over什么意思新核心综合学术英语教程unit答案全

2021年1月19日发(作者：alvin)
综合学术英语教程
3
答案

Unit 1 Definition
Keys to the Exercises
Task 1 Familiarizing Yourself with Definition
Reading1 Great Leaps in Modern Technology
2.
Technology,
on
the
other
hand,
is
more
of
an
applied
science.
It
is
where
tools and knowledge
are
used
for
the
study
of
a
particular
science.
For
example,
the
science
of energy can have
technology as its application. In the case of energy as a subject in
science, solar panels can be
used
for
a
variety
of
technologies,
an
example
of
which
are
solar- powered
lights.
From the following website:
#ixzz37toZQcug
Task 2 Understanding Lectures through Definition
Listening 1
1. phobia, hypnophobia, cynophobia, aerophobia
2. 1) T 2) F 3) F 4) T 5) T 6) T 7) F 8) F
3.
Phobia
Characteristics 1
Characteristics 2
Characteristics 3
Terms

Hypnophobia
Cynophobia
Aerophobia
an extreme, irrational response
long- lasting
uncontrollable
Definition

fear of sleep
fear of dogs
fear of flying
Causes of Phobia
Phobia
is
the
problem
itself;
it
is
First theory
learned.
Phobia
is
a
sign
of
a
deeper
problem
Second theory
a person has.
Task 3 Reading Definition Articles
1.
1)
Indigenous
knowledge
means
knowledge
belonging
to
the
country,
rather
than being
brought there from another country.
2) All the list items will probably be included since the title is rather
broad and general.
3) For open discussion
2. 1) International knowledge system.
2) Knowledge capital, physical and financial capital.
3) It contains
the skills,
experiences
and
insights of
people,
applied to
maintain or improve their
4) Medicine and veterinary medicine.
5) It is
considered
the
social
capital,
meaning
an essential
resource
for
survival and means of
sustenance and livelihood.
6) a) It is inappropriate for new challenges or it adapts too slowly; b)
The introduction of
foreign technologies or development concepts that promise short-term
gains or solutions to
problems that they cannot sustain.
7) Agriculture, animal husbandry and ethnic veterinary medicine, primary
health care,
preventive medicine and psychosocial care, saving and lending.
8)
A
higher
variance
of
traits,
less
susceptible
to
the
frequent
droughts,
reduce risks.
9)
a)
Indigenous
knowledge
is
vital
for
its
bearers;
b)
Become
fully
aware
of its value and
contributions to the intended objectives; c) It is an integral part of
global knowledge in its
own right.
10) An integration or combination of indigenous knowledge and foreign
knowledge.
Reading 2 Indigenous Knowledge
3. 1) r. override 2) j. expertise 3) d. intimate 4) a. unanimous 5) g.
intrusion
6)
u.
dissemination
7)
c.
insights
8)
l.
susceptible
9)
n.
incorporating
10) f. vanish
11) m. interaction 12) s. scenario 13) i. detrimental 14) p. implement
15) k. alleviation
16) b. encompass 17) o. validate 18) h. impending 19) e. interweave 20)
t. rational
4. For reference:
The two articles both employ definitions for the introduction of the
terms and examples to
validate
each
facet.
Both
use
classifications,
descriptions,
comparison
and contrast for further
analysis.
One big
difference
lies in
the
perspective to
view
the
title,
with the first a rather
holistic
discussion
ranging
from
the
status
quo
to
the
settlement
of
the
existing problems and
the second a partial focus on chiefly its applications.
Reading 3 Ultrasonics
5. 1) component 2) accumulate 3) spherical 4) navigate 5) fatigue
6) harness 7) version 8) synonymous 9) inhibit 10) integrity
11) uniform 12) detect 13) incidence 14) monitor 15) probe
16) intensity 17) convert 18) proceed 19) visualize 20) inspect
6. Attention: there is a mistake here, the first should be Para. K
Para. K
—
e Para. B
—
a Para. C
—
c Para. D
—
f Para. E
—
h
Para. F
—
d Para. G
—
j Para. H
—
i Para. I
—
b Para. J
—
g
7. 1) E 2) F 3) Para. E 4) E 5) F 6) Para. H 7) Para. H 8) E
8. For open discussion
Task 4 Writing an Essay of Definition
Reading 4 Disruptive Technologies
1.
Par
Paragrap
ts

hs

Definition:
Main Ideas

Supporting
Details

Disruptive
Examples:
flash
digital
technologies are technological
memory,
innovations
which
disrupt
or
photography,
I
A
change the status
quo and the
compressed
market
for
particular
batteries,
gesture-based
interfaces
Significance:
II
B
generate
a
Classification:
air
technologies.
substantial
improvement
over
1) low-market
existing technology
First
Classification:
2) new-market
both
Examples:
digital
camera

C
low-and new-
market
Second
D
new-market
Third
E
low-market
Classification:
Examples:
telephone
Classification:
Examples: netbook
Conclusion: It is anything but

easy
III
F
to
predict
when
a
disruptive
technology
will
work
wonders. The best policy is to
integrate investment, research
and
development
once
such
technology
turns
out
effective.
5. For reference only
1) Natural breathing will be provided by the robot for the patient during
surgery.
2) The pressure will have to be reduced by us.
3) All instruments need to be sterilized.
4) For us, some physical and technical factors may be considered/ taken
into consideration.
5) If we make sustained efforts, there is a chance that the environment
will be improved.
6) Some specific demands
of
the
scientific establishment
have
to
be made.
7) The presence of the country has been felt more than ever by the whole
world.
8) It seems that other explanations are hard to be found.
9) The interaction between organism and environment is being perceived.
10) The tests work most effectively if what will be measured can be most
precisely defined.
Integrated Exercises
2. 1) component 2) integrity 3) mobilize 4) option 5) monitor 6) navigate
7) encompass
8) compromise 9) incorporate 10) implement 11) impending 12) scenario
3. 1) The survey encompasses social, political, and economic aspects of
the situation.
2) In some countries power is synonymous with corruption.
3) The strike shut down many airports, but international f lights were
unaffected.
4)
The
scenery
is
beautiful
but
inaccessible
to
most
ordinary
travelers.
5) The conflict deprived him of the means of livelihood.
6) Such animals can withstand the extremes of weather.
7) The rise in the time spent on the Internet is concomitant with the
massive loss of
sociability.
8)
Many
inventions
such
as
gunpowder
and
the
compass
originated
in
China.
9)
The
frequency
of
mining
accidents
has
decreased
over
the
past
10
years.
10) The maximum number of places offered by the medical school for the
applicants is 15.
5. 1) Scientists should warn people about PM 2.5 and the need to restrict
their children’s

outdoor activities to avoid even the minimal damage.
2) The local government has implemented a development program for the
mountain climbers
to leave the surrounding region unaffected.
3) We can reduce the risks to zero since we are sure of what risks they
are running.
4) To combat your anxiety, you should compel yourself to visualize a
promising future in which a problem has already been settled.
5) He holds that developed countries should be held accountable for
economic growth on a global scale.
6)
Trash
is
not
yet
fully
utilized,
leading
to
overlooking
the
potential
in it.
7) A large number of females choose the option of personal finance to
achieve control of their own lives.
8)The
university
has
decided
to
invest
in
the
project
because
it
has
many
technical advantages over other similar ones.
9) Trees can provide shelter for both man and animals, which we tend to
overlook.
10)
We
are
trying
to
achieve
a
sound
understanding
of
liberal
arts
courses,
which encompasses a wide range of subjects.
Listening 2
A. (1) F (2) T (3) T (4) F (5) T (6) T (7) T
B.
(1)
Clouding
computing
is
about
the
provision
of
computer
resources
like
SaaS, PaaS, and infrastructure provision while private computing
isn’t.

(2) 67.
(3) Because the Industrial Revolution is not a thing, and it cannot be
defined
by
some
specific
products.
It
is
a
transformation
or
a
transition involving concepts, ideas, ways of production, changing
attitudes, etc.
(4) Because it is more than just technology, as the speaker further
compares
it
to
electricity,
which
has
transformed
from
an
innovation
to much more of a utility service.
(5) Ubiquitous.
Listening 3
A. (1) C (2) B (3) A (4) C (5) D
B.
compressed,
whisper,
external,
pockets,
panic,
assembly,
psychological,
reflection,
simultaneous,
architecture,
figure
out,
legitimate,
instantaneous, clicking, addicted
C. (1) B, C (2) C
Unit 2 Classification
Keys to the Exercises
Task 1 Familiarizing Yourself with Classification
1. 1) Man-made or anthropogenic causes, and natural causes.
2) Pollution (burning fossil fuels, mining coal and oil, etc.), the
production of CO2 ( the increase of population, the demolition of
trees, etc.).

3) CO2 is a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the Earth’s atmosphere.

4)
Classification
helps
us
to
determine
and
understand
the
relationship
of the parts of a subject which is studied by us. Classification is
made on the basis of a clear definition.
5)
In
order
to
make
a
clear
and
logic
classification,
one
needs
to
follow
a principle of classification and go on with a system consistently.
For example, the categories of classification should be mutually
exclusive and no overlapping is allowed.
Reading 1 Causes for Global Warming
2. Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel resource. It provides about
one-quarter of the total energy the world uses, and 40 percent of the
electricity generated worldwide is powered by coal. The steel industry
also is greatly dependent upon this fossil fuel. Like other depleting
sources of global energy, coal reserves are also on a steep decline.
Moreover, coal is a greenhouse gas nightmare. Natural gas is comprised
mostly
of
methane,
although
it
also
contains
ethane,
propane
and
butane.
It is a convenient and efficient energy source. The major consumers of
natural gas are the residential, commercial and industrial sectors. It
is
also
used
to
generate
electricity.
Unlike
other
fossil
fuels,
natural
gas is
cleaner
and causes less pollution. Like
other
fossil fuels,
this
resource is depleting rapidly.
Task 2 Understanding Lectures through Classification
Listening 1
1. Unconscious motivation, unconscious conflict, the id, the ego, the
superego, etc.
2. 1) T 2) F 3) F 4) F 5) T 6) F 7) T 8) F
3. Idea One: The existence of an unconscious motivation
Idea Two: The notion of unconscious dynamics or conflict
Three Parts of
Classifcations

Personality

The Pleasure
Part One
id
Principle
Part Two
Part Three
ego
superego
Reality Principle
Not mentioned
Working Principles

4. There are
two
interesting
ideas
in Freud’s
theory:
first,
the
existence
of unconscious motivation; second, the concept of unconscious conflict.
Freud believes that unconscious motivation might play an important role
in a lot of situations, such as marriage, forgetting a person’s name,
calling out the wrong name etc. In his view, there are three processes
going on in the head, namely, id, ego and superego, which are in violent
internal
conflict.
Id
functions
on
“the
Pleasure
Principle”,
while
ego
works
on
“the
Reality
Principle”
and
superego
is
the
internalized
rules
of a society. Ego is in between id and superego.
Task 3 Reading Classification Articles
Reading 2 Renewable Energy Sources
—
A Brief Summary
1. 1) Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such
as
sunlight,
wind,
rain,
tides,
and
geothermal
heat,
which
are
renewable (naturally replenished).
√
The purpose of using renewable energy sources.
2)
□
√
The classification of renewable energy sources.
□
√
The examples of different types of renewable energy sources.
□
√
The advantages and disadvantages of various types of renewable
□
energy sources.
√
The history of the use of different energy sources.
□
□
How energy is obtained from various sources.
3) I would write:
(1) The definition of the renewable energy.
(2) The classification of the renewable energy.
(3)
The
advantages
and
the
disadvantages
of
various
types
of
renewable
energy sources.
2. 1) The signing of the Kyoto Treaty.
2) It converts the sun’s rays into energy.

3) The main demerit is that it is limited.
4) Sailors, farmers and architects.
5)
The
main
advantage
is
that
this
doesn’t
produce
any
by
-products
that
can be harmful to the environment.
6) Because the Earth’s crust continuously decays, replenishing the
heat.
7)
They
use
the
force
of
the
water
to
push
the
turbine
which
in
turn
powers
a generator thus generating electricity.
8) It poses a problem for fish and aquatic plants on both sides of the
dam.
9) They contain no petroleum, and they are nontoxic and biodegradable.
10) The Environmental Protection Agency.
3. 1) j. evolution 2) s. solar 3) a. architect 4) l. geothermal 5) p.
preserve
6)
b.
biodegradable
7)
r.
radioactive
8)
f.
crusade
9)
h.
distribute
10)
q. radiant
11) i. domestic 12) t. validation 13) k. generator 14) d. capture 15)
g. definitely
16) n. install 17) e. consumption 18) m. harness 19) o. internal 20) c.
blade
Reading 3 Types of Pollution
5.
1)
voluntary
2)
construction
3)
contamination
4)
eruption
5)
regulation
6) deforestation 7) yield 8) irrigation 9) confine 10) sewage
11) hazardous 12) residential 13) vapor 14) decay 15) erosion
16)
disrupt
17)
particulate
18)
underground
19)
concentration
20)
combat
6.
Paragraphs
Main ideas
(_k_) Para. A
a. Definition and sources of noise pollution.
(_s_) Para. B
b. Characteristics of radioactive pollution
(_z_) Para. C
c. Effects of water pollution.
(_f_) Para. D
d. Consequences of radiation pollution.
(_o_) Para. E
e. Causes of thermal pollution.
(_x_) Para. F
f. Effects of air pollution.
(_c_) Para. G
g. Problems caused by thermal pollution.
(_y_) Para. H
h. Undesirable results caused by light pollution.
(_q_) Para. I
i. Damages caused by noise pollution.
(_v_) Para. J
j. Causes and harms of visual pollution.
k.
A
general
description
of
the
9
recognized
(_a_) Para. K
sources of pollution.
(_i_) Para. L
l. Sources of radioactive pollution.
(_b_) Para. M
m. Effects of visual pollution.
(_l_) Para. N
n. Sources of visual pollution.
(_d_) Para. O
o. What is water pollution.
(_w_) Para. P
p. Definition and sources of personal pollution.
(_e_) Para. Q
q. Soil pollution sources.
(_g_) Para. R
r.
The
interrelations
among
all
kinds
of
pollution.
(_u_) Para. S
s. The definition of air pollution.
(_h_) Para. T
t. How to eliminate personal pollution.
(_j_) Para. U
u. Definition and sources of light pollution.
(_n_) Para. V
v. Problems caused by soil pollution
(_m_) Para. W
w. Definition of thermal pollution.
(_p_) Para. X
x. Causes of water pollution.
Paragraphs
Main ideas
(_t_) Para. Y
y. Definition of soil pollution.
(_r_) Para. Z
z. Sources of air pollution.
7.
Paragraphs
(Marked I, or E
or F)

1)
A
knowledge
of
different
pollution
types
enables
Para. Z
a person to change his lifestyle.
2) Thermal pollution is caused by too much heat
E
which
creates
unfavorable
effects
over
a
long
time.
3) If the air is filled with a high concentration
Para. D
of pollutants, it would lead to obvious problems.
4)
Noise
pollution
may
lead
to
deafness
or
Para. L
interrupt the normal life of wild animals.
5) Water pollution may result in an insufficient
Para. E
supply of drinkable water.
Statements

6)
Since
visual
pollution
causes
few
immediate
F
health effects, it is not serious at all.
7)
Soil
pollution
may
be
both
intended
and
Para. H
unintended.
8) Over smoking and drinking belongs to personal
E
pollution.
8.
My
summary
is:
Even
if
solar
energy
is
limited,
it
enjoys
a
long
history
and
has
been
advancing
constantly,
thus
enabling
us
to
convert
heat
into
electricity, which can be stored, ready for use.
Task 4 Writing an Essay of Classification
Reading 4 Types of Sustainability

1.
Par
Paragraphs

ts

It
Classification
sustainability:
I
A
economic,
social,
and
terms
of
its
nature
and
environmental.
requirements.
Definition
II
B
of
human
Elements involved: For
good
parents:
caring
for
of
understand
human,
differences of each in
the
is
vital
to
Main ideas

Supporting details

sustainability:
productive
health
and
safe
their children, giving
childbearing.
them
access
to
proper
education,
and
promoting their health
and well-being.
For
children:
having
enough
skills
and
knowledge.
Explanation ( relation
Definition
of
economic
between
preservation
sustainability:
and
consumption):
We
C
having
a
set
amount
of
must
preserve
all
our
capital
for
a
certain
sources
as
we
consume
period.
them.
Explanation
(how
to
Why
social
capital
is
achieve
it):
Through
important: It is through
proper
maintenance
of
communities
and
civil
and adherence to laws,
D
societies
that
humankind
rules, and values that
can
easily
and
societies
work
developed
for
have
the
inexpensively
together.
common
good,
social
sustainability
can
be
achieved.
Elements
Why
environmental
Natural
involved:
resources:
sustainability
is
Materials
taken
from
important:
It
involves
nature
are
used
for
E
—
F
natural
resources
that
solutions that address
human
beings
need
for
human needs.
economic
or
manufactured
Waste
emissions:
They
capital.
must
be
at
volumes
that
nature can handle.
5.
1)
Declarative
sentences
are
mostly
employed
in
academic
writing,
despite
the occasional utilizations of interrogative sentences.
2) To support the truths, reliable evidence is quoted by scholars in all
disciplines.
3)
Much
importance
should
be
attached
to
the
comprehension
of
the
difference between education and training.
4) A person who exposes himself to the sunlight for excessive time is
susceptible to malignant melanoma.
5) Students doing temporary jobs display a better performance in their
academic studies.
6)
American
frontier
is
deeply
rooted
in
many
aspects
of
American
character.
7) The direct involvement of many a foreign country is evident in the
process of US territorial expansion.
8) Parents need to equipped with much care and knowledge while raising a
kid.
9) Environment plays a vital role in the growth of plants.
10) In the past, Beijing was ravaged by dust storms for 20 days annually.
Integrated Exercises
2.
1)
motivation
2)
demolish
3)
symptom
4)
combat
5)
capture
6)
distribute
7) assert 8) yield
9) internal 10) emergence 11) adherence 12) disrupt
3. 1) Internet access is available in the students’ dormitory.


2)
If
you
can
harness
your
energy,
you’ll
be
rewarded
with
huge
accomplishments.
3) It has been confirmed that foul weather is highly hazardous for sea
navigation.
4)
The
governmental
nuclear
waste
disposal
plan
aroused
fierce
protests
from the local residents.
5) Extinction of this rare species of bird is foreseeable if effective
measures are not taken.
6) While delivering a public speech, a speaker must articulate his/her
arguments.
7) I highly esteem his current research on stem cells.
8) A speaker cannot always secure the cooperation of the audience.
9) The car industry of this country is sheltered by its government from
foreign competition.
10) Even
a
moderate
elevation
of
blood
pressure
leads
to
shortened
life
expectancys.
5.
1)
The
effective
disposal
of
the
recognized
sources
of
pollution
demonstrates
to
be
of
great
aid
in
the
elevation
of
people’s
quality
of life.
2)
Since
the
rapid
evolution
of
technology,
the
lifestyles
of
the
generations ahead of us will witness a revolutionized change.
3) Tapping heat from the Earth enables the residents of resource- poor
regions to combat the poor conditions.
4)
The
downside
of
the
practice
of
fertilizing
the
soil
by
burning
straws
is the fact that the released dusts and particles pose a serious
problem for the health of the respiratory system.
5) This campaign, organized by environmentally conscious individuals,
has
a
measurable
effect
on
the
general
improvement
of
all
the
people’s environmental protection awareness.

6) The history of deforestation can date back to two millenniums ago,
which has deteriorated constantly in the modern times, leading to a
huge loss of wildlife habitat.
7) During the visit to Huangshan (Yellow Mountain), the tourists were
amazed at how nature works wonders, realizing that beauty is only
sustainable if all of us care for the environment around us.
8) Drug abuse is a general degradation of lifestyle, causing immediate
health effects.
9)
Oil
leakage
in
the
mainstream
river
considerably
decreases
the
quantity of drinkable water; what’s worse, the adverse effects are
not confined to areas near the source.
10)
Luckily,
the
pollution
inflicted
by
this
accident
will
be
effectively
removed through natural cycles, not having a negative impact on the
environment.
Listening 2
A. (1) T (2) F (3) F (4) F (5) T (6) F (7) F
B.
(1)
The
individual’s
potential
and
the
importance
of
growth
and
self- actualization.
(2) The lower one.
(3) By providing lunch breaks, rest
breaks and sufficient wages to
purchase essentials.
(4) The love and belonging needs.
(5)
They
are
self-aware,
concerned
with
personal
growth,
less
concerned
with
the
opinions
of
other
people,
and
interested
in
fulfilling
their
potential.
C.
This
lecture
is
about
Maslow’s
theory
of
the
hierarchy
of
needs,
namely
physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and
self-actualization needs. Physiological needs are the most basic and
instinctive
ones,
which
must
be
satisfied
first.
Safety
needs
refer
to
the
needs
for
safety
and
security,
also
important
for
survival.
Social
needs
include
the
needs
for
belonging,
love
and
affection,
the
deprivation of which leads to unhappiness. Esteem needs reflect on
personal
worth,
social
recognition
and
accomplishment;
if
unmet,
it
may
lead
to
inferiority
complex.
Self-actualization
needs
are
at
the
highest
level,
meaning
to
realize
a
person’s
full
potential,
capacities and talents.
Listening 3
A. (1) A (2) A (3) D (4) C (5) B
B.
classically,
runny
nose,
sore
throat,
intrigued,
initially,
clinically,
alludes to, building up, immune, alongside, shuffling, rip through,
hospitalizations
C. (1) B C E
(2)
①
A B C
②
A B
③
A B
④
A B
⑤
A B C
⑥
C
⑦
A
⑧
A
⑨
A
⑩
A C
Unit 3 Comparison and Contrast
Keys to the Exercises
Task 1 Familiarizing Yourself with Comparison and Contrast
1. 1) Electric vehicles and gas vehicles.
2) The energy they used, the distance, the cost and convenience.
3) The electric vehicles and gas vehicles share some similarities: the
appearance of muscle cars, all the standard features and they even
perform similarly. The differences are listed below:
Differen
Electric vehicles
ces
Energy
lithium-ion battery is used, so
used,
so
far
more
far less energy
energy
Distance
150
—
200 miles
14
miles
per
gallon
in
the
city
and
22
on
the
highway
Cost
Convenie
many people and much energy are
nce
used to refuel
outlet
4) The writer compares and contrasts both vehicles item after item. In
such
a
pattern,
the
writer
structures
his
paragraph
around
points of
comparison, moving back and forth between the subjects.
5)
The
former
one
—
list
all
similarities
of
the
two
subjects,
then
their
differences.
Reading 1 Electric Vehicles and Gas Vehicle
2.
What’s
more,
there
is
a
health
factor
that
affects
both
of
them.
Canned
food loses some of the original fresh food nutrients when stored, and
also has
to
be tinned
with
many
preservatives
and chemical
factors
that
prolong
the
shelf
life
and
apparent
freshness
of
the
food
but
could
become
recharge
it
into
a
$$6 to $$12 a week
$$5 a gallon
only need to plug and
guzzling
V8
engine
is
Gas vehicles
toxic if consumed too often. Fresh food, on the other hand, often comes
straight from a farm and has all the nutrients Mother Nature intended
for it. As we can see, fresh food offers many benefits that canned food
lacks. Therefore, an informed diner should always choose to eat fresh.
After all, we could all use to improve our health.
Task 2 Understanding Lectures Through Comparison and Contrast
Listening 1
2. 1) T. What I’m just beginning to realize right now, is that we pay a
huge price for the speed that we claim is a big advantage of these
computers.
2) F. And they consume one and a half megawatts of power. So that would
be really great, if you could add that to the production capacity in
Tanzania. It would really boost the economy.
3) F. Now, how much computation does the brain do? I estimate 10 to the
16 bits per second, which is actually about very similar to what Blue
Gene does. So that’s the
question.
4) T. So what we are doing right now with computers with the energy
consumed
by 1,200
houses, the
brain is
doing
with the
energy
consumed
by your laptop.
5)
F.
How
does
that
compare
with
the
way
computers
work?
In
the
computer,
you have all the data going through the central processing unit, and
any
piece
of
data
basically
has
to
go
through
that
bottleneck,
whereas
in the brain, what you have is these neurons.
6) T. This is something that we’ve been working on for the last couple
of years.
3. 120,000 processors
10 to the 16 bits per second
1.5 megawatts
10 quadrillion bits per second
10 watts
4.
Although
computers
have
strong
power
to
process
data,
they
still
cannot
compare to the brain of human beings in which an unbelievable number of
neurons connect and react with each other so that a real net could be
accomplished perfectly. The research on how the computer could be as
powerful as a brain will continue going on.
Task 3 Reading Comparison and Contrast Articles
2. 1) Consumer perceptions of organic processes and products and those
involving biotechnology.
2) Health, environment, risk and ethics.
3) No study has directly elicited comparable attitudes about organic
and GM products and processes.
4)
The
average
participant
slightly,
but
not
strongly,
agreed
with
the
positively
worded
health
attributes
(e.g.,
organic
food
is
healthier),
and
disagreed
with
the
negatively
worded
health
attributes
(e.g.,
organic
food
is
less
healthy).
The
average
response
about
the
healthfulness
of
GM
foods
was
generally
neutral.
5)
Both
were
thought
to
have
higher
levels
of
nutrients
than
traditional
food.
6)
Generally,
consumers
perceive
organic
food
production
as
environmentally friendly.
7) Respondents
perceived
GM
foods
as
possessing
a higher level of
risk
than other classes of food.
8) Social acceptability is one motive driving the purchase of organic
food.
9) Respondents did not have major ethical objections to GM food.
10) Forty-five percent.
Reading
2
Perceptions
of
Genetically
Modified
and
Organic
Foods
and
Processes
3. 1) p. prevalent 2) a. perception 3) i. moderate 4) f. construct 5) q.
advantageous 6) k. attribute 7) c. organic 8) h. volume 9) l. nutrient
10) d. elicit 11) g. explicitly 12) b. warrant
13)
m.
inherent
14)
t.
respondent
15)
e.
empirical
16)
j.
contradict
17)
o. obesity
18) n. cure 19) s. neutral 20) r. motive
Reading
3
A
Comparative
Report
of
Organic
Food
vs.
Genetically
Modified
Food
5. 1) synthetic 2) manure 3) botanical 4) alter 5) regulation 6) compost
7) recommendation
8)
mineral
9)
federal
10)
potent
11)
organism
12)
network
13)
transformation 14) normal
15)
chemical
16)
trace
17)
negative
18)
poll
19)
facilities
20)
modification
6.
Paragraphs
A
B
C to F
Section Leadings
a. Abstract
b. Introduction
c. Organic food
d.
G to J
modified food
K
e. Recommendation
Genetically
7. 1) Para. A 2) E 3) F 4) E 5) Para. F 6) Para. I 7) Para. J 8)
F
8.
My summary is:
Fueled by health concerns, people have focused more on
the origin of food over the past decade; so to answer their questions,
this report shows that organic foods are the best choice compared with
genetically modified food.
Task 4 Writing an Essay of Comparison and Contrast
Reading 4 Fast Food Restaurant: McDonald’s vs. Wendy’s

1. B. Wendy’s

1) the Ultimate Chicken Grill
2) small order of chili
McDonald’s

1) fruit yogurt parfait
2) green apple slices (kid’s menu)

3)
healthier
sandwich
choices
(such
as
McVeggie
Burger,
Chicken
Fajitas, and Whole Wheat Chicken McGrill)
C. Presentation of food: At Wendy’s,
not only are the meal options
excellent, the presentation of healthy menu choices is superior.
Wendy’s salads a
re large and fresh with only one hindrance: excess
water at the bottom of the bowl.
McDonald’s salads lack
in appearance and freshness. These salads
appear thrown together and often look wilted.
D. Wendy’s:

the first major fast food chain to offer fast
food salad as a meal’s
main course.
McDonald’s: n
ow also offers salads as a main course menu choice, in
reaction to the popularity of Wendy’s salads.

E. Meal variety, good presentation and several salad choices are all
considered when evaluating a fast food restaurant. With fast food
restaurants
such
as
Wendy’s
and
McDonald’s
available,
it
is
considerably easier for people to make healthier food choices.
5. 1) None of his speech is imperfect in organization and wording.
2) The manager will not miss the
opportunity to accept the students’
proposals.
3) Kevin did not deny he took risky bets and lied to cover them up but
claimed his superiors were not ignorant of his doing.
4) It was told that their work needed to be improved as it wasn’t done
well.
5) I
t is not avoidable that the public won’t miss such scandals in the
business world.
6) Never will my parents be unready to help me out.
7) Hardly did the idea of returning to his hometown stop recurring in
his dreams.
8) The islands failed to find that they were ready to fight against the
outside intruders.
9) It was not until failing to catch the last bus to the city late one
night did Mike not know what to do next.
10) Never does he lose the optimistic confidence for life even though
things don’t always go smoothly.

Integrated Exercise
2.
1)
accommodate
2)
exhibition
3)
consistent
4)
negative
5)
considerably
6) response
7) version 8) regulation 9) capacity 10) alter 11) trace 12) involve
3. 1) Older people are less likely
to perceive situations negatively
because they’re typically more tolerant.

2) In most cases,
the
major
reason for
conducting an
analysis,
although
not
often
explicitly
stated,
appears
to
be
to
justify
taxpayer
spending.
3)
The
organization
of
the
novel
allowed
readers
to
reconstruct
the
story
by adding missing elements and arranging the sequence of the events.
4)
These
skills
are
easy
to
learn
and
can
add
considerably
to
the
overall
enjoyment of spending time out-of-doors.
5)
He
was
asked
to
refine
his
draft
headline
to
make
it
clearer
and
more
exact.
6) It is inevitable that success in most work is evaluated by income.
7) The rejection of
the parents’ political and religious beliefs put
their children in a difficult position.
8)
It
is
well-known
that
the
government
will
be
consistent
in
its
positions on civil rights legislation.
9) The public figures who are seeking to further their careers cannot
make selections about the publicity they desire.
10)
Considerable
modification
of
the
existing
system
is
needed
to
increase efficiency.
5. 1) An
appropriate
use of
limited
natural
resources
is advantageous for
the Earth environment where human beings live.
2) The uncertainty over this region continues to grow; what is more
unfortunate, people may need some time to adapt.
3) Conventional notions holds that organic food is much healthier than
genetically modified food.
4) The brand gown designed by Marina comes to accommodate the need for
a
number
of
occasions,
including
churches,
dinners,
business
and
other
special occasions.
5) There is a more prevalent concern that the shortage of this research
is
due
to
the
overall
lack
of
knowledge
of
AIDS
groups
and
the
difficulty of access to those groups.
6)
After
being
exposed
to
and
weighing
the
information
about
those
risks,
US researchers suggested that childhood obesity prevention should
occur/happen as early as possible, as much as possible before birth.
7) If this change is made, you are likely to run the risk of losing the
audience and your reputation.
8)
In
the
modern
society,
in
rejection
of
the
traditional
stereotype
that
women need more care and tendance, many women assume/undertake the
responsibility of raising a family.
9)
Since
the
21st
century,
the
short-term
certificates
are
rapidly
gaining popularity, especially for non-white students.
10)
The
research
found
that
75
percent
of
American
teenagers
always
boast
a healthy self-image.

Listening 2
A. (1) F (2) T (3) F (4) F (5) T (6) F (7) T
B.
(1)
When
the
speaker
was
15
years
old,
he
first
discovered
the
good
waste
problem.
(2) He grabbed hold of it, sat down, and ate his breakfast with pigs.
(3)
It
gave
him
faith
that
the
people
do
have
the
power
to
stop
this
tragic
waste of food resources and bring about that change.
(4) 40 to 60 percent.
(5) The best thing is to feed pigs with food waste, and then their meat
will be turned back into
food.
(6)
“Feeding
the
5,000”
is
an
event
the
author
first
organized
in
2009.
They fed 5,000 people all on food that otherwise would have been
wasted.
C.
Food
waste
has
always
been
a
tragic
result
for
both
humans
and
the
food.
People
discard
some
food
may
be
just
because
of
its
wrong
size
or
shape.
These
foods
include
not
only
vegetables
and
fruits,
but
also
some
animal
products.
The
waste
food
ends
up
in
pigs’
stomachs
or
landf
ill
sites.
The author has gone to many corners of the world to spread the belief
that food should not be wasted, for the resources on the Earth are
limited and people should learn to share and cherish them. Excessive
food waste could lead to serious outcomes for the environment.
Listening 3
A. (1) A (2) B (3) D (4) C (5) D
B.
difference,
farmers,
life,
grass,
roll,
volunteer,
close,
fresh,
know,
community, actually, go
C. (1) D (2) EBCDA
Unit 4 CAUSE AND EFFECT
Keys to the Exercises
Task 1
Reading 1
1.
1)
For
essential
hypertension,
there
are
age
and
race,
diet
and
lifestyle,
obesity, diabetes, stress; insufficient intake of potassium, calcium, and
magnesium, lack of physical activity, and chronic alcohol consumption. For
secondary
hypertension,
there
are
kidney
diseases,
tumors
or
other
abnormalities.
2) For essential hypertension, the supporting evidences are
“
high blood
pressure
tends
to
run
in
families
and
is
more
likely
to
affect
men
than
women.
Age
and
race
also
play
a
role.
In
the
United
States,
blacks
are
twice
as
likely
as whites to have high blood pressure, although the gap begins to narrow
around age 44. After age 65, black women have the highest incidence of high
blood
pressure
”
;
the
link
between
salt
and
high
blood
pressure
is
especially
compelling.
For
secondary
hypertension,
the
supporting
evidence
is
“
hypertension can also be triggered by tumors or other abnormalities that
cause
the
adrenal
glands
(small
glands
that
sit
atop
the
kidneys)
to
secrete
excess amounts of the hormones that elevate blood pressure
”
.
3) To organize supporting details, the following three sequences can be
adopted:
—
Chronological order;
—
Order of importance;
—
Categorical order.
4) The common transitional words and phrases are: because, contribute to,
also, the underlying cause, other factors, and the known causes.
5) To express speculation, the qualifying words and phrases one can resort
to
are:
contribute
to,
lead
to,
result
in,
be
caused
by,
be
the
consequence/
result
of,
account
for,
accordingly,
consequently,
therefore,
thus,
thereby,
as a result, for this reason.
2.
Secondly,
according
to
a
recent
government
survey,
air
and
water
pollution,
combined with widespread use of food additives and pesticides, made cancer
the top killer in China in recent years.
“
The main reason behind the rising
number of cancer cases is that pollution of the environment, water and air
is getting worse day by day,
”
said Chen Zhizhou, a health expert with the
cancer
research
institute
affiliated
to
the
Chinese
Academy
of
Medical
Sciences.
“
Many
chemical
and
industrial
enterprises
are
built
along
rivers
so that they can dump the waste into water easily,
”
Chen said,
“
Excessive
use of fertilizers and pesticides also pollute underground water
”
.
“
The
contaminated water has directly affected soil, crops and food,
”
he added.
Air pollution is a major cause of lung cancers, as harmful granules enter
the lungs and cannot be discharged. Large amounts of formaldehyde and its
compounds
used
in
house
renovations
and
furniture
has
been
blamed
for
deterioration in air quality. In addition, farmers use additives on pigs,
poultry and vegetables to make them grow faster. In Shangba Village of
Guangdong Province, for instance, more than 250 people died of cancer from
1987 to 2005; while in Huangmengying Village of Henan Province, more than
114 people died of cancer between 1991 and 2005. Similar cases were also
reported in
other
provinces,
with
the
usage
of
heavily-polluted
water
being
the common factor.
Environmental pollution can be divided into two kinds: personal and
impersonal. Personal
pollution
may
be
defined
roughly
as
unhealthy
habits
such
as
smoking,
drinking,
and
eating
the
wrong
foods.
Clearly,
with
enough
will
power
we
can
control
this
personal
environment.
Impersonal
pollution,
on
the
other
hand,
refers to those
things
which
are
beyond
our individual control. One
example
would be industrial pollution, which is very hard to control because of the
expenses that are needed.
Task 2 Understanding Lectures Through Cause and Effect
Listening 1
2.
1)
T. In
Mesoamerica,
there
used
to
be
neurosurgery,
and
there
were
these
neurosurgeons that
used
to
treat
patients.
They
thought
that,
if
you
had
a
neurologic
or
psychiatric disease, it
must be because you are possessed by an evil spirit.
2) F. There were some sites where one percent of all the skulls have these
holes, and so you can
see
that
neurologic
and
psychiatric
disease
is
quite
common,
and
it
was
also
quite common
about 7,000 years ago.
3) F. There are some rogue neurons that are misf iring and causing trouble,
or sometimes they
’
re
underactive and they
’
re not quite working as they should.
4) T. So when these neurons are in the motor circuit, you get dysfunction
in the movement
system, and you get things like Parkinson
’
s disease.
5) F. In the deep brain stimulation, what we
’
re doing is placing these
electrodes throughout the
brain. Again, we are making holes in the skull about the size of a dime,
putting an electrode
in, and then this electrode is completely underneath the skin down to a
pacemaker in the
chest,
and
with
a
remote
control
very
much
like
a
television
remote
control,
we can adjust
how much electricity we deliver to these areas of the brain.
6)
F.
Now,
about
a
hundred
thousand
patients
in
the
world
have
received
deep
brain stimulation,
and I
’
m going to show you some examples of using deep brain stimulation to
treat disorders of movement, disorders of mood and disorders of cognition.
7) F. I tell my friends that no neuron is safe from a neurosurgeon, because
we can really reach just
about anywhere in the brain quite safely now.
8) T. So we use electricity to dictate how they f ire, and we try to block
their misbehavior using
electricity. So in this case, we are suppressing the activity of abnormal
neurons.
3. Old theory for causes of neurological and psychiatric disease:
evil
spirits
Modern
theory
for
causes
of
neurological
and
psychiatric
disease:

dysfunction in the brain:
rogue
neurons
in
the
brain
circuits
and
malfunctioning
circuits
in
the
brain.
Causes for Parkinson
’
s disease:
When these rogue neurons are in the motor
circuit, you get
dysfunction in the movement system, and you get things like Parkinson
’
s
disease.
Causes
for
Depression:

When
the
malfunction
of
these
neurons
is
in
a
circuit
that regulates your
mood, you get things like depression.
Causes for Alzheimer
’
s disease:
When the malfunction of these neurons in
a circuit that controls
your memory and cognitive function, then you get things like Alzheimer
’
s
disease.
4.
It
is
an
extract
of
the
lecture
“
Parkinson
’
s,
Depression
and
the
Switch
that might Turn them Off
”
made by Andres Lozano, the chair of neurosurgery
at the University of Toronto, Andres Lozano has pioneered the use of deep
brain
stimulation
for
treating
Parkinson
’
s,
depression,
anorexia
and
Alzheimer
’
s
disease.
Deep
brain
stimulation
is
becoming
very
precise.
This
technique
allows
surgeons
to
place
electrodes
in
almost
any
area
of
the
brain,
and turn them up or down
—
like a radio dial or thermostat
—
to correct
dysfunction. Andres Lozano offers a dramatic look at emerging techniques,
in which a woman with Parkinson
’
s instantly stops shaking and brain areas
eroded by Alzheimer
’
s are brought back to life.
Task 3 Reading Cause and Effect Articles

2.
1)
This
is
intended
to
make
an
already
existing
practice
more
transparent
and
to
offer
legal
protection
for
the
physician
involved,
provided
strictly
defined requirements for careful practice were met.
2) This research aims to compare the requests for euthanasia posed over the
5
years
before
implementation
with
requests
over
the
5
years
after
implementation, using data from the Dutch Sentinel Practice Network.
3) The mean overall annual incidences before and after implementation were
not significantly different, and amounted to 3.1/10,000 and 2.8/10,000,
respectively.
4) Cancer.
5) Cardiovascular disease, severe depression, ALS/MS/muscular dystrophy,
COPD.
6) Pain.
7) The major finding of the current study is that the implementation of the
Euthanasia Act in 2002 has not led to a significant increase in the number
of requests for euthanasia.
8)
It
is
probably
as
a
result
of
improved
palliative
care
and
the
professionalized management of pain.
9) The efforts of the Network of Palliative Care for Terminal Patients.
10) Improvements in the practice of palliative care.
Reading 2 Requests for Euthanasia in General Practice before and after
Implementation of the Dutch Euthanasia Act
3.
1) k. plateau 2) h. professionalize 3) i. corresponding 4) a. legalize
5) f. stabilize 6) m. registration 7) b. thereafter 8) n. terminal
9) l. indicate 10) g. predominantly 11) o. phase 12) j. albeit
13) q. decisive 14) c. annual 15) t. transparent 16) e. depression
17) r. unbearable 18) u. chronic 19) d. formalization 20) v. application
21) p. comply 22) s. magnitude
Reading 3 Policy Issues in End-of-Life Care

5.
1) vary 2) divergent 3) forgo 4) reimbursement 5) exclude
6) intensive 7) delay 8) integration 9) default 10) orient
11)
whereas
12)
institutionalize
13)
addiction
14)
distribute
15)
competence
16) restructure 17) stride 18) imply 19) sanctity 20) indicator
21) impede 22) aggressive 23) resist
6.
Paragraph 1: An introduction to end-of-life care
Paragraph 2 to 7: Barriers to delivering good care at the end of life
Paragraph 8 to 11: Policy recommendations
7.
1) Para. K 2) F 3) Para. E 4) E 5) Para. G 6) Para. H&I 7) Para. K 8) E
8.
My
summary
is:
the
barriers
that
impede
progress
in
good-quality
palliative care persist within
clinicians themselves.
Task 4 Writing an Essay of Cause and Effect
Reading 4 Genes and Obesity: A Cause and Effect Relationship

1.
Ⅰ
. Introduction

Paragraph: 1
Main
ideas:
Many
studies
have
reported
that
genetic
components
play
a
signif
icant role in the
condition of obesity.
Supporting
details:
In
this
regard,
data
from
a
large
meta-analysis
demonstrated
that
approximately
50%
—
70%
of
changes
in
body
mass
index
(BMI)
are attributable to genetic differences inherent to each subject. Based on
this, environmental interaction in subjects with obesity susceptibility
genes is currently considered to be the main cause of obesity. In only 5%
of cases is obesity due to the existence of monogenic changes or to low
incidence syndromes.
Ⅱ
. Main body

Paragraphs: 2 to 4
Main ideas: Obesity is a complex condition because it results from the
interaction of multiple genes with the environment.
Supporting
details:
Genes
involved
in
the
etiology
of
obesity
include
genes
encoding peptides targeted to transmit hunger and satiety signals, genes
involved in adipocyte growth and differentiation, and genes involved in
energy
expenditure
control;
mutations
in
genes
implicated
in
the
coding
and
synthesis of proteins involved in appetite regulation; the FTO gene
is
considered to induce progressive weight gain in subjects in whom it is
over-expressed.
Ⅲ
. Conclusion
Paragraph: 5
Main
ideas:
It
should
be
noted,
however,
that
genetic
changes
leading
to
the
development of obese phenotypes tend to overexpress as the result of their
interaction with environmental factors.
Supporting details: Future management of obesity conditions with a genetic
component will
therefore necessarily include control of the genes involved in food intake
and metabolic processes.
At any rate, what is evident today is the complexity of the condition and
the need for further
research on the etiology and probable genetic nature of obesity.
2. 1) The Dutch Euthanasia Act; The Patient Self-Determination Act; The
Omnibus Budget
Reconciliation Act of 1987 (OBRA).
2)
The
implementation
of
the
Euthanasia
Act
in
2002
has
not
led
to
a
significant increase in the
number of requests for euthanasia. It should be noted that implementation
of the Act took place
after
extended
political
and
media
discussions
and,
therefore,
may
have
been
a formalization of
an already existing practice rather
than a turning point in attitudes.
Despite several decades of
public
education
and
the
1991
federal
Patient
Self- Determination
Act,
which
requires hospitals
to distribute living will forms on admission, the number of Americans with
advance directives
or
who
have
had
conversations
with
a
loved
one
varies
regionally
and
is
less
than optimal. The
Omnibus
Budget
Reconciliation
Act
of
1987
(OBRA)
changed
the
custodial
focus
of nursing
home
care
to
a
rehabilitative
focus.
This
focus
on
rehabilitation
has
inadvertently ignored the
needs of residents at the end of life.
3)
Loss
of
dignity;
Barriers
to
good-quality
palliative
care
persist
within
clinicians themselves.
4) The percentage of pain as a reason for a request gradually decreased to
about 25% in the
following
decade,
probably
as
a
result
of
improved
palliative
care.
Improvements in the
practice of palliative care constitute an important reason why loss
of
dignity has become a less
important reason for a request for euthanasia; we need to vastly redesign
the system for the
way chronic illness is managed and integrate good chronic care, palliative
care, and hospice
into
one
seamless
system.
For
this
to
happen,
we
must
fundamentally
restructure the way that
palliative
care
and
hospice
care
are
financed.
We
must
redesign
regulations
that impede quality
care, such as the Medicare rule that pays for rescue procedures in hospital
but not for skin care
and spoon-feeding at home, and the Medicare Hospice Benefit rule to forgo
treatment, whose
unintended
consequence
is
delayed
hospice
referral.
We
must
increase
use
of
advance directives
and families, broadly defined named in advance directives, must be better
prepared
to
fulfill
this
important
role.
Mediation
services
to
resolve
conflicts
should
be
standard
and
institutionalized.
We
must
correct
disparities in good care at the end of life.
5. 1) There is the belief held by most people that television keeps one
informed about current events.
2) There is an assumption among many scientists that aggression is caused
by male hormones and
aggressiveness.
3) It is concluded by some observers that this month
’
s market chaos will
do little tangible economic damage.
4) Application of rockets by scientists has been for the exploration of the
universe.
5) It is asserted that education is nothing but a freeing of the mind and
the spirit.
6) Nowadays,
enthusiasm
about
running schools
in
both
urban and
rural
areas
as well as in all sectors of society is popular in China.
7) There is
an emphasis
about
staying physically
and mentally
healthy
these
days.
8) Careful study of the original text will result in a better translation.
9)
It
is
estimated
by
economists
that
each
year
cyber
crime
to
Britain
results
in billions of pounds
worth of damage.
10) It is admitted by Mr Obama that the uncertainty of the exact volume of
spilled oil still exists.
Integrated Exercises
2. 1) recovery 2) orient 3) proportion 4) intervene 5) integration
6) restructure 7) terminate 8) majority 9) aware 10) dominant
11) accumulation 12) assist
3. 1) Foreign central banks may intervene in case of a rapid depreciation
of the US dollar.
2) Bernanke gave no hint whether additional actions would be taken by the
government to stabilize the economy.
3)
Even
domestically,
regional
differences
can
induce
customers
to
misinterpret the value of a product.
4) In case of unsuccessful talks, the WTO might mediate at the request of
China and its trade partners.
5) Animals can adjust, according to the light intensity, the size of their
pupils.
6) The government should be winning people
’
s hearts and minds through a
transparent mechanism.
7) The whole system of financial information should comprise the component
of the management information.
8) High prices and negative conceptions impede these consumers
’
progress
toward a greener purchase.
9) There seems to be very little focus on the practical application of
language.
10) His untimely death is at least partly attributable to overwork and lack
of exercise.
5.
1)
One
country
’
s
oil
security
is
a
significant
strategic
issue,
especially
in countries such as China which have a rising dependence on foreign oil.
2) Greece and Portugal, impeded by high public debt, low productivity and
an
aging
population
are
facing
years
of
weak
growth
situation,
and
thus
lead
to greater debate.
3) In the past two decades, the Chinese government has made great strides
in applying the market
economy principle to the commercial sector.
4)
It
is
a
significant
financial
burden
to
supplement
all
pregnant
women
with
vitamins
and
micronutrients.
Many
low-income
countries
encounter
difficulties.
5)
Now
more
and
more
couples
holding
the
dominant
value
of
independence
don
’
t want to have
children, it reflects they are lack of confidence in marriage facing the
increasingly changing society.
6)
The
uncertainty
of
regulation
scope
may
inadvertently
bring
the
consequences of increasing risk of the investment.
7) As the legislation situation of health care reform gains momentum, the
anxiety
is
beginning
to
quickly
get
into
a
fear
of
excessive
medical
treatment.
8)
According
to
a
new
study
sponsored
by
the
federal
government,
only
a
third
of the doctors treating the terminal cancer patients have ever discussed
end-of-life care with the patients.
9) The major finding of the current study is that how the forest elephants
deal
with
oil
exploration
in
central
Africa
in
the
five- year
period
preceding
the mass extinction.
10) To stabilize social order, protect their rights, many countries in the
world offer legal protection for unmarried couples and their numbers are
increasing.
Listening 2

A. (1) F (2) F (3) F (4) F (5) T (6) F (7) F
B. (1) Imagine if you will these two ideas together. Imagine what your life
would be like if I were to stroke it with this feather but your brain would
tell you that this (the f lame of the torch) is what you were feeling. And
that is the experience of my patients with chronic pain.
(2) She fell on her outstretched arm and sprained her wrist.
(3) Glial cells.
(4) The despondency, despair and depression.
(5) Disease-modifying drugs.
C.
We
think
of
pain
as
a
symptom,
but
there
are
cases
where
the
nervous
system
develops feedback loops and pain becomes a terrifying disease in itself.
Starting
with
the
story
of
a
girl
whose
sprained
wrist
turned
into
a
nightmare,
Elliot Krane talks about the complex mystery of chronic pain, and reviews
the
facts
we
’
re
just
learning
about
in
terms
of
how
it
works
and
how
to
treat
it.
Listening 3
A. (1) B (2) B (3) C (4) A (5) D
B.
vision,
perceive,
sensitive,
damaged,
core,
significance,
trivial,
ignore,
dissipate, fortunate, aroused, processed, intact, therefore, inexplicable
C. (1) C (2) B C A
V. Translations
Reading 1
高血压是什么原因引起的


血压指血液在血管内流动时，作用于血管壁的 压力。心脏如水泵一般，将血液运
输到各个动脉血管当中。高血压或者高血压症发生时，心脏不得不加大 负荷以将血
液输送到身体的各个部位，这便造成了动脉硬化或者动脉粥样硬化，甚至会发展为
心 力衰竭。因而，高血压具有一定的危险性。


美国已记录的高血压病例中，有多达
95%
的高血压病其病因无法确定。这种病因
尚未明确的高血压疾病被称为原发性高血 压。虽然原发性高血压仍有些神秘，然而
它的发生与一些危险因素相关。
高血压通常会在家族中 进行遗传，
且相较女性而言，
男性更易得高血压。另外，年龄与种族也会影响高血压的发生。在 美国，黑人得高
血压的可能性是白人的两倍。不过不管是黑人还是白人，当年龄到了
44
岁左右时，
他们得高血压机率的差异便会开始缩小。
年满
65
岁的黑人妇女 是高血压发病率最高
的人群。


原发性高血压受饮食与生活习惯的影响很 大。食盐摄入量与高血压之间的联系便
尤为明显。大多数患有高血压的人都“食盐过敏”
，这意 味着食盐的摄入量一旦稍稍
超过身体的最低需求，他们的血压就会立刻升高。其他诸如肥胖，糖尿病，压 力，
钾、钙、镁摄入量不足，缺乏体力活动以及长期大量饮酒等因素也都会增加原发性
高血压的 发病率。


病因明确的高血压称为继发性高血压。在众多已知的病因中，肾脏疾病 是引发继
发性高血压的一个最主要因素。另外，肿瘤或者其他异常导致肾上腺（分散在肾脏
表面 的小腺体）分泌过多会升高血压的激素，也会引发高血压。

Reading 2
请求安乐死的情况在荷兰施行安乐死法案前后有何变化

2002
年荷兰 通过了安乐死法案，使得安乐死及医生协助病人结束生命的做法合法
化。安乐死在荷兰早已存在，该法案 施行后安乐死的做法更加透明，并为参与协助
安乐死的医生提供了法律保护。但前提是，医生必须严格按 照法律程序办事。


不过，一个有趣的问题仍然存在，即安乐死法案的实施是否影 响了请求安乐死的
人数，或者是否改变了人们请求安乐死的深层原因呢这些问题以及性别原因可能造成的差异都在此次研究中得到了解答。该研究利用来自荷兰哨兵实践网络的数据，
比较了法案施行前 五年及后五年人们请求安乐死的情况。


法案实行前五年期间，请求安乐死的人数 呈现出下降趋势，法案实行后五年，请
求安乐死的人数保持稳定。法案实行前后，安乐死平均每年的总发 生率并没有太大
差异。前五年与后五年的情况分别为
3.1/10
000
，
2.8/10
000
。然而，男性与女性
对待安 乐死的诉求却呈现出不同的模式。男性要求安乐死的平均人数下降了许多，
从
3.7/10 000
下降到
2.6/10 000
的水平（见表一，
p
值为
0.008
）
。而女性要求
安乐死的平均人数，虽然没有显着增加，却也从

2.6/10 000
增加到了
3.1/10 000
。


法案施行前后，癌症都是导致病人诉求安乐死的主要疾病。就十年的调查维度而
言 ，男性病人安

乐死的平均发生率为

79%
（波动范围在
69%
到
89%
之间）
，女性病人安乐死的平均发生率为
73%
（波

动范围在
65
—
81%
之间）
，其中
P
值为
0.07
。但单就五年的调查时间来看，不管男
性还是女性，安乐死 的平均发生率并没有显着差异。

表一

荷兰实行安乐死法案前五年（
1998
—
2002
）及后五年（
2003
—
2007< br>）期间

安乐死请求情况及请求的原因



男性

之前

之后

2.6
b

女性

之前

2.6
之后

3.1
总体

之前

之后

3.1
2.8


b
安
乐
死
请
3.7
b

求
/10000
a

p<0.01