development是什么意思十种常见修辞分析

2021年1月19日发(作者：mounts)



Ⅰ
Short sentence
⒈
Definition:Short
sentence
refers
to
a
sentence,either
simple,compound
or
complex,that is not long in lengh.
⒉
Functions:
①
Apparently
short
sentences
can
be
used
in
formal
style
for
terseness
.
e.g.
The
war
then
brought
the
Keynesian
remedy
with
a
itures
doubled
and

did
the

the
end
of
1942,
unemployment was many places labor was scarce.(from
Keynesian
in the United States
by John Galbraith)
②
In
everyday
talk
or
ordinary
statement(description)for
clearness
,
tense situation to show
quick succession of thoughts
.
e.g.
“Does your mother know?” she said.

“I didn’t come to see my mother,” he told her.






“Who did you come to see?” she said.

“You,” he said.

“Why me?” she said.

“Because I love you,” he
said.(from
Long Walk To Forever
)
③
A paragraph ending wih with a short sentence is more
forceful
.
e.g.
Still
without
speaking,the
fat
man
licked
his

beady
eyes,as
if
unbelieving,were focused upon her silence hung.(from
Blackmail
by
Arthur Hailey)

Ⅱ

Long sentence
⒈
Definition:A long sentence refers to a sentence which is relatively long in
length no mater whether it is complex,compound or simple.





⒉
Function:to
show
one
’
s
complicated
mentalily
or
various
kinds
of
relationship of different things.
e.g.
He
wishes
to
destroy
the
Russian
power
because
he
hops
that
if
he
succeeds in this he will be able to bring back tha main strength of his Army
and Air Force from the East and hurl it upon this island, which he knows he
must
conquer
or
suffer
the
penalty
of
his
crime.(from
Speech
on
Hitler
’
s
Invasion of the U.S.S.R.
by Winston S Churchill)

Ⅲ

Loose sentence
⒈
Definition:A
loose
sentence
is
a
sentence
in
which
the
main
idea
comes
early,the subordinate ideas or modifiers following usually in a string.





⒉
Function:This kind of sentence is
easier to be understood
for its important
idea is in the first part,and is good for
naturalness and clearness
.
e.g.
…
And
we
will
reduce
taxes,to
recover
the
momentum
of
our
economy
and
reward
the
effort
and
enterprice
of
working
Americans.(from
George

’
s
Inauhural Address
)

Ⅳ
Periodic sentence
⒈
Definition:It
is
a
sentence
that
delays
its
main
idea
until
the
end,or
period,while presenting the surbordinate ideas or modifiers first.
⒉
Functions:
①
The periodic sentence,with its tight structure,is
compact and
coherent
,and can be used for
solemnity or dignity
.





women stepped into the majority on campuses in 1979,the college
gender
gap
has
widened
at
virtually
every
type
of
school:large
and
small,public and private,two-year and four- year.(by r)
②
The
periodic
sentence,with
its
delayed
statement,is
good
for
promoting
suspense
.
e.g.
⑴
Whether
it
is
that
they
are
as
much
bored
with
the
day
as
their
neighbours,or whether they are tired,or whether the cause may be,clergymen
are seldom at their best on Sunday eveing.(from
The Way of Flesh
by Samuel
Buyler)
⑵
Seldom
has
a
city
gained
such
world
renown,and
I
am
proud
and
happy to welcome you to Hiroshima,a town known throughout the world for
its
—
oysters.(from
Hiroshima
—
the
“
Liveliest
”
City in Japan
)





③
When a loose sentence is turned to a periodic sentence,the last part of ithas
been stressed.
e.g.
⑴

them
loudly
everyday
if
you
want
to
improve
your
pronunciation.







you
want
to
improve
your
pronunciation,read
them
loudly
everyday.



⑵
was really an eduation to watch the faces of the crowd during the
final minutes of the game.





h the faces of the crowd during the final minutes of the game
was really an education.

Ⅴ
Elliptical sentence





⒈
Definition:An elliptical sentence is a sentence containing an omission.
⒉
Functions:
⑴
In ordinary conversation,elliptical sentences are freely used for
naturalness and smoothness
.
e.g.
①
It seems
to
me
I
have talked
to them
always
with one foot
raised in
flight,with
my
head
turned
in
whichever
way
is
farthest
from
them.
Dee,
though.((=Dee is not, would always look anyone in the eyes with no
hesitation.) from
Everyday Use for your grandmama
)
②
—
Have your people got a car?


--Yes.


--What sort of car?


--Daimler.


--How many house-power.







--Fifteen.


--What kind of lights?


…







































(by George Orwell)
⑵
In
public
signs
and
slogans,elliptical
sentences
are
used
for
conciseness and emphasis
.
①
No Dogs!
②
Poison,With Care!
③
Attention,Sharp Turn Ahead!
⑶
Elliptical sentences are used to
express tense life,rich emotion,quick
succession of thoughts, dangerous situation
.

first blow in my ehough to knock a man out.








“
Hands up!
”




Another punch,and another.



This is just as I imagined it would be.



The orderly apartment is now a pile of furniture and broken things.



More blows and kicks.



“
March!
”




They drag me into an s aiways pointing at
start on me in the car.
























from
Twenty-Four Hours
by Julius Fuchik)

Ⅵ

Inverted sentence





Definition:An inverted sentence refers to a sentence in which a certain part is
transposed from its normal order.
⒈
Grammatical
inversion:is
required
by
the
grammatical
rules
or
the
grammatical
structure.A
sentence
where
grammatical
inversion
takes
place
can
’
t be replaced by normal order,for the inversion now is a necessary factor
of correctness of that can say:
What a forlorn scene it is.
But we can
’
t say:
It is what a forlorn scene.
⒉
Rhetorical
inversion:is
employed
only
for
the
sake
of

a
sentence
containing
retorical
inversion,the
inversion
is
not
a
factor
of





correctness,but effectiveness of that ore,normal order may also
bu used as in:
no area of American life is personal service so precious as in medical
care.(inverted order)
al service in no area of American life is so precious as in medical
care.(normal order)
Functions:
⑴
function of
emphasis

When a word or a phrase is inverted at the very beginning of a sentence (or a
clouse),it,sometimes,has emphatic example,
①
At
no
time
and
in
no
circumstances
will
China
be
first
to
use
nuclera
weapons.
②
So
long
and
so
weary
was
the
pressure
of
the
terrible

and





deeper still sank the poor;it showed how much lingering suffering it takes to
kill
men,that
so
few
died
during
those
times.(from
Mary
Barton

by
Elizabeth Gaskell)
⑵
function of
vividness

Rhetorical
inversion
also
has
a
special
function
to
make
a
descriction
example,
①
Up went the spaceship into the sky.
②
Following the roar,out rushed a tiger from among the bushes.





⑶
function of
balance

In
asentence
when
subject
is
too
long,or
subject
is
much
longer
than
adverbial
(or
complement),inversion
can
be
employed
to
balance
that
instance,
So crowd was their condition,and so long and so hard their experience of what





such a man could do to them,within the law and beyond it,that not a voice,or a
hand,or
even
an
eye
was
raised.(from
A
Tale
of
Two
Cities

by
Charles
Dickens)
⑷
function of
close connection and compactness

When
an
object
is
just
mentioned
in
the
preceding
sentence,or
when
a
object,with
a
complement
or
an
adverdial,is
too
long,we
use
inversion
for
close connection and compactness. For example,
①

They laughed together,and with that laugh ended the serious discourse in
the army.
②

He
carried
on
his
research
work
on
modern
history
of
Europe
for
years.
When
he
wrote
puite
a
few
essays
on
this
subject
and,in
2000,attained
were the results.
⑸
function of
rytheing verses






Rhetorical
inversion,in
a
poem,is
often
used
to
rhyme

example,
①
And what we get
—
and what we give,
We know
—
and we know our share.
We
’
re not to low the ckoth to weave
—

But too low the cloth to wear.
































(from
The Song of the Lower Classes
)
②
We sewed the sacks,we broke the stone,
We turned the dusty drill;
We banged the tins,and bawled the hymns,
And sweated on the mill;
But in the heart of every man
Terror was lying still.





















































(by Oscar Wilde)

Ⅶ
. Rhetocical question
⒈
Definition:A rhetocical question refers to a forceful statement which has the
form of a question but which does not expect an answer.
⒉
Function:Such
a
question
is
chiefly
used
for
emphasis

in
a
speech,
particularly in an argumentation,in which the speaker does not want a reply or
expect
that
one
will
be

he
really
wants
to
do
is
to
lure
the
audience
or
readers
into
hearing
or
reading
that
he
is
about
to
provide
.For example,
①
Who ever knew a Johnson with a quick tongue?Who can even imagine me
looking
a
strange
white
man
in
the
eyes?(from
Everyday
Use
for
your
grandmama
by Alice Walker)





②
I
have
to
make
the
declaration,but
can
you
doubt
what
our
policy
will
be?(from
Speech
on
Hitler
’
s
Invasion
of
the
U.S.S.R.

by
Winston
S.
Churchill)

Ⅷ
. Parallelism
⒈
Definition:It
is
a
structure
in
which
idea
of
equal
value
are
parallel,or
expressed in the same grammatical form
⒉
Function:Parall elism,sometimes,
embraces
antithesis
or
repetition
.It
can
be used to
create a pleasant rhythm in a prose passage and lead to clarity
in our writing.

⑴
Single words
,for example,
①
He imagined himself as a rich,handsome,successful man of the world.
②
I
went
about
amongst
the
me
…
the
preachers,the
politicians,the





businessmen,the professors,and the editors.(by Jack London)
⑵
Phrases
,for example,
①
One cannot think well,love well,sleep well,if one has not dinned well. (by
Virginia Woolf)
②

At diploma mills throughout the country you can buy a bachelor
’
s degree
for
about
$$1500,a
master
’
s
degree
for
$$1600,or
a
doctorate
for
$$1700.
(from
The Writer
’
s Option
)
⑶
Clauses
,for example,
①
If
you
write
or
if
you
telephone,wait
for
tow
weeks
until
I
return
from
Singapore.
②
We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in
the
air,until,with
God
’
s
help,we
have
rid
the
earth
of
his
shadow
and
liberated its peoples from his yoke.(from
Speech on Hitler
’
s Invasion of the





U.S.S.R.
by Winston S. Churchill)
⑷
Sentence
,for example


He(Prometheus)
taught
people
how
to
make
their
own
tools
and
how
to
build homes for taught them how to plant and grow their own
food,and how to use animals to make their worke even taught them
how tp make music and how to paint.(by Margaret )

In addition,parallel structures often cut down on the number of words needed
to express an
”
Neither the students nor the professor attend the lecture
”

three words have been cut down as compared with
”
The students did not attend
the lecture,and neither did the professor.
”
Sometimes it is impossible to avoid
repeating
an
article,a
preposition,a
pronoun,a
verb,or
a
phrase
in
a
parallel
construction.






Ⅸ
.Antithesi
s
⒈
Definition:Antithesis
is
the
deliberate
arrangement
of
contrasting
words,ideas,or
the
balanceing
of
one
thing
against
another
opposing
or
contrasting

short,antithesis
is
the
placing
of
opposed
ideas
or
characteristics in direct contrast with each other(by Christopher Gillie).
⒉
Function:As
a
figure
of
speech,antithesis
is
often
balanced
in
structure
,
contrastive in meaning
,and
tuneful in yhythm
,which can achieve
an effect of emphasis
.For example,
①
Fire and water are good servant,but bad masters.(by Swift)
②
Any
man
or
state
who
fights
on
against
Nazidom
will
have
our

man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe
…
(from
Speech on Hitler
’
s
Invasion of the U.S.S.R.
by Winston S. Churchill)





③
And so,my
fellow
Americans
ask
what
not
what
your
country
can
do
for
you;ask what you can do for your country.(by Kennedy)

Ⅹ
.Repetition
⒈
Definition:Repetition is the saying of the same thing again though perhaps
with a difference.
⒉
Forms:There are dozens of forms of
’
s scan several frequently
used forms.
⑴
Ploce
:is
the
emphatic
repetition
of
the
same
word
in
a
different

kind
of
repetition
is
the
same
as
pun,which
can
call
for
deep
thouht
.
①

Dishonorable boy
That lie shall lie so heavily on my sword,
…






That thou the lie
—
giver and the lie do lie
In earth as quiet as thy father
’
s skull.














































(by Shakespeare)
②

We must all hang togrther,or we shall all hang separately.












































(by Benjamin Franklin)


⑵
Tautology
:repeats
what
is
explicit,as
if
the
writer
were
unware
of
the
import of the fact,it is the needless repetition of an idea in different
words.
①
told Jack to divide the cake equually into halves to give to the two
boys.(from
Oversea Students
’
Companion to English Studies
)
②
The captain rode first at the head of the company.


Similar examples are:
”
heavy in weight
”
,
”
short in length
”
,
”
red in colour
”…

This kind of repetition is often used for emphasisi or most cases,the