工作狂英语编译参考译文

2021年1月19日发(作者：猜想)
(
生命可能起源于
40
亿年前覆盖着地球的原始海洋。我们能够确定的是，< br>)35
亿年前，高度
复杂的分子
DNA
就出现了。
DNA < br>是地球上所有生命的基础。它具有像螺旋式楼梯一样的双
螺旋结构，其两股由成对的核酸联结。核 酸有四种。这些不同的核酸，携带着基因信息。
DNA
进行自我复制，在自我复制时，偶尔会在 核酸的螺旋序列上出错。大多数情况下，复
制中的错误会使
DNA
自我复制终止。这些 基因错误，即所谓变异，会自行消失。但在少数
情况下，错误或变异会增加
DNA
存活 和复制的机会。核酸序列中的信息含量就这样逐渐进
化并越来越复杂。




做编译：

A Guide to Smarter, Safer Antibiotic Use
Antibiotics are important drugs, perhaps the most important. In a world beset
with “an unprecedented wave of new and old infections,” a
s one expert recently
wrote, it is critically important that antibiotics work well when people need them.

But antibiotics are frequently misused
—
overprescribed or incorrectly taken
by patients, and recklessly fed to farm animals. As a result, lifesaving antibacterial
drugs lose effectiveness faster than new ones are developed to replace them.

Each year, 100,000 people in the US die from hospital- acquired infections that
are resistant to antibiotics, according to the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
These
concerns
led
Dr.
ZelalemTemesgen,
an
infectious
disease
specialist
at
the
Mayo
Clinic
in
Rochester,
Minnesota,
to
create
a
15-
part
“Symposium
on
Antimicrobial Therapy,” published in February in
The Mayo Clinic Proceedings
. The
series is intended in part to help physicians know when and how antibiotics should
be used
—
and, equally important, when they should not.

Improving how antibiotics are prescribed can do more than curb resistance. It
can
save
lives
and
money
by reducing
adverse drug reactions
and
eliminating
or
shortening hospital stays, Dr. Temesgen said.

The
first
installment
in
the
series,
based
on
guidelines
developed
by
the
infectious
diseases
society
and
published
with
Dr.
Temesgen’s
introduction,
was
devoted
to
helping
doctors
practice
better
medicine.
It
also
can
help
patients
better understand how and when antibiotics work best, and it can arm them with
the right questions when an antibiotic prescription is being considered.

Patient-Tailored Therapy

The report, prepared by three infectious disease specialists
—
SurbhiLeekha,
now
at
the
University
of
Maryland,
and
Drs.
Christine
L.
Terrell
and
Randall
S.
Edson,
both
at
the
Mayo
Clinic
—

urged
doctors
to
avoid
a
“one
size
fits
all”

approach
to antibiotics. Rather, they
said,
many individual
factors
must be taken
into account to ensure the right drug and the right dose are prescribed for each
patient.
It is often up to the patient to make sure the prescribing physician is aware of
these influential factors. They include:

Kidney and liver function. The kidneys and liver eliminate drugs from the body.
If the organs are not working well, toxic levels can accumulate in the bloodstream.

Age.
Considering
a
new
antibiotic?
This
is
no
time
to
lie
about
your
age.
“Patients
at
both
extremes
o
f
age
handle
drugs
differently,
primarily
due
to
differences in body size and kidney function,” the experts wrote. A face
-lift and hair
colouring may disguise your geriatric
（衰老的，老年的）
status, but they will not
help your kidneys process drugs as well as they did in your youth. In some cases, in
young,
otherwise healthy
patients, higher drug doses may be
needed to
be
sure
that therapeutic levels are maintained.

Pregnancy and antibiotics given to a pregnant or lactating
（哺乳）
woman
can
adversely
affect
her
baby,
and
it
is
critically
important
to
tell
the
prescribing doctor if you are pregnant (or might be pregnant) or nursing. The risk
of
drug-induced
birth
defects
is
highest
in
the
first
three
months
of
pregnancy;
during
the
last
three
months,
drugs
are
eliminated
from
the
body
more
quickly,
and higher doses may be needed to maintain a therapeutic blood level.

Drug allergy or intolerance. Make sure the doctor knows if you have ever had a
bad reaction to an antibiotic. But
—
and this is important
—
neither you nor your
doctor should assume you are allergic to, for example, penicillin because you once
developed a rash while taking it. The rash could have been caused by the illness or
some
thing
else
entirely.
When
an
allergy
is
suspected,
a
skin
test
should
be
performed
to
confirm
it
so
that
the
ideal
antibiotic
treatment
is
not
mistakenly
ruled
out
in
the
future.
“It
has
been
shown
that
only
10%
to
20%
of
patients
reporting
a
history
of
penicillin
allergy
were
truly
allergic
when
assessed
by
skin
testing
,” the experts wrote.

Recent antibiotic the doctor if you recently took an antibiotic. If you
develop a bacterial illness within three months of antibiotic therapy, you may have
a drug-resistant infection that requires use of an alternate class of medication.

Genetic
characteristics.
Some
people
are
born
with
factors
that
make
them
especially
vulnerable
to
bad
reactions
from
certain
antibiotics.
For
example,
in
those with a condition known as G6PD deficiency
（葡萄糖
-6-
磷酸脱氢酶缺乏症）
,
which
is
most
common
among
blacks,
certain
antibiotics
can
lead
to
the
destruction of red blood cells. Patients who could be at risk should be tested for
G6PD deficiency beforehand.

The Value of a Culture

When
patients
arrive
at
the
doctor’s
office
with
an
inflamed
throat,
deep
cough,
high
fever
or
unrelenting
sinus
pain,
more
often
than
not
they
are
given
prescriptions for antibiotics. The experts noted that it is sometimes reasonable to
treat an infection without first getting a culture of the responsible organism
—
like
when the patient’s symptoms are typical of a known bacterial infection.

“Doctors do have to exercise clinical judgment in many cases,” Dr. Edson said.
For
example,
he
and
his
co-authors
wr
ote,
“Cellulitis
（蜂窝组织炎）
is
most
frequently
assumed
to
be
caused
by
streptococci
or
staphylococci,
and
antibacterial treatment can be administered in the absence of a positive culture.”
Likewise,
they
added,
community-acquired
pneumonia
(that
is,
pneumonia
that
develops
somewhere
other
than
a
hospital)
can
be
treated
with
an
antibiotic