soup是什么意思the renaissance 文艺复兴时英国文学

2021年1月19日发(作者：某时某刻)
Renaissance(14th
—
mid 17
th

-It
’
s
the
rebirth
of
Greek
and
Roman
cultures.
It
sprang
first
in
Italy
in
the
14th
century
and
gradually
spread
all
over
Europe.
Two
features
are
striking
of
this
movement.
One
is
the
thirst
for
the
classical
literature
and
the
other
is
the

keen
interest in life and human activities.
The Renaissance
A
thirsty
curiosity
for
classical
literature.

Old
manuscripts
were
dug
out.
There
arose a general revival of the study of Greek and Latin authors.. While people learned
to
admire
their
works
as
models
of
literary
form
they
also
caught
something
very
different in spirit from the medieval Catholic dogma.

So
the
love
of
classics
was
in
fact
also
an
expression
of
the
general
dissatisfaction
with the Catholic and feudal ideas.
B.
The
keen
interest
in
life
and
human
activities.
People
ceased
to
look
upon
themselves
as
living
only
for
God
and
a
future
world.
Thinkers,
artists,
and
poets
showed
their
admiration
for
human
beauty
and
human
achievements.
So
arose
humanism
—
the key-note of
the Renaissance, reflecting the new outlook of
the rising
bourgeois
class.
Ideas:
both
man
and
the
world
are
hindered
from
infinite
improvement by external checks; man could mould the world according to his desires,
and
attain
happiness
by
removing
all
external
checks
by
the
exercise
of
human
intellect.

The Chief Characteristics of the Background of the Renaissance

This
is a
greatest and
most advanced revolution
in
the
human
history
.
This
is
the age
the giants are needed and produced





















------F. Engles
Here from Engels
’

analysis we may see the chief characteristics of the Renaissance:
(1)Politically
the
feudal
nobility
lost
their
power
and
with
the
establishment
of
the
great monarchies there was the centralization of power necessary for the development
of the bourgeoisie;

(2)The
Catholic
Church
was
either
substituted
by
Protestantism
as
a
result
of
the
so-called
Reformation
(as
in
Germany
and
England)
or
weakened
in
its
dictatorship
over men
’
s minds (as in Italy and France and

Spain);

(3)Geographical discoveries opened
up colonial expansion and trade routes to distant
parts
of
the
world
and
brought
back
gold
and
silver
and
other
wealth
and
also
broadened men
’
s mental horizons;

(4)
In
the
countryside
the
peasants
were
terribly
exploited
and
they
either
rose
in
uprisings or ran away and flocked to the cities and added to the proletariat there;

(5)
In
the
cities
the
merchants
and
the
master
artisans
grew
in
wealth
and
in
power
and
became
the
bourgeoisie
while
handicraft
turned
gradually
into
manufacture
and
the
modern
proletariat
sprang
up
among
the
employed
workers
in
the
factories;
and
finally,

(6) Culturally, as the
interest
in
God and
in the
life after death
was
transformed
into
the exaltation of
man and an absorption
in earthly
life and as
materialistic philosophy
and scientific thought
gradually
replaced the church dogmas and religious
mysticism
of
the Middle Ages, a totally
new culture
rose out of
the revival of the old culture of
ancient
Greece and
Rome and out of
the emergence of a
new philosophy and science
and art and literature through the exploration of the infinite capabilities of man .

Examples
①

Copernicus
(
哥白尼
) asserted
that the
earth was
not the center of the
universe
；




②

The passionate Petrarch produced
sonnets that
influenced S
hakespeare and
many
others
；




③

Boccaccio(
卜伽邱
) wrote tales of eternal charm
；




④

Marco Polo
(
马可波罗
) made journeys into the remote kingdom of China
；




⑤

Michelangelo
（米开朗琪罗）
，
Leonardo da Vinci (
达芬奇
)
，
Raphael (
拉斐尔
)
，
and Titian (
提香
)
created paintings and sculptures that are invaluable treasures of the world
．


Humanism
Humanism is the key note of the Renaissance. The humanists put man at the center of
their
beliefs
and
hold
that
man
is
the
measure
of
all
things.
By
emphasizing
the
dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they believed that man
had not only the right to enjoy the beauty of life, but the ability to perfect and perform
wonders.
Thomas
More,
Christopher
Marlowe
and
William
Shakespeare
are
representatives of English humanists.
The Renaissance in England
Some major historic events:

a. The War of Roses (1455-1488) and the establishment of the dynasties of Henry VII
and VIII
—
the centralized monarchy
.

b. The Enclosure movement

(
“
sheep devoured Men
”
)
c. The religious reformation, establishment of the Anglican Church

d. Flourishing in the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603)
e. defeating the Spanish Invincible fleet
“
Armada
”

in 1588 and the establishment of
the hegemony
（霸权）

on the seas.

f.
The
geographical exploration and
trade
expansion brought about the
growth of
the
cities and the development of the capitalist textile industry
.
The
House
of
Tudor,
one
of
the
English
ruling
dynasties
(1485-1603),
including
Henry VII and his descendants Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I.

都铎王朝：英格兰统治王朝
(1485-1603年）
，包括亨利七世及其后代亨利八世、
爱德华六世、玛丽一世和伊丽莎白一世

Tudor Dynasty
Henry VII (acceded to throne in 1485)
Henry VIII (acceded to throne in 1509)
Edward VI (acceded to the throne in 1547)
Mary I (acceded to the throne in 1553 and ruled until 1557)
Queen Elizabeth I (acceded to the throne in 1558 and ruled until

1603)
The Reformation
(1) There is an inevitable conflict between the regime
（统治）

of the Roman Catholic
Church
and
the
establishment
of
an
absolute
monarchy
in
England,
Hence
the
far-reaching movement of the Reformation.







(2) Under the reign of Henry
Ⅷ
,
England
witnessed
some
rapid
social
changes.
Feudalism
was
on
the
decline,
population
increased
fast,
printing
machines
became
popular,
and
intellectual
knowledge
was spreading rapidly
. Henry
Ⅷ

was a strong king and
he always
had a
will of his own.

(3) One thing
he did during
his reign sowed the seed of trouble for England
for
many
years
to
come.
He
wanted
to
divorce
Catherine
of
Aragon,
who
had
borne
only
one
daughter, Mary
. When the Pope in Rome refused to end their marriage, he rebelled by
marrying
Anne
Boleyn
without
permission.
He
soon
declared
himself
head
of
the
English
Church.
So
England
was
separated
from
Rome.
During
the
reign
of
his
successor, the child king Edward
Ⅵ
, the Protestant movement developed rapidly.

But
he
died
young
and
the
next
monarch,
Queen
Mary
,
was
a
devout
Catholic.
Her
attempts
to
restore
Catholicism
to
England
resulted
in
internal
conflicts
and
much
bloodshed.
The
bloody
religious
persecution
came
to
a
stop
after
the
church
settlement of Queen Elizabeth.
(4)
The
Protestant
Reformation
was
in
essence
a
political
movement
in
a
religious
guise, a part of the long struggle of the bourgeois class for power.
Defeating the Spanish Invincible Fleet
“
Armada
”

The War with Spain







Reason: Commercial
Expansion






Time : 1588.5.28
–

1588.7.29
–

the end of Sep.,1588







Winner: the English

bourgeoisie defeated the Spanish feudalism

The
Spanish
Armada
was
a
fleet
of
warships
that
attempted
to
destroy
the
English
fleet
in 1588.
The
English defeated the Armada,
however, by
sending small boats to
set a
fire to
float among
the Spanish ships as
they
lay at anchor off the French coast
near
Calais.
About
60
English
ships
sank
two
Spanish
ships
and
damaged
over
50
more. The crippled Armada then sailed back
toward Spain, but
heavy winds wrecked
many
more
ships.
Out
of
the
original
number
of
130
ships
in
the
Armada,
only
67
returned to Spain.

the Hundred-year W
ar with France
百年战争指
1337
年到
1453
年英法之间一场断断续续的战争，
战争的起因既有领
土因素又有经济因素。
其他原因还有英国试图阻止法国帮助苏格兰人，
以及不断
觉醒的民族意识。


Consequences:
The English's being driven out of France
is regarded as a blessing
for
both countries. If the
English
had remained
in France, the superior size and wealth of
France would
have
hindered
the development of
a separate
English
national
identity
,
while
France
was
hindered
so
long
as
a
foreign
power
occupied
so
much
French
territory
.
The English Bible
The
English
translation
of
the
Bible
emerged
as
a
result
of
the
struggle
between
Protestantism
and
Catholicism;
★

John
Wycliffe
(
约翰·维克利夫
,
1330-1384):
Translated
the
first
complete
English
Bible;
★

William
Tyndal
(
威廉·廷代尔
)
:
Translated
the
New
Testament
and
portions
of
the
Old
Testament.
★

Authorized
V
ersion: In 1604 James I decided to
have a new translation of the
Bible. And
in 1611
the Authorized
V
ersion appeared. It was
under
the auspices of James
I,

so,

called
King
James
Bible.
It
was
the
work
of
many
learned
scholars
headed
by
Bishop
Lancelot
Andrewes
(
兰斯洛特·安德鲁斯主教
)
and
was
regarded
as
“
the
noblest
monument
of
English
prose.
”
.














★

Social influence:







The
new
translation
had
an
enormous
impact
on
the
English
people.
Within
a
short
period of
three
years after
its publication, the Bible
had been printed 14 times, and
it
has been read by millions of people throughout the world ever since.
Influence on English language and literature:



Its
style
and
brilliant
language
have
profoundly
influenced
the
succeeding
generations of writers.

(1) Old English
speech;



(2)
Extensive
use of concrete terms and
images (
具体的
词语和比喻
);

(3) Straightforward (
简单易懂的
) phrases and sentences;

(4) Its simple
，
smooth
，
and rhythmic
language
has strongly
influenced
the
English
people
；
it enters
into the style of the
most ambitious English
writers
；
and
it
forms a
basic part of the English people's everyday speech
．


★

Example: Two different versions of the Twenty-third Psalm.
History Periods of Great Britain

The House of Roman(55BC
—
410AD)
The House of Anglo
—
Saxon(449
—
1066)
The House of Normandy (1066-1135)
The House of Blois (1135-1154)

The House of Plantaganet (1154-1399)

The House of Lancaster (1399-1461) and (1470-1471)


The House of Y
ork (1461-1470) and (1471-1483)


The History of the British Royalty


The British Monarchy is one of the most famous and longest lasting monarchies. The
modern
monarchy
dates
from
the
Norman
conquest
when
William
the
Conquerer
defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. Since that battle, England has
been
ruled
by
eight
major
dynasties,
these
are
the
Norman,
Plantaganet,
Lancaster,
Y
ork,
Tudor,
Stuart,
Hannover,
and
Windsor.
The
only
time
during
this
period
that
England was without a monarch was between 1649-1660, when England was declared
a Republic after the execution of Charles I.

The
English
Renaissance


As
a
historical
period
between
the
14th
and
mid-17th
centuries,
the
Renaissance,
which
started
in
Italy
and
gradually
spread
over
Europe,
began
to show
its effect
in
England at the
first
half of the 16th century
.
Humanism
is
the essence of the Renaissance.
By
emphasizing
the
dignity
of
human
beings
and
the
importance
of
the
present
life,
they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy life, but had the
ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. Oxford and Cambridge became the
center
of
English
Renaissance.
Thomas
More,
Christopher
Marlowe
and
William
Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English Renaissance.
The division of the English

Renaissance
a. Beginning: the last years of the 15-th century---first half of the 16-th century



b.
Flourishing: the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603)



c. Declining: the period of James I
(1603-1625) early 17-th century A. At the beginning of the century: Utopia, More
’
s
masterpiece,
written
in
the
form
of
a
conversation
between
More
and
a
returned
voyager,
Hythloday;
divided
into
2
books:
The
1st
—
a
long
discussion
on
the
social
conditions of England, the 2nd describes in detail an ideal communist society
, Utopia.
The
name
“
Utopia
”

comes
from 2
Greek words
meaning
“
no place
”

and
was
adopted
by
More
as
the
name
of
his
ideal
commonwealth.
It
has
been
since
used
to
designate
the
ideal
state.
B.
The
1st
half
of
the
century:
lyrical
poems
by
Thomas
Wyatt,
the
first
to
introduce
the
sonnet
into
Eng
lit.
Earl
of
Surrey
wrote
the
first
English blank verse.

C.
The
2nd
half
of
the
century:
lyrical
poetry
became
widespread
in
England.
The
outstanding
lyrical
and
epic
poets:
Philip
Sidney
,
Thomas
Campion,
and
Edmund
Spenser, the last, the
“
poet
’
s poet
”
, the author of the greatest epic poem of the time
The Fairy Queen.

D.
Modern
English:
The
publication
of
Spenser
’
s
first
work
The
Shepherd
’
s
Calendar
marked
the
budding
of
the
Renaissance
flower,
the
language
then
to
be
called Modern English, to distinguish from the Middle English of Chaucer
’
s day
.
E. Novel, drama, essay in the 2nd half of the century:

Novel
:
Another
typical
literary
form
—
Romance
written
for
the
“
gentle
readers
”
.
John
Lyly
’
s Euphues (1580),
the representative of such works, written
in
a peculiar
style
known
as
“
Euphuism
”
(
绮丽体
),
which
consists
of
the
use
of
balanced
sentences and words alliterating, riming or identical, e.g.
“
the hot liver of a headless
lover
”
.

Drama:
The greatest, Christopher Marlowe, the most gifted of the
“
University wits
”
.
Best
plays:
Tamburlaine
(1587),
Ambition;
The
Jew
of
Malta
(1592),
Greed
for
Wealth; Doctor Faustus (1588), Desire for Knowledge.

Essay:

at
the
end
of
the
century
the
great
English
scientist
and
philosopher
Francis
Bacon wrote his famous philosophical and literary works.
、

University Wits
大学才子

It
is
a
group of playwrights and pamphleteers
in the
Elizabethan Age, of whom John
Lily, Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, Robert Green, and Thomas Kyd, were the
chief ones.
All
these
writers except
Thomas Kyd took degrees
from
universities
like Oxford and
Cambridge.
William Shakespeare1564-1616

All the world 's a stage,

And all the men and women merely players.
”

1) He was born on April 23, 1564 in Stratford-on-Avon.

2) He once went to the local grammar school at seven.

3) At 14, he left school and became a teacher.

4) In 1582, he was married to Anne Hathaway
.

5) He went to London and began writing in 1586 or 1587.

6) He later became part owner of the theatre Globe.

7) He returned to his native town in 1611.

8) He died on April 23, 1616 and was buried in Stratford Church.
Shakespeare
’
s greatest tragedies
Hamlet






Othello






King Lear





Macbeth.