layout是什么意思英美概况名词解释(英文)

2021年1月19日发(作者：亚尼)

1.
the Hardian’s Wall:

It was one of the two great walls built by the Romans to keep the Picts
out of the area they had conquered.

2. Alfred the Great
Alfred was a strong king of the Wiseman. It was created by the
Anglo-
Saxons to advise the king. It’s
the basis of the Privy Council
which still exists today.


3. William the Conqueror
William was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct, 1066 and
defeated king Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on
Christmas Day the same year. He established a strong Norman
government and the feudal system in England.


4. the battle of Hastings
In 1066, King Edward died with no heir, the Witan chose Harold as king.
William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14, the two
armies met near Hasting. Afte
r a day’s battle, Harold was killed and his
army completely defeated. So this battle was very important on the way
of the Roman conquest.


5. Doomsday Book
Under William, the feudal system was established. William sent officials
to compile a property record known as Doomsday Book, which
completed in 1086. It was the result of a general survey of England made
in 1085. It stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation,
and ownership of the land. It seemed to the English like the Book of
doom on Judgment Day.


6. the Great Charter
King John’s reign caused much discontent among the barons. In 1215, he
was forced to sign a document, known as Mangna Cara, or the Great
Charter. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the
foundation of English liberties
, its spirit was the limitation of the king’s
powers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.


7.
the Hundred Years’ War

It referred to the intermittent war between France and England that last
from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic.
When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to
recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in
the end, they were defeated and lost almost all their possessions in France.
The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.


8. Joan of Arc
She was a national heroine of France during the Hundred Years’ War.
She successfully led the French to drive the English out of France.


9. the Black Death
It was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europe in the 14th
century. It swept through England without warning and any cure, and
sparing no victims. It killed between half and one-third of the population
of England. Thus, much land was left untended and labor was short. It
caused far-reaching economic consequences.


10. the Wars of Roses
They referred to the battles between the House of Lancaster and the
House of York between 1455 and 1485. The former was symbolized by
the red rose, and the latter by the white one. After the wars, feudalism
received its death blow and the king’s power became supreme. Thdor
monarchs ruled England and Wales for over two hundred years.


11. Bloody Mary
Henry VIII’s daughter and a devout Catholic. When she became Qu
een,
she persecuted and burnt many Protestants. So she was given the
nickname “Bloody Mary”. Mary is also remembered as the monarch who
lost the French port of Calais.


12. Elizabeth I
One of the greatest monarchs in British history. She reigned England,
Wales and Ireland for 45 years and remained single. Her reign was a time
of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature
and other arts, in exploration and in battle.


13. Oliver Cromwell
The leader during the Civil War who led the New Model Army to defeat
the king and condemned him to death. Then he declared England a
Commonwealth and made himself Lord of Protector. He ruled England
till the restoration of Charles II in 1660.


14. the Bill of Rights
In 1689, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned
jointly. The bill excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession,
confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free
speech within both the two Houses. Thus the age of constitutional
monarchy began.


15. Whigs and Tories
It referred to the two party names which originated with the Glorious
Revolution of 1688. The Whigs were those who opposed absolute
monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for
Nonconformists. The Tories were those who supported hereditary
monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Whigs formed a
coalition with dissident Tories and became the Liberal Party. The Tories
were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.


16. James Watt
The Scottish inventor who produced an efficient steam engine with rotary
motion that could be applied to textile and other machinery.


17. Winston Churchill
Prime Minister of Britain during the Second World War. He took over
Chamberlain in 1940 and received massive popular support. He led his
country to final victory in 1945. He was defeated in the general election
of 1945, but returned to power in 1951.


18. Agribusiness
It refers to the new farming in Britain, because it’s equipped and
managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs into the farm of
processes which occur on the farm, and outputs or products which leave
the farm. The emphasis is upon intensive farming, designed to give the
maximum output of crops and animals.


19. the British Constitution
There is no written constitution in the United Kingdom. The British
Constitution is not set out in any single document, but made up of statute
law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common
law and interpret statues.


20. Queen Elizabeth II
The present Sovereign, born in 1926, came to the throne in 1952 and was
crowned in 1953. The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation, the center
of many national ceremonies and the leader of society.


21. the Opposition
In the General Election, the party which wins the second largest number
of seats becomes the offcial Opposition, with its own leader and “shadow
cabinet”. The aims of the Opposition are to contribute to the formulation
of policy and legislation, to oppose government proposals, to seek
amendments to government bills, and to put forward its own policies in
order to win the next general election.


22. the Privy Council
Formerly the chief source of executive power. It gave the Sovereign
private (“privy”) advice on the government of the country. Today its role
is mainly formal, advising the Sovereign to approve certain government
decrees and issuing royal proclamation. Its membership is about 400.


23. common law
A written law gathered from numerous decisions of the courts and other
sources.


24. the jury
A legal system established in England since king Henry II. The jury
consists of ordinary, independent citizens summoned by the court: 12
persons in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and 15 persons in
Scotland. In criminal trials by jury, the judge passes sentence but the jury
decide the issue of guilt or innocence.


25. the NHS
The National Health Service was established in the UK in 1948 and based
first on Acts of Parliament. This Service provides for every resident a full
range of medical services. It is based upon the principle that there should
be full range of publicly provided services designed to help the individual
stay healthy. It is now a largely free service.


26.
comprehensive schools
State secondary schools which take pupils without reference to ability and
provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the
children in a district. About 90 per cent of the state secondary school
population in GB attend comprehensive school.


27. public schools
Fee- paying secondary schools which are long- established and have
gained a reputation for their high academic standards, as well as their
exclusiveness and snobbery. The boys’ public schools include such
well-
known schools as Eton and Harrow, and girls’ famous schools
include Roedean. Most of the members of the British Establishment were
educated at a public school.


28. the Great Lakes
The Great Lakes are the most important lakes in the United States. They
are Lake Superior, which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake
Michigan
——
the only one entirely in the U.S.
——
Lake Huron, Lake
Erie and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Canada and the
United States except Lake Michigan.


29. New England
New England is made up of six states of the North-East. They are Maine,
New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and
Connecticut. It is sometimes called the birthplace of America.