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esens英语语言学第1-3章课后练习题

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2021-01-19 15:57
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夜鹭属-esens

2021年1月19日发(作者:may什么意思)
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版




1-3
章练习题



参考答案

Chapter 1

Introduction



P13
1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language


答:


Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of
language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists
has to collect and
observe
language
facts
first,
which
are
found
to
display
some
similarities,
and
generalizations
are
made
about
them;
then
he
formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the
observed
facts
to
fully
prove
their
validity.
In
linguistics,
as
in
any
other
discipline,
data
and
theory
stand
in
a
dialectical
complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some
theory remain a muddled mass of things.

2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?
答:

The major branches of linguistics are:



(1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication;



(2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication;



(3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words;



(4)
syntax:
it
studies
the
rules
which
govern
how
words
are
combined
to
form
grammatically
permissible
sentences
in
languages;



(5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language;



(6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use.
3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?
答:


The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred
to as “t
raditional
gramma
r.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional g
rammar in several basic ways.
Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.
Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other
hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over- emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence.
Then,
modem
linguistics
differs
from
traditional
grammar
also
in
that
it
does
not
force
languages
into
a
Latin-based
framework.

4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?
答:


In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that
unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the
changes that have taken place in its historical development.
5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing?
答:


Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language
as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution,
speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any langu
age is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need
arises.
Even
in
today's
world
there
are
still
many
languages
that
can
only
be
spoken
but
not
written.
Then
in
everyday
communication,
speech
plays
a
greater
role
than
writing
in
terms
of
the
amount of
information
conveyed.
And
also,
speech
is
always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to
school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals
many true features of human speech
while written language is only the
“revised” record of spe
ech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are
mostly drawn
from
everyday speech,
which they
regard as authentic.
6.
How
is
Saussure's
distinction
between
langue
and
parole
similar
to
Chomsky's
distinction
between
competence
and
performance?
答:


Saussure's
distinction
and
Chomsky's
are
very
similar,
they
differ
at
least
in
that
Saussure
took
a
sociological
view
of
language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of
view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.

7. What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?
答:

First of all, language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules.
Second, language is arbitrary in
the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the
symbol stands for.





Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.
Fourth, language is human-specific, i. e., it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.
8.
What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially
different from animal communication system?


2

2
语言的识别性特征)

美国语言学家

C. Hockett
提出了人类语言的

12
种识别性特征,
其中最重要的识别性特种有
5
种:
< br>即语言的任意性、创造性、二重性、移位性和文化传递性。这些特征是所有人类语言所共有的。人类语言的识别性特征是动物“语言”所不具有的。


1


任意性:它指音与义之间没有逻辑联系。比如说,不同的语言使用不同的音指相同的事物。


2


创造性:语言的创造性主要表现在语言使用者能够以有限的 语言规则为基础说出和理解无限
的句子,包括他们以前从没有听说过的句子。


3


二重性:它指语言在结构上存在两个层次:低层次和高层次。在低层次 是一个个没有意义的
音,如
/p/,/g/,/i/
等,但是这些处在低层次的没有意 义的音可以依照一定的语言规则结合在一
起形成语言体系的高层次,即:有意义的单位,如词素,单词等 。


4


移位性:移位性指人类可以使用语言来谈论过 去的事情,现在的事情或将来的事情;语言也
可以用来谈论我们客观世界中的事情,或假想世界中的事情 。总之,语言的使用可以脱离交际
的直接情景语境,从而不受语言时空距离的影响。


5


文化传递性:文化的传递性是指,虽然人类习得语言的能力有遗传因素 的原因,但是语言体
系具体内容的习得不是通过遗传来传递的,而是要通过后天的学习来获得。


答:
The main features of human language are termed design features. They include:





1) Arbitrariness





Language is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds
. A good example
is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.





2) Productivity





Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its
users.
This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never
heard before.






3) Duality





Language consists of two
sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds,
which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of
meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.






4) Displacement





Language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or
future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of
the
speaker. This is what “displacement” means.






5) Cultural transmission





While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e.,
we were all born with the ability to acquire language,
the
details of any language system are not genetically transmitted,
but
instead have
to be taught and learned.


9. What are the major functions of language? Think of your own examples for illustration.
答:

Three
main
functions
are
often
recognized
of
language:
the
descriptive
function,
the
expressive
function,
and
the
social
function.

The descriptive function is the function to convey factual information, which can be asserted or denied, and in some cases
even verified. For example:

China is a large country with a long history.


The expressive function supplies information about the user

s feelings, preferences, prejudices, and values. For example:

I
will never go window- shopping with her.



The
social
function
serves
to
establish
and
maintain
social
relations
between
people. .
For
example:

We
are
your
firm
supporters.



Chapter 2

Phonology
P30
1. What are the two major media of linguistic communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?
答:

Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication.





Of
the
two
media
of
language,
speech
is
more
primary
than
writing,
for
reasons,
please
refer
to
the
answer
to
the
fifth
problem in the last chapter.
2. What is voicing and how is it caused?
答:


V
oicing
is
a
quality
of
speech
sounds
and
a
feature
of
all
vowels
and
some
consonants
in
English.
It
is
caused
by
the
vibration of the vocal cords.
3. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ?
答:


The
transcription
with
letter-symbols
only
is
called
broad
transcription.
This
is
the
transcription
normally
used
in
dictionaries
and
teaching
textbooks
for
general
purposes.
The
latter,
i.e.
the
transcription
with
letter-symbols
together
with
the
diacritics
is
called narrow
transcription.
This
is
the
transcription needed
and used
by
the phoneticians
in
their
study
of
speech
sounds. With the help of the diacritics they can faithfully represent as much of the fine details as it is necessary for their purpose.





In broad transcription, the symbol [l] is used for the sounds [l] in the four words
leaf
[li:f],
feel
[fi:l],
build
[bild], and
health

[hel
θ]. As
a matter of fact, the sound [l] in all these four sound combinations differs slightly. The [l] in [li:f], occurring before a
vowel, is called a dear [l], and no diacritic is needed to indicate it; the [1] in [fi:l] and [bild], occurring at the end of a word or
before anoth
er consonant, is pronounced differently from the clear [1] as in “leaf”. It is called dark [
?
] and in narrow transcription
the diacritic [
?
] is used to indicate it. Then in the sound combination [helθ], the sound [
l] is followed by the English dental sound
[θ],
its
pronunciation
is
somewhat
affected
by
the
dental
sound
that
follows
it.
It
is
thus
called
a
dental
[l],
and
in
narrow
transcription the diacritic [

] is used to indicate it. It is transcribed as [hel
θ].






Another example is the consonant [p]. We all know that [p] is pronounced differently in the two words
pit
and
spit
. In the
word pit, the sound [p] is pronounced with a strong puff of air, but in
spit
the puff of air is withheld to some extent. In the case of
pit
, the [p] sound is said to be aspirated and in the case of spit, the [p] sound is unaspirated. This difference is not shown in broad
transcription, but in narrow transc
ription, a small raised “h” is used to show aspiration, thus
pit is transcribed as [p
h
?
t] and spit is
transcribed as [sp
?
t].
4. How are the English consonants classified?

夜鹭属-esens


夜鹭属-esens


夜鹭属-esens


夜鹭属-esens


夜鹭属-esens


夜鹭属-esens


夜鹭属-esens


夜鹭属-esens



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