型号翻译英美概论

2021年1月19日发(作者：gismo)
一，归纳总结（
summarize
）

Chapter 1 History
Part one: History of Britain
The Beginning of Britain
1.
The Early settlers (…
-55B.C.)
①
.8,000 years ago Great Britain became an island
②
.Natives of Britain
③
.tall and golden-haired Celts
④
.from Central Europe
⑤
.farmers
⑥
.warlike people
2. Roman Britain (55B.C.-410A.D.)
Invasion
Time
1.
2.
43A.D.
Invaders
Roman Emperor Claudius
55and 54B.C.
Roman Emperor Julius Caesar
①
.
The month “July” is named after Julius
Caesar
②
.Extraordinary achievement in building roads
“All Roads Lead to
Rome”

③
.Hadrian's Wall
，
England’s great wall
，
2000 years ago
3. Anglo-Saxon Britain (410- 871)
①
.The Angle, Saxon, and Jute tribes invaded
②
.5
th
and 6
th
centuries
③
.The Anglo-Saxons left their home in northern Germany and
Denmark.
4. Viking Britain (871-1042)
①
. Invasion time
：
In the late 8
th
century
②
.From Denmark
：
Norsemen, “people from the North”

③
.From 1017 to 1041
：
England was ruled by Danish kings
5. Norman Conquest (1066)


①
.Significance
：
The best-known event in English history
，
Duke
William of Normandy, from northern France
，
William is often referred
to as William the Conqueror.
②
.Time
：
On October 14, 1066

③
.Event
：
William and his army defeated the English army
，
This
invasion is called Norman Conquest.
Invasion Time

Invaders

43 A.D.
5th century
8th century
1066
The Romans
The Angles and Saxons
The Viking
The Normans
6.
The Hundred Years’ War

①
.Time: 1337-1453
②
.Event: A series of wars between England and France
③
.Unexpected benefits
：
The ruling Normans began to regard England
as their home
，
English was reestablished as the official language.
7. The Wars of the Roses
①
.Event
：
A series of civil wars between supporters of Lancaster and
York.
②
.The badges
：
a red rose Vs. a white one
③
.Reason
：
In 1455 the Duke of York tried to displace the Lancaster
king, Henry VI. In 1485, Henry Tudor, as Henry VII, founded the Tudor
Monarchy.
The Beginning of the Modern World
From the 16
th
to the 20
th
century
Ruling Houses
House of Tudor
House of Stuart
House of Stuart (restored)
House of Hanover
Ruling Period
1485
—
1603
1603
—
1649
1660
—
1714
1714
—
1910
VIII (1509-1547)
①
.Significant event
：
The Religious Reformation
②
.Reason
：
Henry asked the Pope for permission to divorce because
he wanted to have a son but was refused.
③
.Result
：
Established the Church of England
，
Passed a law in 1524
to allow divorce
，
Married six times
，
Left England strong and free to
make her way in a new world.
eth I (1553---1603)
The last Tudor monarch
，
The English navy defeated the Spanish
Armada in 1588
，
Britain developed into one of the leading European
colonial powers, with the first settlers to America to open the way for a
great colonial empire.
s I (1625 - 1649)
①
.Came to the throne in 1625.
②
.
Believed in the old theory “Divine right of Kings” : the king’s power
came directly from God, not from the people.
③
.Dismissed parliament for 11 years
4. The Civil War (1642-1649)
①
.Background: Charles I dismissed Parliament in 1629. It was only
when he needed an army to fight against Scotland that he was forced
to recall Parliament but was refused by Parliament.
②
.Event :Charles I burst into the Houses of Parliament to arrest
leading members of the Parliament.
③
.Between : The Roundheads (supporters of Parliament)
The Cavaliers (supporters of the King)
④
.Result: The execution of Charles I and his son was driven out of the
country.
Civil War (1642-1649)
Oliver Cromwell formed republican England, the Commonwealth of
England. English monarchy was abolished
6. Queen Victoria(1837-1901)
①
.The last monarch of Hanover
②
.The longest reign (64 years)
③
.
Victoria’s Time wa
s featured by great achievements in almost every
aspect: Britain became the most powerful and richest country in the
world. British Empire reached its highest point and was called “the
Empire on which the sun never sets.
7. Britain in the Two World Wars
①
.A huge national debt , Lost her sea supremacy,Overtaken by the
United States .
②
.Borrowed large amounts of debt from the United States and Canada,
Over 1,000 million pounds of overseas ,investments were sold,
Economy slid from the 2nd largest economy to the 6th in the world.
Part Two: History of the United States
1. The Discovery of America
①
.In 1492, Columbus landed at one of the Caribbean islands and he
called the local people Indians.
②
.More than 20,000 years ago, a group of so called Indians wandered
into North America from Asia
③
.Virginia first confirmed the fact that a new continent had been
discovered.
④
.The New World was named America to honor Virginia .


⑤
.In 1607, three ships crossed the Atlantic Ocean and landed by the
side of a river--the James River. Then the first English colony was
founded at Jamestown, Virginia.
⑥
.In 1607, three ships crossed the Atlantic Ocean and landed by the
side of a river--the James River. Then the first English colony was
founded at Jamestown, Virginia.
⑦
.In 1607, three ships crossed the Atlantic Ocean and landed by the
side of a river--the James River. Then the first English colony was
founded at Jamestown, Virginia.
⑧
.By the early 1760s, English settlers had established 13 colonies
along the Atlantic coast.
2. Result in the War for Independence
The fuse “Boston Tea Party”

The Battle of Lexington, 1775
Appointed the General George Washington, 1775
Declaration of Independence
, 1776
General George Cornwallis surrounded at Yorktown, 1781
Britain recognize the independence of the United States, 1783
3. The Civil War
①
.
“Westward Movement”

②
.Conflicts between the North and the South
③
.The Growth of the working class
④
.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin

4. Northern and Southern
①
.In the early 1860, 11 Southern states seceded from the union.
②
.In 1861, the Fort Sumter made the civil war break out.