出局的英文考研英语阅读真题解析上

2021年1月19日发(作者：权威翻译)


考研英语阅读真题解析上



Specialisation can be seen as a response to the
problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific
knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into
smaller units, one man could continue to handle the
information
and
use
it
as
the
basis
for
further
research.
But specialisation was only one of a series of related
developments in science affecting the process of
communication. Another was the growing
professionalisation
of
scientific
activity.



No
clear-cut distinction can be drawn between
professionals
and
amateurs
in
science
：
exceptions
can
be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word amateur
does carry a connotation that the person concerned is
not
fully
integrated
into
the
scientific
community
and,
in particular, may not fully share its values. The
growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century,
with its consequent requirement of a longer, more
complex
training,
implied
greater
problems
for
amateur
participation
in
science.
The
trend
was
naturally
most
obvious in those areas of science based especially on
a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be
illustrated in terms of the development of geology in
the United Kingdom.



A comparison of British
geological publications over the last century and a
half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the
primacy
of
research,
but
also
a
changing
definition
of
what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus,
in the nineteenth century, local geological studies
represented worthwhile research in their own right
；

but, in the twentieth century, local studies have
increasingly become acceptable to professionals only
if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider
geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have
continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The
overall result has been to make entrance to
professional geological journals harder for amateurs,
a result that has been reinforced by the widespread
introduction
of
refereeing,
first
by
national
journals
in the nineteenth century and then by several local
geological journals in the twentieth century. As a
logical consequence of this development, separate
journals
have
now
appeared
aimed
mainly
towards
either
professional or amateur readership. A rather similar
process of differentiation has led to professional
geologists
coming
together
nationally
within
one
or
two
specific societies, where as the amateurs have tended
either
to
remain
in
local
societies
or
to
come
together
nationally in a different way.



Although the
process of professionalisation and specialisation was
already well under way in British geology during the
nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus
delayed until the twentieth century. In science
generally, however, the nineteenth century must be
reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the
structure of science.



51. The growth of
specialisation in the 19th century might be more
clearly seen in sciences such as ________.



[A]
sociology and chemistry



[B] physics and
psychology



[C] sociology and psychology



[D]
physics
and
chemistry



52.
We
can
infer
from
the passage that ________.



[A] there is little
distinction between specialisation and
professionalisation



[B] amateurs can compete
with
professionals
in
some
areas
of
science



[C]
professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the
scientific community



[D] amateurs have
national academic societies but no local ones



53. The author writes of the development of geology to
demonstrate ________.



[A] the process of
specialisation
and
professionalisation



[B]
the
hardship of amateurs in scientific study



[C]
the change of policies in scientific publications



[D] the discrimination of professionals against
amateurs



54. The direct reason for
specialisation is ________.



[A] the
development in communication



[B] the growth of
professionalisation



[C] the expansion of
scientific knowledge



[D] the splitting up of
academic societies



重点词汇：



specialisation /7speFElai5zeiFEn/
（专业化）
即
special+is
（
e
）
+ation
，
s pecial
（特别的；额外的）
，
-ise
动词后缀（
speci alise
即
v.
专业化）
，
-ation
名词后
缀；
specialist
（专家；专科医生）←special+ist
后缀表人。
Love is a special affection for a man or a woman
，

which is stronger than that for any other person.
爱
情是对一个男人或女人的特殊的好感，它比对其他任何 人的
好感都强烈。
specialist
—
a
doctor
whose
patients
can
be
ill only during office hours
专科医生
-
一位医生：他的
病人只 有在上班时间才能生病。
specialist
—
one
who
knows
more and more about less and less
专家
-
对越来越少的东
西懂得越来越多的人。




response /ris5pCns/
（回
复；响应）是< br>respond
（见
2003
年
Text 2
）的名词形式。
The sartorial artist no less than the sculptor
，
the
painter
and
the
musician
dreams
of
creations
that
will
awaken a response in the soul of the world.
好裁缝跟
雕塑家、 画家和音乐家一样，梦想着能在世人灵魂中引起反
响的作品。




accumulation /Ekju
：
mju5leiF
（
E< br>）
n/
（积累，堆积）即
accumulate+ation
，
accumulate
（
v.
积累，堆积）
，
-ation
名词后缀。
University are full of
knowledge
；
the freshmen bring a little in and the
seniors take none away
，
and knowledge accumulates.
大学里充满了知识，新生带进来一些，高年级学生则一 点也
不带走，于是知识就积累了下来。
Books are the
ever- burning lamps of accumulated wisdom.
书籍是积累
智慧的明灯。




professionalisation
/7prE5feFEnElai5zeiFEn /
（职业化）即
professional+is
（
e
）
+ ation
，
professional
（职业的；职业人员）
，
- ise
动
词后缀
（
professionalise
即
v.
职业化）
，
-ation
名词后缀。
In love woman are professionals
，
men are amateurs.
在恋爱中女子是专业者，
男子是业余者。




clear-cut
明确的，清晰的。




amateur /5AmEtE/
（业余的；业
余爱好者）可记谐音爱慕它，业余爱 好者选择某专业必定是
爱慕它。
Every artist was once an ama teur.
所有的艺术
家都曾经是业余爱好者。
amateur
—
a
young
man
who
，
when
flattering women
，
is afraid of overdoing it
业余选手
-
奉承女人时怕做过头的年轻人。




distinction
/dis5tiNkFEn/（差别，区分）即
distinct+ion
，
distinct
（清楚 的，明显的）
，
-ion
名词后缀。同根词：
extinct
灭绝（因为有
x
而省略
s
）
；
instinct
本能。
Success
seems
to
be
that
which
forms
the
distinction
between
confidence
and conceit.
成功似乎是形成自信与自负区别的东西。




connotation
/7kCnEu5teiFEn/
（
涵义）
即
con+not
（
e
）
+ation
，
con -
前缀一起，
note
记录，
-ation
名词后缀，所有东西都< br>被一起记录在其中→涵义。




integrate /5inti

e
it/
（使成为一体）
←integr
完 整
+ate
，
参
disintegrate
（
2003年
Text 4
）
。




participation /pB
：
7tisi5peiFEn/
（参加 ；分享）即
parti+cip+ation
，
parti
（
=pa rt
）
，
cip
（
=cap
）抓（参
captiv e
，
2003
年
Text 3
）
，
-ation< br>名词后
缀，抓取其中一部分→分享；动词为
participate←parti+ci p+ participate in a
tragedy
；
at a comedy we only look.
悲剧我们参加，喜
剧我们仅仅观看。




in
terms
of
依据；用……措辞。




reveal
/ri5vi
：
l/
（
v.
展现；揭示；泄露）即
re+veal
，
re-
前缀
（
=away
）
，< br>veal
（
=veil
）
面纱，
揭开面纱→展示。
A
person
reveals
his
character
by
nothing
so
clearly
as
the
joke
he resents.
没有什么比一个人所反感的笑话更能显露他的
为人。
If
you
reveal
your
secrets
to
the
wind
，
you
should
not blame the wind for revealing them to the trees.
你如果把秘密泄露给风，就不应责怪风把秘密泄露给树。




emphasis
/5emfEsis/
（强调，
重点）
可看作
em+phasis
，
em-
前缀强调，
phasis看作是
phase
（阶段）的复述形式，于是
在各阶段里最值得强调的→强调。< br>I sometime wish that
people would put a little more emphasis upon the
observance
of
the
law
than
they
do
upon
its
enforcement.
有时候我但愿人们多把重点放 在遵守法律上，而非强调其实
施。




primacy /5praimEsi/
（首要，首位）即
prim
（
e
）
+acy
，
prime
首要的，
-acy
名词后缀，
pri macy
与
privacy
（隐私）
一字母之差，
隐私是最首要的。




definition
/7defi5niFE n/
（定义）即
defin
（
e
）
+ition
，
define
（下
定义；
限定）
见
2002
年Text
4
，
-ition
名词后缀。
It
is
almost
a definition of a gentleman to say that he is one who
never inflicts pain.
说一个人从不给人造成痛苦，这几乎
是下了一个关于君子的定义。




represent
/7repri5zent/
（
v.
描述；代表）←re+ only
partially represent their authors.
图书只是部分地体现
了作者。




reflect /ri5flekt/
（
v.
反射；反映；思
考） ←re
回
+flect
弯曲。
There
are
two
ways
of
spreading
light
：
To
be
the
candle
，
or
the
mirror
that
reflects
it.
散布光的方法有两种：当蜡烛或者当反射烛光的镜子。
Who reflects too much will accomplish little.
思虑过
多者一事难成。




referee
/7refE5ri
：
/
（仲裁者
v.< br>仲裁）←refer+ee.




separate / 5sepEreit/
（分离
的
v.
分离）←se+par+ate，
se-
前缀分离，
par
看作
part
分
离，
- ate
后缀。同前缀词：
select
（
v.
选择
a.精选的）
←se+lect
选。
We
sleep
in
separate
rooms
，
we
have
dinner
apart
，
we take separate vacations
—
we
‘
re doing
everything we can to keep our marriage togethe r.
我们
在分开的房间睡觉，我们分开吃饭，我们分开度假
-
我们做
着能做的一切以维持婚姻。
You
can
’
t
separate
peace
from
freedom because no one can be at peace unless he has
his freedom
你无法将安宁与自由分开，因为得不到自由谁
都不会安宁。



delay /di5lei/
（
v.n.
耽搁，延迟）看