觹北京名胜古迹介绍及图片

2021年1月19日发(作者：甘善斋)
北京名胜古迹介绍及图片
(
英文版
)

Beijing's Famous Historical Pictures

Temple of Heaven

Within Beijing'
s
Tiantan Park is the
Temple of Heaven
, a
ween heaven and earth, which has become one of China'
s
most famous and important temples. Ming a
nd Qing dynasty emperors came to the Temple of Heaven twice each year to pray for good harvests.

The Temple of Heaven is enclosed behind the walled 667 acre Tiantan Park, to the south of the Forbidd
en City. The Temple of Heaven complex was declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1998.


Temple of Heaven - Looking North from the South Chengzhen Gate

Temple of Heaven Layout & Design


All of the structures in the temple complex are aligned on a north-south central axis, flanked by buildings
to the east and west. The temple complex was constructed according to the dictates of
feng shui
, and in
accordance with the ancient religious practices used in Nanjing, the historic capital of China.

The round northern section of the temple represents heaven, with the
Qiniandian
or
ood Harvests
op a three-tiered marble balustrade decorated with dragon, phoenix, and cloud motifs.







The Huangqiongyu

As with most Chinese temples and palaces, the emperor would always enter the Temple of Heaven com
plex from the southern- most
Zhaoheng Gate
.



Qiniandian

The Qiniandian was originally constructed in 1420, during the reign of Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dyna
sty. The original Qiniandian Hall of Prayer was made entirely of wood, destroyed by fire in 1889, and su
bsequently rebuilt. Post and beam construction was used in both versions, and all joints were mortised t
ogether without the use of fasteners or nails.





Eastern
d Harvests


The
arry slaughtered sacrificial animals from the
covered walkway was designed to protect the sacrifice from being



Qiniandian interior and plan drawings

Mathmatics and seasonal or celestial calculations play a major role in the design of the Qiniandian,
with its roof of three concentric circles being supported by four massive wood columns that symbolize th
e four seasons. Other aspects of the building's design equate to the twelve months of the year and twelv
e hours in a day.



Temple of Heaven - West Celestial Gate


South of the Qiniandian, through the Chengzhen Gate, is the
Huangqiongyu
or
aven.
he



Locals gather in the


Further to the south is the
th. This alter was built in 1530 by Emperor Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty. The Circular Mound Alter was us
ed to worship heaven each year on the winter solstice.



The
perial Vault of Heaven


During the reign of Emperor Qianlong, the Temple of Heaven complex was refurbished and enlarge
d to make it more pure and holy than before.



Temple of Heaven - Looking West at Sunset



The Summer Palace





Beijing's Yihe Yuan 'Summer Palace'

The Summer Palace (aka
Yihe Yuan
or
Garden of Clear Ripples

in 1750, was built by Emperor Qianlong to celebrate his mother's birthday. During subse
quent regimes the palace was used as a
n Beijing.

The Summer Palace is located northwest of Beijing, around the man-made Kunming
Lake. The lake covers approximately three-quarters of the 290 hectare Palace grounds. T
here are three man-made islands on the lake that are meant to imitate the three celestial
islands of the East China Sea.



Foxiang Ge 'Tower of the Fragrance of the Buddha' atop
Longevity Hill
on
Kunming Lake

Kunming Lake's causeway was designed to emulate the West Lake
ngzhou The
Dyke
South Lake Island
.

Longevity Hill

The
Foxiang Ge
Tower, also known as the
Fragrance of the Buddha
bol of dynastic power in ancient China. The tower sits atop
Longevity Hill
, where the first
Gold Mountain Palace
Wanyan Liang
during the
Jin Dynasty
(1115
to 1234).



Stairway to the Foxiang Ge Tower


During the Yuan Dynasty (1271 to 1368), Longevity Hill was renamed
Weng Shan
, m
eaning



View of the 'Revolving Archives'

The Empress Dowager Cixi, aka

In 1886, the Summer Palace was extensively remodeled and improved under the reign of
the infamous
Dragon Lady
, also known as the
Empress Dowager Cixi
(1835 to 1908), w
ho was the de-facto ruler of China (the
uring the Manchu Qing Dynasty (1644 to 191
1).



View of Kunming Lake and the 'Seventeen Arch Bridge' from Foxiang Ge Tower - Zoom

Cixi was buried at the Eastern Qing Tombs in Hebei Province, east of Beijing. As was cus
tomary for the times, a giant Pearl the size of a
Dowager's mouth to protect her corpse from decomposition. In 1928 her tomb was ransa
cked by
Sun Dianying
, a Kuomintang warlord. Cixi's body was desecrated, and it is rumor
ed that some of her stolen jewels and her crown were given to Kuomintang leader Chian
g Kai-shek who gifted them to his wife, Soong May-ling.

The

The 728 meter
ower to the Marble Boat. With its 14,000 ceiling paintings, the Long Corridor is considere
d one of the longest painted galleries in the world.



The 728 meter 'Long Corridor' and one of its 14,000 ceiling paintings


In 1750, the Long Corridor was added to the Summer Palace by Emperor Qianlong s
o that his mother could enjoy the gardens without fear of the elements.



Long Corridor ceiling paintings

Marble Boat

The Summer Palace's
uilt in 1755 as a symbol of stability for the empire of the Qing Dynasty
. The boat was built
with the idea that
ng empire would never be toppled.



The Marble Boat

Both the Summer Palace and the
Old Summer Palace
(
Yuan Ming Yuan
), which was kno
wn as the
sion in 1860.

Rebuilding Yihe Yuan

The palace was rebuilt in 1886, and in 1888 the Summer Palace was renamed
Yihe Yuan
, meaning
nd the palace suffered another devastating attack during
Yuan was again rebuilt in 1902.



The 41 meter high Foxiang Ge Tower



Water Calligraphy (left) Bridge of Banana Plant (right)



View of Yu Quan Hill and the Yu Feng Pagoda (center of photo)


The Summer Palace was added to UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites in 1998.





Dingling Ming Tombs





Beijing's Dingling Ming Tombs

The Ming Tombs are located sixty kilometers northwest of Beijing in the Tianshou Mounta
ins, near one of the restored sections of the Great Wall. Dingling is the burial grounds for
thirteen of sixteen Ming Emperors spanning the 15th and 16th century.


The entire Ming necropolis covers over 40 acres, and is approached via the 'Sacred Way,
' which is a long colonnade lined with stone statuary of animals and dignitaries.



Dingling Tomb - Looking at the 'Hall of Eminent Favour'



Zhu Di
, known as the third Ming Emperor or the
Yongle Emperor
, was the first Ming E
mperor to be buried at the
Dingling
in 1424. Zhu Di's mausoleum is called the
Changling
.

The necropolis is also the final resting place for several of the Zhu Di's concubines and E
mpresses, some of which were buried alive to accompany the Emperor on his journey int
o the afterlife. The practice of entombing living concubines was abolished during the reig
n of the Zhengtong Emperor in the mid 1400s.



Dingling's Main Hall (left), Chang-Ling Tomb (right)

Zhu Di, the emperor responsible for building the Forbidden City occupies the largest ma
usoleum at the necropolis, which took 18 years to complete.

The nephew of
Zhu Di
was the second Ming Emperor, but after fleeing from the empire, h
e was never heard from again. There is no official record of his final resting place.






The 'Soul Tower' of Dingling (left)


The Dingling necropolis was completed in 1581, before the death of the
Wanli Emper
or
, and thirteenth Ming ruler,
Zhu Yijun
. To commemorate its completion, Zhu Yijun held a
feast at the complex to celebrate his upcoming internment.


Excavation of the Dingling Mausoleum

The only tomb to have been excavated at the necropolis was
Dingling
, or the 'T
omb
of Certainty,' which was occupied by Zhu Yijun, who died in 1619. His tomb was uncovere
d in in 1956, after the discovery of a stone tablet with instructions to the location of the to
mb.



The Ming Emperor Zhu Yijun's Crown


Although he ruled for over 40 years, Zhu Yijun was considered one of the most inept
and/or corrupt emperors of the Ming Dynasty.



Dingling Ming Tomb Jewelry Collection


Zhu Yijun was originally entombed with his one and only Empress. Later, one of his c
oncubines,
Xiaojing
, was elevated to Empress posthumously by her grandson and re-buri
ed with the Emperor.

The first Ming Dynasty Emperor,
Zhu Yuanzhang
, was not buried at Dingling, but in Nanji
ng. There are three tombs which are opened to the public: the Wanli Emperor's tomb
Din
gling
, the Yongle Emperor tomb,
Changling
, and the Longqing Emperor's tomb,
Zhaoling
.



Zhaoling belonged to the 12th Ming Emperor,
Zhu Daicheng
, who was buried in 1572 wit
h three of his Empresses. Zhu Daicheng, who was known as the
Longqing
Emperor, reig
ned for only six years. The Zhaoling mausoleum was the first tomb to be fully restored to i
ts original condition.









Lama T
emple