthesestudiesshowt hatgreenroofscanplayausefulroleintherainfallseason ,orhowhighcollec
ted
Statesdidsometests,asl ongasthegreenroofsregularwatering,canreduce65perce ntoftherunoffinarainfall.
America'smostauthorit ativegreenroofguidelinesbytheNew
nprincipleist osolvethestructuralproblemsoflight
,andhowcanth enormaldrainageaftertwoyears.

蒄
temist ypicallybasedonrainfalldur
ingrainstormstwominu tes,twominutes,ghthismodelwillgetmoretraffic,butth ereisnoot
shaveshownthatthetraditionalmodelisap pliedtostudygreenroofsareprematur
e.

薃
Lossfactorthantraditionalroofrecordsshouldbesm all,about98.7%.

肁
Peakflowwillbereduce d,althoughnotpenetrate,thesurfaceroughnessbutalsoh aveasignificantimpact.

薆
Concentratedr ainfallthantwominutesforalongtime,especiallyforlar geroofareas,suchaspublicbuildings,
commercialbu ildings,industrialbuildings.

袅
Urbandr ainagedesignshouldalsoconsiderotherfactors,foracom plexsystem,agreenroofinarainisnotenough.
indepe ndentandwillaffectbetweenisp
ossible,whichrequi resamoreprecisetimeperiod.

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terCollector

袀
Basicrequireme ntsrainghitis
possibletomakeaslightlyinclinedro ofdrainagepurposes,butthenatureoftheconstructionin dustryandbuild
ingsettlementwillbecomeflatroofT ypically,thetankisplacedinahorizontal,sectionalvie wofthewaterisou
twardlyinclined,whichtheroleofh ydrostatic.

蚆
3.1drainoutlet

芆
Analyzingrainwatercollectorhass
soaffectth eflowrateintothestormwaterdrainagesystempiping,but alsoaffectthedepthofthewatercatchment
.Although thedepthofthesumpwillnotbringanyparticularproblems ,buttoodeepcancauseexcessivesump.

蚂
Nu merousstudiesinthe1980sshowedthattheflowofconventi onalroofdrainagesystemoutletcanbedividedintot
e waterdepthislessthanhalfthediameter
oftheoutlet ,theflowofthefirsttype,andtheoutletoftheflowcanbec alculatedbyanappropriateequation;wat
erdepthinc reases,exportsareslowlycloggingtheflowwillbecomean otherformforms,atthesametime,theflowo
onvention alroofdrainagesystemsaredesignedtobefre
e-drain ing,case,itwillrequir
eadditionaldepth.
虿
Siphonroofdrainagesystems,case,thedepthofth eoutletof
thedecisionismorecomplicated,studiesh aveshownthat
conventionalroofdrainagesystemsuse avarietyofnon-standardcatchment,theirdepthandheigh t,biggerthant
vencatchment,theflowdependson
arphenomenonhasalsobeenusedtostudythestandardcatch ment,
inthesecircumstances,onlylimitedsiphonact ionoccurswithinrelativelyclosedistancefromtheexit.

螆
3.2tankflowclassification

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Inthecomplexflowsumpoutletflowclassification,c anbeseenfromTable2a,theflowwillbeuniformlayering,r e
2band2cshow,exportdistributionwillgreatlyinfl uencetheflow.

膀
Whentheoutletisnotafre ejet,eeachca
mple,thesiphontubesystemdesignpoin tisatnearfulljeto
utletflowclassificationdepend sontheenergylossofeachbranch.

蒇
3.3hydrostaticsectional

袆
Sum pshapeofthecases,alowflo
wratemeansthatthereisl essfrictionloss,ifexportsarefreejet,thefrictionlos sisnegligiblecross-sectio
nthroughthehydrostati cequation1todeterminethehorizontaldistance.

3
螃
WhereQ--flow(m
/s)

袂
T-surfacewidth(m)

2
蒀
g-accelerationofgravity(m/s
)

羆
F-flowarea(m2)

膄
Equatio n1cannotbeignoredwhenthefrictionrequiredtocorrect( orverylongpipevelocityislarge),ornotafre
ejet.

芀
3.4Thecurrentdesignmethods

蒇
Thepreviousdiscussionhr,wit
houtthehelpofa certainnumberofmodels,computinghydrostaticsectiona lroofdrainagesystem,thevolumeofth
rgecommercial andmanufacturingindustry,isadevelopmentopportunity ,youcanmerge
,theconventionaldrainagesystemsump designmethodsaremainlybasedo
nexperience,andass umethatexportsarefreejet.

芃
Sumplocati oninthebuilding,itmaycausetheexampletofail.

螃
Differentinterfacesump

芀
Exce ptinthecasecitedabove,butalsoallowsdesignerstousee mpiricaldata.
3.5DigitalModel

芃
< br>膆
Largenumberofdigitalmodelscanbeusedtoaccur atelydescribetheflowofanyformofcatchmenttank,regar dless
delenablesus
erstoclassifydifferentasp ectsofthedataindicated,includes:detailsoftherains, theroofsurfacedrainage
ticshave
picadelautom aticallyresolve
thesumpoutletflowsituation,buta lsotodealwiththecaseoffreejetcanalsobesimulatedspa celimitedmobilit
values??includedepthandflowrat e.

膄
Currently,themodelisessentiallyju stavarietyofresearchtools,butalsothroughpracticale ngineeringtest
.However,weshouldfaceuptothevari ousrolemodels.

蚈
4pipesystemsgroup

艿
Compositionintheformandscopeofthetub egroupdeterminestheroofdrainagesystemreliesmainlyo nthetraditi
onalsystemorsiphonaction.

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4.1Traditionalstormwatersystems

莁
Conventionalroofdrainagesystems,thegroundplan eisgenerallyverticalpipe-linenetwork,connectedtoth es
umpoutletandundergrounddrainagesystems,ldbee mphasiz
edthattheanglebetweenthegroundandthecom pensatingtubeislessthan10°.Capacityoftheentiresyst emrelie
smainlyontheoutlettubeinsteadofdown.

荿
Flowverticaltubeisusuallyfree-flowin g,fullofonly33%,theefficiencydependsontheexcesslen gthofthetub
roptubelongenough(typicallygreatert han5m),rly,undernormalci
rcumstancesflowcompens ationpipeisfree-flowing,fullofupto70%.Suchdesigned processbothforthedesign,v
ariousequationscanals obeused.

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4.2Siphonroofdrainagesystem

蒃
Incontrastwiththetraditionaldrainage systems,Siphonroofdrainagesystemreliesonairflowout sidethesyst
em,andthetubeisfullpipeflowstream.

螂
Thedesignsareusuallymadeontheassumpt ionthatthedesignofheavyrain,thesystemcanquicklysip hondischarg
sedsteadyflowe
hisapproachignore sthesmallamountofenergylossattheentrance,butaftert heexperime
ntshowedthattherearestillconduciveto practicaluse.

膁
However,steady-statede signmethodsinthesiphonsystemisexposedtorainwhenthe systemdoesnotmeetthestand
irstcase,therewillbes omemixi
ngofairquality,eu
suallydesignedrain sarecommon,
samajordisadvantage,becausethedesig nofthemainproblemisthenoiseandvibrationproblems.

螆
Despitethedisadvantagesofthepriordes ignapproach,butalotoftheworld'sveryfewengineeringf ailurerepor
ailureoccurs,mostlikelyforthefollow ingreasons:

薃
Anincorrectunderstanding oftheoperationpoints

膂
Substandardmaterialslist

蕿
Installationdefects

薅
Maintenancemismanagement

蚃
To overcomethesedisadvantages,wehaverecentlylauncheda seriesofresearchprojects,todiscussthesiphonsy
s tem,isworkwelearnalot.

薃
Incontrastwit hconventionaldesignmethodsofsomeassumptions,siphon systemmainlyhasthefollowingaspects
:

芁
1)non-flowsystemoffullflow

薈
2)levelsofcertainpipe-flowingfullpipeflow

螃
3)fullpipeflowdownstreampropagationt hroughaverticalpipe,riser,etc.

蚀
4)the innertubeflowoccursovertheverticalsection,thesyste mtoreducethepressure

蝿
5)downwardtubei sfullpipeflow,therewillbeairlock

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6)a ppearscompletelysiphonactionuntilwellintotheairsys temislowerthanacertainlevel

袂
Table4ac olumndataindicatethatbelowthedesignpoint,thesystem willsiphonunstableflow,depthofthewaterc
4bshowt hattheunsteadyflowinsiphonsystem
whenitwillappe ar.

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