美容美发店建筑环境与设备工程专业英语翻译

2021年1月19日发(作者：容怡)
A thermodynamic system is a region in space or a quantity of matter bounded by a closed
surface.
The
surroundings
include
everything
external
to
the
system,
and
the
system
is
separated
from
the
surroundings
by
the
system
boundaries.
These
boundaries
can
be
movable or fixed, real or imaginary.

一个热力学系统是一个在空间或有事项的数量由一个封闭的表面范围内的区域。
周围环境包括一切外部系 统，
系统是从周围环境隔开的系统边界。
这些边界可以
是动产或固定的，真实的或想象 。

The concepts that operate in any thermodynamic system are entropy and energy. Entropy
measures
the
molecular
disorder
of
a
system.
The
more
mixed
a
system,
the
greater
its
entropy; conversely, an orderly or unmixed configuration is one of low entropy. Energy has
the capacity for producing an effect and can be categorized into either stored or transient
forms as described in the following sections.

熵和能量的概念，
在任何热力学系统操 作。
熵措施分子系统紊乱。
更为复杂的系
统，其熵值越大，反之，有序或纯配置是低熵 之一。能源已经产生效果的能力，
并在下面的章节中所述，可以存储或短暂形式分类。

Heat
Q
is
the
mechanism
that
transfers
energy
across
the
boundaries
of
systems
with
differing temperatures, always toward the lower temperature. Heat is positive when energy
is added to the system.

Work

is
the
mechanism
that
transfers
energy
across
the
boundaries
of
systems
with
differing
pressures
(or
force
of
any
kind),
always
toward
the
lower
pressure.
If
the
total
effect
produced
in
the
system
can
be
reduced
to
the raising
of
a weight,
then nothing
but
work has crossed the boundary. Work is positive when energy is removed from the system.

热量
Q
与不同的温度，跨系统的边界传输能量总是向温度 较低的机制。热是积
极的，当能量被添加到系统中。


功是指通过存在压差
（任一种力）
的系统边界传递能量的作用过程，
总是指向低
压，
如果 系统中产生的总效果能被简化为一个重物的提升，
那么只有功通过了边
界，当能量从系统中一出 时，功是正的。

A property of a system is any observable characteristic of the system. The state of a system is
defined
by
listing
its
properties.
The
most
common
thermodynamic
properties
are
temperature T, pressure p, and specific volume v or density
ρ
. Additional thermodynamic
properties include entropy, stored forms of energy, and enthalpy.














Frequently,
thermodynamic
properties
combine
to
form
other
properties.
Enthalpy h, a result of combining properties, is defined as:
h=u+pv








where u is the internal energy per unit mass
系统属性是系统 的任何观察到的特征。
系统状态的定义是通过列出其属性。
最常
见的热力学性质的温度
T
，压力
P
，和特定的体积
V
或密度ρ。其他热力学性质< br>包括熵，能量储存形式，和焓。


通常情况下，热 力学性质相结合，形成其他属性。焓
H
，一个属性相结
合的结果，被定义为：
H = U + PV
其中
u
是每单位质量的内部能量

Each property in a given state has only one definite value, and any property always has the
same value for a given state, regardless of how the substance arrived at that state.














A
process
is
a
change
in
state
that
can
be
defined
as
any
change
in
the
properties of a system. A process is described by specifying the initial and final equilibrium
states,
the
path
(if
identifiable),
and
the
interactions
that
take
place
across
system
boundaries during the process.

中的每一个给定的状态的属性只有一个定值，
和任何财产总是有 相同的值给定的
状态，不管如何抵达该国的物质。

一个进程是一个状态的改变，在系统属性的任何改变，可作为定义。一
个过程是指定的初始和最终的 平衡状态，路径（如果识别），并采取跨系统的边
界，在这个过程中发生的相互作用。

A cycle is a process or a series of processes wherein the initial and final states of the system
are identical. Therefore, at the conclusion of a cycle, all the properties have the same value
they had at the beginning.








A pure
substance has
a
homogeneous and
invariable
chemical
composition.
It
can
exist in more than one phase, but the chemical composition is the same in all phases
一个周期进程的一 个过程或一个系列，其中系统的初始和最终状态是相同的的。
因此，在一个周期结束时，所有属性具有相 同的价值，他们开始。


纯物质均匀的和不变的化学成分。
它 可以存在于超过一个阶段，
但在各个阶
段的化学成分是一样的

If a substance is liquid at the saturation temperature and pressure, it is called a saturated
liquid.
If
the
temperature
of
the
liquid
is
lower
than
the
saturation
temperature
for
the
existing
pressure,
it
is
called
either
a
subcooled
liquid
(the
temperature
is
lower
than
the
saturation
temperature
for
the
given
pressure)
or
a
compressed
liquid
(the
pressure
is
greater than the saturation pressure for the given temperature).

如果一种物质在饱和温度和压力的液体，
它被称为饱和液体。
如果液体的温度低
于现有的压力的饱和温度，
它被称为是过冷液 体
（温度低于给定压力的饱和温度）
或压缩液体（压力大于饱和为给定的温度压力）。

If
a
substance
exists
as
a
vapor
at
saturation
temperature
and
pressure,
it
is
called
a
saturated
vapor.
When
the
vapor
is
at
a
temperature
greater
than
the
saturation
temperature, it is a superheated vapor. Pressure and temperature of a superheated vapor are
independent
properties,
because
the
temperature
can
increase
while
pressure
remains
constant.
Gases
such
as
air
at
room
temperature
and
pressure
are
highly
superheated
vapors.
如果一种物质在 饱和温度和压力的蒸气存在，
它被称为饱和蒸气。
当蒸汽温度大
于饱和温度，
它是一个热蒸气。
过热蒸汽压力和温度是独立的属性，
因为温度增
加，而压力保持不变 。如在常温常压下空气的气体是高度过热蒸汽。


The second law of thermodynamics differentiates and quantifies processes that only proceed
in a certain direction (irreversible) from those that are reversible. The second law may be
described in several ways. One method uses the concept of entropy flow in an open system
and
the
irreversibility
associated
with
the
process.
The
concept
of
irreversibility
provides
added insight into the operation of cycles.

热力学第二定律的区别和 量化，只有在某一个方向，是可逆的（不可逆）进行的
过程。
第二定律可能在几个方面。
一种方法是使用在一个开放的系统，
并与进程
关联的不可逆性的熵流的概念。不可逆转的概念 到周期的运作提供额外的洞察
力。

The Carnot cycle, which is completely reversible, is a perfect model for a refrigeration cycle
operating between two fixed temperatures, or between two fluids at different temperatures
and each with infinite heat capacity. Reversible cycles have two important properties: (1) no
refrigerating cycle may have a coefficient of performance higher than that for a reversible
cycle
operated
between
the
same
temperature
limits,
and
(2)
all
reversible
cycles,
when
operated between the same temperature limits, have the same coefficient of performance

卡诺循环，
这是完全可逆的，
是一个完美的模型之 间的两个固定的温度，
或在不
同温度和热容量无限每个的两种流体之间的制冷循环的运行。可逆循环有两个重
要的属性：（
1
）无制冷循环的性能系数之间相同的温度限制经 营的可逆循环高
于，（
2
）之间相同的温度极限运行时，所有可逆循环，同样的性能系 数

Flowing
fluids
in
heating,
ventilating,
air-conditioning,
and
refrigeration
systems
can
transfer heat, mass, and momentum. This chapter introduces the basics of fluid mechanics
related
to
HV
AC
processes,
reviews
pertinent
flow
processes,
and
presents
a
general
discussion of single-phase fluid flow analysis.
流动的液体在加热，通风， 空调和制冷系统，可以传递热量，质量和动量。本章
介绍有关暖通空调过程的流体力学，
评论相 关的流程，
基础知识，
并提出了一种
单相流体流动分析的一般性讨论。

Fluids
differ
from
solids
in
their
reaction
to
shearing.
When
placed
under
shear
stress,
a
solid deforms only a finite amount, whereas a fluid deforms continuously for as long as the
shear is applied. Both liquids and gases are fluids. Although liquids and gases differ strongly
in the nature of molecular actions, their primary mechanical

differences are in the degree
of compressibility and liquid formation of a free surface. In general, liquids are considered
incompressible fluids; gases may range from compressible to nearly incompressible.

流体 与固体区别在于他们对剪切力的反应作用。
在施加剪切力时，
固体只发生有
限的变形，
而只要有剪切力的作用流体就会连续变形。
流体不同于固体剪切他们
的反应。
当剪切应力下了坚实的变形量只有有限的，
而流体的剪切变形。
液体和
气体都是流体。
虽然液体和气体的分子运动特性有着很大的区别，
但是他们的主
要的力学区别在于可压 缩性的程度和液体自由表面
（界面）
的形成。
在一般来说，
液体被认为是不可 压缩的流体，气体可能范围从可压缩到几乎不可。

Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to
shear. Viscous effects are taken into account
by categorizing a fluid as either Newtonian or non- Newtonian. In Newtonian fluids, the rate
of
deformation
is
directly
proportional
to
the
shearing
stress;
most
fluids
in
the
HV
AC
industry (e.g., water, air, most refrigerants) can be treated as Newtonian. In non- Newtonian
fluids,
the
relationship
between
the
rate
of
deformation
and
shear
stress
is
more
complicated.
粘度是流体的抗剪切的措施。
考虑采取分类流体为牛顿或非牛顿粘性的影响。
在
牛顿流体，变形率是成正比的剪应力
;
在暖通空调行业（如，水，空气，大部分
制冷剂）
牛顿流体可以作为治疗。
在非牛顿流体，
变形和剪切应力率之间的关系
更为复杂。

Heat
is
energy
in
transit
due
to
a
temperature
difference.
The
thermal
energy
is
transferred
from
one
region
to
another
by
three
modes
of
heat
transfer:
conduction,
convection, and radiation. Heat transfer is among a group of energy transport phenomena
that includes mass transfer, momentum transfer or fluid friction and electrical conduction.


热是由于温差在传输过程中的能量。
热能是从一个地区转移到另一个传热的三种模式：传导，对流和辐射。传热之间的能源运输的现象，其中包括传质，动量传
递或流体摩擦和导电 。

Thermal
conduction
is
the
mechanism
of
heat
transfer
whereby
energy
is
transported
between parts of continuum by the transfer of kinetic energy between particles or groups of
particles at the atomic level. In gases, conduction is caused by elastic collision of molecules;
in
liquids
and
electrically nonconducting
solids,
it
is
believed
to
be
caused by longitudinal
oscillations
of
the
lattice
structure.
Thermal
conduction
in
metals
occurs,
like
electrical
conduction,
through
the
motion
of
free
electrons.
Thermal
energy
transfer
occurs
in
the
direction
of
decreasing
temperature.
In
solid
opaque
bodies,
thermal
conduction
is
the
significant
heat
transfer
mechanism
because
no
net
material
flows
in
the
process
and
radiation is not a factor.

热传导传热，
使能量是连续部分之间的运输粒子在原子水平上的颗粒或团体之间的动能转移的机制。气体中，分子的弹性碰撞引起的传导
;
电导电液体和固体，
它 被认为是造成晶格结构的纵向振荡。
金属的热传导时，
如导电，
通过自由电子
的运动。
热能量转移发生在温度降低的方向。
在坚实的不透明机构，
热传导是显
著的传热机制，因为没有净物资流动的过程中，辐射是不是一个因素。

When fluid currents are produced by external sources (for example, a blower or pump), the
solid-to- fluid
heat
transfer
is
termed
forced
convection.
If
the
fluid
flow
is
generated
internally by nonhomogeneous densities caused by temperature variation, the heat transfer
is termed natural convection or free convection.
When fluid currents are produced by external sources (for example, a blower or pump), the
solid-to-fluid
heat
transfer
is
termed
forced
convection.
If
the
fluid
flow
is
generated
internally by nonhomogeneous densities caused by temperature variation, the heat transfer
is termed natural convection or free convection.
当流体的电流是由外部来源（例如，一个鼓风机或泵），固

-
液传热被称 为强
迫对流。
如果是内部所产生的温度变化所造成的非均质密度的流体流动，
传热称< br>为自然对流或自然对流。

当流体的电流是由外部来源（例如，一个鼓风机或泵），固

-
液传热被称 为强
迫对流。
如果是内部所产生的温度变化所造成的非均质密度的流体流动，
传热称< br>为自然对流或自然对流。

Equation 1 states that the heat flow rate
q
in the
x
direction is directly proportional to the
temperature
gradient
d
t
/d
x
and
the
cross-sectional
area
A
normal
to
the
heat
flow.
The
proportionality factor is the thermal conductivity
k
. The minus sign indicates that heat flow
is positive the direction of decreasing temperature. Conductivity values are sometimes given
in other units
，
but consistent units must be used in Equation 1 .









Equation 1 states that the heat flow rate
q
in the
x
direction is directly proportional
to the temperature gradient d
t
/d
x
and the cross-sectional area A normal to the heat flow. The
proportionality factor is the thermal conductivity
k
. The minus sign indicates that heat flow
is positive the direction of decreasing temperature. Conductivity values are sometimes given
in other units
，
but consistent units must be used in Equation 1 .

公式（
1
）在
x< br>方向的热流率
q
是成正比的温度梯度
DT/ DX
和横截面积一个正< br>常的热流。比例系数，导热系数
K
。减号表示热流温度降低的方向积极。电导率
值有时在其他单位，但一致的单位，必须在使用公式
1
。


公式（
1
）在
x
方向的热流率
q
是成正比的温度梯 度
DT/ DX
和横截面积一
个正常的热流。比例系数，导热系数
K
。减号表示热流温度降低的方向积极。电
导率值有时在其他单位，但一致的单位，必须在使用公式
1
。

Basic Parameters
?

Humidity
ratio
W
(alternatively,
the
moisture
content
or
mixing
ratio)
of
a
given
moist air sample is defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapor to the mass of dry
air in the sample:




W
=
Mw
/
Mda


















(7)








The humidity ratio
W
is

equal to the mole fraction ratio
xw
/
xda
multiplied by the
ratio of molecular masses:


























W
= 0.621 98
xw
/
xda






(8)
?

Specific
humidity
γ

is
the
ratio
of
the
mass
of
water
vapor
to
total
mass
of
the
moist air sample:



γ

=
Mw
/(
Mw
+
Mda
)








(9a)
基本参数

湿度比
W
（另外，水分含量或比例混合），一个给定的潮 湿空气样品是干燥的
空气质量比样品中的水蒸汽的质量定义为：
W = MW/ MDA
（
7
）

湿度比
W
是相等的摩尔分数比
XW/ XDA
分子群众的比例乘以：

W =0.62198 XW/ XDA
（
8
）

具体的湿度γ潮湿的空气样本的总质量之比是水汽质量：

γ
= MW /
（
MW + MDA
）（
9A
）

In terms of the humidity ratio,



γ

=
W
/(1 +
W
)
















(9b)
?

Absolute humidity (alternatively, water vapor density) dv is the ratio of the mass of
water vapor to total volume of the sample:



dv
=
Mw
/
V
























(10)
?

Density
ρ

of a moist air mixture is the ratio of total mass to total volume:


ρ

= (
Mda
+
Mw
)/
V
= (1/
v
)(1 +
W
)


(11)

where
v
is the moist air specific volume, m3/kgda, as defined by Equation (27).
湿度比例方面，

γ
= W /
（
1+ W
）（
9B
）

绝对湿度（另外，水蒸气密度）
DV
的水蒸气的质量样品总量的比例：

DV = MW/ V
（
10
）

潮湿的空气混合物的密度ρ总量的比例是总质量：

ρ
=
（
MDA+ MW
）
/ V =
（
1 / V
）（
1+ W
）（
11
）

其中
V
是潮湿的空气中特定卷，
m3/kgda
，由方程（
27
）定义。< br>
Thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature
t
* is the temperature at which water (liquid or solid),
by evaporating into moist air at a given dry-bulb temperature
t
and humidity ratio
W
, can
bring air to saturation adiabatically at the same temperature
t
* while the total pressure
p
is
maintained
constant.
This
parameter
is
considered
separately
in
the
section
on
Thermodynamic Wet-Bulb and Dew-Point Temperature.
热力学湿球温度
T *
是在水（液体或固体），潮湿的空 气中蒸发，在一个给定的
干球温度
t
和湿度比
W
的温度，可以使空气 饱和绝热在同一温度
T*
而总压力
p
保持不变。此参数是在热力学湿球和露点 温度的部分分开考虑。

A
principal
purpose
of
heating,
ventilating,
and
air-conditioning
systems
is
to
provide
conditions for human thermal com
fort. A widely accepted definition is, “Thermal Comfort is
that
condition
of
mind
that
expresses
satisfaction
with
the
thermal
environment”.
This
definition
leaves
open
what
is
meant
by
condition
of
mind
or
satisfaction,
but
it
correctly
emphasizes
that
the
judgment
of
comfort
is
a
cognitive
process
involving
many
inputs
influenced by physical, physiological, psychological, and other processes.

供暖，
通风和空调系统的一个主要目的是提供人体热舒适的条件。
一个被广 泛接
受的的定义是，
“热舒适性，心理状况，与热环境表示满意”。这个定义叶开放
的 心态或满意的状况是什么意思，
但它正确地强调，
舒适的判断是一个认知的过
程，涉及 物理，生理，心理，和其他进程影响了许多投入。

The
conscious
mind
appears
to
reach
conclusions
about
thermal
comfort
and
discomfort
from
direct
temperature
and
moisture
sensations
from
the
skin,
deep
body
temperatures,
and
the
efforts
necessary
to
regulate
body
temperatures.
In
general,
comfort
occurs when
body
temperatures
are
held
within
narrow
ranges,
skin
moisture
is
low,
and
the
physiological effort of regulation is minimized.
意识的头脑似乎达到热舒 适性和不适的结论，
直接从皮肤，
深部体温，
以及必要
的努力来调节体温的温 度和水分的感觉。
在一般情况下，
舒适性发生时体温都在
窄幅内举行，皮肤水分低，调 节生理努力最小化。

。

Air
contaminants
are
generally
either
particles
or
gases.
The
distinction between
particles
and gases is important when determining removal strategies and equipment. Although the
motion
of
particles
is
described
using
the
same
equations
used
to
describe
gas
movement,
even
the
smallest
of
particles
(approximately
1
nm)
are
much
larger
than
individual
gas
molecules, have a much greater mass, and a much lower diffusion rate.

空气污染物一般是颗粒或气体。
确定搬迁战略和设备时，
粒子和气体之间的 区别
是重要的的。
尽管粒子的运动是用相同的方程用来描述气体运动，
甚至最小的粒< br>子
（约
1
纳米）
，
远远高于单个气体分子较大，
有更 大的质量，
扩散速率低得多。

。

The
particulate
class
covers
a
vast
range
of
particle
sizes,
from
dust
large
enough
to
be
visible to the eye to submicroscopic particles that elude most filters. Particles may be liquid,
solid,
or
have
a
solid
core
surrounded
by
liquid.
They
are
present
in
the
atmosphere
at
concentrations ranging from 100 particles/cm3 in the cleanest environments to millions per
cubic centimeter in polluted urban environments.

颗粒类，
涵 盖了从粉尘颗粒大小广阔的范围，
足够大的眼睛躲避大多数过滤器的
微观粒子，可见。粒子可能 是液体，固体或液体包围了坚实的核心。他们中的浓
度每立方厘米在受污染的城市环境的范围在清洁的环 境中从
100 particles/cm3
百万的气氛。

Also
a
central
cooling
and
heating
plant
provides
higher
diversity
and
generally
operates
more efficiently with lower maintenance and labor costs than a decentralized plant. However
it does require space at a central location and a potentially large distribution system.










This
lesson
address
the
design
alternatives
that
should
be
considered
when
centralizing the cooling and heating sources in a facility.
此外，
中央制冷和供热厂提供更高的多样性和一般的运作，
更有效地与降低维护
和劳动力成本 比分散的工厂。
然而，
它需要在一个中央位置的空间和一个潜在的